Preface Introduction: An Overview of the Pacific War ( 1941– …978-1-137-57… · · 2017-08-29Daddow, Oliver, International Relations Theory, Sage Publications Ltd., 2013,

196

Notes

Preface

1. Cook, Haruko Taya, Cook, Theodore F., Japan at War, The New Press, 1992, p. 95.

2. Toland, John, The Rising Sun, Random House, 1970, p. 147.3. The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible?, The Yomiuri Shimbun, 2006,

p. 245.4. Takahashi, Hideyuki, Nichibei senso was naze boppatsu shitaka (Why did the

Japan- US war erupt), Shakaihyoronsha, 2008, pp. 243– 244.5. Ienaga, Saburo, The Pacific War 1931– 1945, Pantheon Books, 1978, p. xiii.

Introduction: An Overview of the Pacific War ( 1941– 1945)

1. Coates, Tim, ed., Attack on Pearl Harbor, The Stationary Office, 2001, p. 22, Fuchida, Mitsuo, Okumiya, Masatake, Midway, Ballantine Books, 1955, p. 28.

2. Coates, Attack on Pearl Harbor, p. 22. 3. Iriye, Akira, Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the War, Bedford/St. Martin’s,

1999, p. 96. 4. Ike, Nobutaka, Japan’s Decision for War, Stanford University Press, 1967,

p. 72. At an Imperial Conference held on September 6, 1941, a Japanese government- prepared document was distributed which stated that, “the war may end because of a great change in American public opinion, which may result from such factors as the remarkable success of our military operations in the South …”.

5. Okumiya, Masatake, Horikoshi, Jiro, Zero!, Ballantine Books, 1979, p. 149. 6. Hoshikawa, Takeshi, ed., Taiheiyo senso no shinjitsu (The Truth of the Pacific

War), Gakken Publishing, 2013, pp. 66– 69. 7. Okumiya, Horikoshi, Zero!, pp. 3– 4. 8. Sagan, Scott D., The Origins of the Pacific War, Journal of Interdisciplinary

History, Volume XVIII, Number 4, Spring 1988, p. 914. 9. The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible?, The Yomiuri Shimbun, 2006,

p. 232. 10. Howarth, Stephen, Morning Glory, Arrow Books, 1983, p. 270. 11. Hoyt, Edwin P., Japan’s War, Da Capo, 1986, pp. 206– 207.

1 Realism and Power Transition in International Relations

1. Williams, Phil, Goldstein Donald, Shafritz, Classic Readings of International Relations, Harcourt Brace & Company, 1999, p. 8.

2. Wilkinson, Paul, International Relations, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 2.3. Doyle, Michael, Ways of War and Peace, W.W. Norton & Company, p. 41.4. Ibid.

Notes 197

5. Fukuyama, Francis, The End of History and the Last Man, Free Press, 2006, p. 246.

6. Walt, Stephen M., International Relations: One World, Many Theories, Foreign Policy, No. 110, Spring 1998, p. 43.

7. Daddow, Oliver, International Relations Theory, Sage Publications Ltd., 2013, p. 121.

8. Dougherty, James E., Pfaltzgraff Jr., Robert L., Contending Theories of International Relations, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 2001, p. 63.

9. Daddow, International Relations Theory, p. 109.10. Burchill, Scott, Linklater, Andrew, Devetak, Richard, Donnelly, Jack, Patterson,

Matthew, Reus- Smit, Christian, True, Jacqui, Theories of International Relations, 3rd edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, p. 30, Daddow, International Relations Theory, p. 121

11. Weber, Cynthia, International Relations Theory, Routledge, 2001, p. 15, pp. 17– 18.

12. Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, p. 252.13. Machiavelli, Nicolo, The Prince, Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 1982, p. 25.14. Ibid., p. 22.15. Ibid.16. Ibid., p. 25.17. Ibid.18. Theodore de Bary, Wm., Bloom, Irene, Adler, Joseph, Sources of Chinese

Tradition, 2nd edition, Volume 1, Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 179– 183.

19. Dougherty, Pfaltzgraff Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations, p. 72.

20. Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 1982, p. 76.21. Daddow, International Relations Theory, p. 121.22. Ibid., p. 113.23. Brown, Chris, Nardin, Terry, Rengger, Nicholas, ed., International Relations in

Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 54.24. Ibid., pp. 54– 55.25. Ibid., p. 57.26. Ibid., p. 58.27. Morgenthau, Hans J., Politics Among Nations, McGraw- Hill, Inc., 1985, p. 31.28. Ibid.29. Hobson, John A., The Economic Taproots of Imperialism, in Williams,

Phil, Goldstein, Donald, Shafritz, Jay, eds, Classic Readings of International Relations, Harcourt Bruce, 1999, p. 61.

30. Beasley, W.G., Japanese Imperialism 1894– 1945, Clarendon Press, 1991, pp. 12– 13.

31. Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, p. xvi.32. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, p. 87.33. Daddow, International Relations Theory, p. 65.34. Brown, Nardin, Rengger, ed., International Relations in Political Thought,

p. 339.35. Ibid., p. 337.36. Ibid., p. 338.37. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, p. 10.

198 Notes

38. Dougherty, Pfaltzgraff Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations, p. 77.39. Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 100.40. Ibid., p. 76.41. Ibid., p. 99.42. Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics, McGraw Hill, 1979, p. 102.43. Ibid.44. Ibid., p. 113.45. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace, p. 46.46. Burchill, Linklater, Devetak, Donnelly, Patterson, Reus- Smit, True, Theories of

International Relations, p. 38.47. Daddow, International Relations Theory, p. 121.48. Quigley, Carroll, The Evolution of Civilizations, Liberty Fund, 1961, p. 309.49. Brown, Nardin, Rengger, ed., International Relations in Political Thought, p. 36.50. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace, p. 46.51. Dougherty, Pfaltzgraff Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations,

p. 79, Kaplan, Robert D., The Revenge of Geography, Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2013, p. 90. An example is the geopolitics theorist Nicholas J. Spykman, who held the view that the balance of power preserved peace because it corresponded with the “law of nature and Christian ethics.”

52. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, pp. 222, 233.53. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 117.54. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, pp. 187– 188.55. Dougherty, Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations, p. 41.56. Brown, Nardin, Rengger, ed., International Relations in Political Thought,

p. 539.57. Ibid.58. Ibid., Wohlforth, William C., Little, Richard, Kaufman, Stuart J., Tin- Bor Hui,

Victoria, Eckstein, Arthur, Deudney, Daniel, Brenner, William L., Kang, David, Jones, Charles A., Testing Balance of Power Theory in World History, European Journal of International Relations, Volume 13, Number 2, 2007, p. 157.

59. Wohlforth, Little, Kaufman, Tin- Bor Hui, Eckstein, Deudney, Brenner, Kang, Jones, Testing Balance of Power Theory in World History, p. 169.

60. Brown, Nardin, Rengger, ed., International Relations in Political Thought, p. 408.61. Ibid., p. 310.62. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, pp. 219– 220.63. Ibid., p. 230.64. Daddow, International Relations Theory, 2013.65. Fujiwara Kiichi, Japan in Decline? Power Transition in Asia and its

Implications, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.jfcairo.org/FF.htm (accessed November 11, 2013).

66. Kugler, Jacek, Organski, A.F.K., The Power Transition: A Retrospective and Prospective Evaluation, Handbook of War Studies, Routledge, 1989, pp. 172– 173.

67. Tammen, Ronald L., Kugler, Jacek, Lemke, Douglas, Stam III, Allan C., Alsharabati, Carole, Abdolahian, Mark Andrew, Efrid, Brian, Organski, A.F.K., Power Transitions, CQ Press, 2000, p. 8.

68. Kang, David C., East Asia Before the West, Columbia University Press, 2010, pp. 17– 18.

69. Ibid., p. 18.

Notes 199

70. BBC, Why All Men are Not Created Equal, July 16, 2012, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/ 20120713- why- all- men- are- not- created- equal (accessed January 7, 2014).

71. Midlarsky, Mansul, ed., Handbook of War Studies, Routledge, 1989, p. 173.72. Tammen, Kugler, Lemke, Stam III, Alsharabati, Abdolahian, Efrid, Organski,

Power Transitions, p. 6.73. Ibid., p. 7.74. Organski, A.F.K., World Politics, Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1968, p. 426.75. Ibid., p. 476.76. Ibid.77. Tammen, Kugler, Lemke, Stam III, Alsharabati, Abdolahian, Efrid, Organski,

Power Transitions, p. 8.78. Organski, World Politics, p. 476.79. Kugler, Organski, The Power Transition: A Retrospective and Prospective

Evaluation, p. 190.80. Ibid., p. 191.81. Organski, World Politics, pp. 375– 376.82. Tammen, Kugler, Lemke, Stam III, Alsharabati, Abdolahian, Efrid, Organski,

Power Transitions, p. 59.83. Ibid., p. 9.84. Kang, East Asia Before the West, p. 2.85. Maddison, Angus, Angus Maddison Homepage, Online. Available HTTP:

http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm (accessed January 14, 2014).86. Verschuer von, Charlotte, Across the Perilous Sea, Cornell University East

Asia Program, 2006, p. 166.87. Ibid., pp. 113– 114.88. Ibid., p. 166.89. Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History, Penguin Books, 1997, p. 116.90. Berry, Mary Elizabeth, Hideyoshi, Harvard University Press, 1982, p. 213.91. Ibid., p. 209.92. Ibid., p. 215.93. Wohlforth, Little, Kaufman, Tin- Bor Hui, Eckstein, Deudney, Brenner, Kang,

Jones, Testing Balance of Power Theory in World History, p. 173.94. Kang, East Asia Before the West, p. 7.95. Tammen, Kugler, Lemke, Stam III, Alsharabati, Abdolahian, Efrid, Organski,

Power Transitions, p. 7.96. Organski, World Politics, p. 361.97. Ibid., p. 356.

2 Japan- US Relations 1853– 1941

1. Man, John, Samurai, Bantam Books, 2011, p. 103, Kerr, George H., Okinawa, Tuttle Publishing, 2000, p. 297.

2. Iokibe, Makoto, ed., Nichibei kankeishi (History of Japan- US Relations), Yuhikaku Books, 2010, p. 6.

3. Ibid.4. Macpherson, W.J., The Economic Development of Japan 1868– 1941, Cambridge

University Press, 1995, p. 17.

200 Notes

5. Babicz, Lionel, Race, Civilization, and National Security: The Meiji Intellectual Origins of the Annexation of Korea, Asia Bunkakenkyu, Volume 36, March 2010, p. 322. Online. Available HTTP: http://subsite.icu.ac.jp/iacs/journal_page/PDF/36/ACS36_15Babicz.pdf (accessed February 25, 2014).

6. Bradley, James, The Imperial Cruise, Little, Brown and Company, 2009, p. 176, Macpherson, The Economic Development of Japan 1868– 1941, p. 23.

7. Diamond, Jared, Collapse, Penguin Books, 2005, p. 295, Tokugawa, Tsunenari, The Edo Inheritance, International House of Japan, 2009, p. 75.

8. Macfarlane, Alan, The Savage Wars of Peace, Palgrave, 2003, pp. 205– 217. 9. Ibid.10. Tokugawa, The Edo Inheritance, pp. 87– 88.11. Henning, Joseph M., Outposts of Civilization, New York University Press,

2000, p. 66.12. Diamond, Collapse, pp. 294– 306.13. Macpherson, The Economic Development of Japan, p. 22.14. Diamond, Collapse, p. 295.15. Ibid.16. Bernstein, William J., The Birth of Plenty, McGraw Hill, 2004, p. 262,

Diamond, Collapse, p. 296.17. Diamond, Collapse, p. 296.18. Hoffman, Michael, The Awakening of a Nation Permanently at Peace, The

Japan Times, August 17, 2014.19. Bernstein, The Birth of Plenty, p. 26220. Tokugawa, The Edo Inheritance, p. 10.21. Macpherson, The Economic Development of Japan, p.18.22. MIT Visualizing Cultures, President Millard Fillmore’s Letter to the Emperor

of Japan (presented by Commodore Perry on July 14, 1853), Online. Available HTTP: http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/presletter.html (accessed January 30, 2014).

23. Ibid.24. Iokibe, ed., Nichibei kankeishi, pp. 7– 8.25. MIT Visualizing Cultures, Commodore Perry’s Letter to Senior Councillor

Hayashi, March 10, 1854, Online. Available HTTP: http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/black_ships_and_samurai/presletter.html (accessed January 30, 2014).

26. Ibid.27. Jansen, Marius B., The Making of Modern Japan, The Belknap Press of Harvard

University Press, 2000, p. 277.28. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 179.29. Stephanson, Anders, Manifest Destiny, Hill and Wang, 1983, pp. 36, 38.30. Ibid.31. Krauze, Enrique, The April Invasion of Veracruz, The International New York

Times, April 21, 2014.32. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 176.33. Iokibe, ed., Nichibei kankeishi, p. 8.34. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 176.35. Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Strategic Vision, Basic Books, 2012, p. 39.36. LaFeber, Walter, The Clash, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998, p. 9.37. Jansen, Maurus B., ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 5, Cambridge

University Press, 1989, p. 267.

Notes 201

38. La Feber, The Clash, pp. 10– 11.39. Ibid., p. 14.40. Ibid., p. 11.41. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 172.42. Yanaga, Chitoshi, Japan Since Perry, McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., 1949,

pp. 184– 185. The Japanese laid the basis of its claim on the Ogasawara Islands by citing its discovery by Ogasawara Sadayori in 1593. Active colo-nization of the islands by the Japanese began after 1861 and in 1873 the US formerly disavowed its claim of possession cited earlier by Perry in 1853.

43. Iokibe, Nichibei kankeishi, p. 7.44. Norman, E. Herbert, Japan’s Emergence as a Modern State, UBC Press, 2001,

p. 40.45. Ibid., Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, p. 277.46. Kerr, Okinawa, p. 302.47. Yanaga, Japan Before Perry, p. 17, Unoki, Ko, Mergers, Acquisitions, and Global

Empires, Routledge, 2013, pp. 18– 20, Nikkei Shimbun, Jinshu kairyo honki de giron (Serious discussion on improving the Japanese race), September 8, 2014. During the early Meiji era, “scientific” racism began to have a following in Japan after it was introduced into the country by American and European scholars, with Japanese scholars such as Taguchi Ukichi and Takeyoshi Yosaburo pointing out the “Aryan” roots of Japanese civilization and espousing the view of the superiority of the Japanese over other peoples, particularly the Chinese and Koreans. The scholar Fukuzawa Yukichi, in contrast, and perhaps humbled by the belief of white superiority embedded in Western racist thought, wrote books and articles in which he touted the inferiority of the Japanese people and suggested that his compatriots physi-cally and mentally improve themselves as a race by producing offspring with members of the “superior” Western race.

48. Ibid., p. 14, LaFeber, The Clash, p. 10.49. LaFeber, The Clash, pp. 9– 10.50. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 171.51. Ibid., p. 176.52. Ibid.53. Henning, Outposts of Civilization, p. 7.54. Edgerton, Robert B., Warriors of the Rising Sun, Westview Press, 1997, p. 41.55. Henning, Outposts of Civilization, p. 7, Japan Times On Sunday, Essential

Reading for Japanophiles, p. 22, The Japan Times, August 3, 2014.56. Henning, Outposts of Civilization, p. 8.57. Ibid., p. 9.58. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 13.59. Pyle, Kenneth B., Japan Rising, The Century Foundation, 2007, p. 74.60. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, p. 277.61. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 15.62. Matsumura, Masayoshi, Baron Kaneko and the Russo- Japanese War ( 1904–1905),

Lulu Press, 2009, pp. 298– 299.63. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 179.64. Henning, Outposts of Civilization, p. 117.65. Beasley, W.G., Japanese Imperialism 1894– 1945, Clarendon Press, 1991, p. 24.66. Norman, Japan’s Emergence as a Modern State, pp. 40– 41, Jansen, The Making

of Modern Japan, p. 314.

202 Notes

67. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 26. 68. Ibid., p. 25. 69. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, p. 314. 70. Clyde, Paul H., Beers, Burton F., The Far East, Prentice Hall, 1976, p. 130. 71. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 26. 72. Norman, Japan’s Emergence as a Modern State, p. 43. 73. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, p. 427, Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, p. 176. 74. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 43. Theodore de Bary Wm., Tsunoda, Ryusaku,

Keene, Donald, ed., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume II, Columbia University Press, 1964, pp. 151– 155.

75. Eskilden, Robert, Leading the Natives to Civilization: The Colonial Dimension of the Taiwan Expedition, Harvard University, 2003, p. 3.

76. Ibid. 77. Kerr, Okinawa, p. 356. 78. Yanaga, Japan Before Perry, p. 181. 79. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 186. 80. Yanaga, Japan Before Perry, p. 189. 81. Wray, Harry, Conroy, Hilary, ed., Japan Examined, University of Hawaii

Press, 1983, p. 138. 82. Ibid. 83. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 188. 84. Iokibe, ed., Nichibei kankeishi, p. 17. 85. Ibid. 86. Eskildsen, Robert, Suitable Ships and the Hard Work of Imperialism:

Evaluating the Japanese Navy in the 1874 Invasion of Taiwan, Asia Bunkakenkyu, Volume 38, March 20102, p. 49. Online. Available HTTP: http://subsite.icu.ac.jp/iacs/journal_page/PDF/ACS38PDF/ACS38_04Eskildsen.pdf (accessed February 15, 2014).

87. Wray, Conroy, ed., Japan Examined, p. 138. 88. Eskildsen, Suitable Ships and the Hard Work of Imperialism, pp. 49– 50. 89. Dickenson, Fredrick R., War and National Reinvention, Harvard University

Asia Center, 1999, p. 23. 90. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, pp. 187– 188. 91. Ibid., p. 188. 92. Ibid., p. 190. 93. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, p. 181. 94. Eskildsen, Robert, An Army as Good and Efficient as Any in the World: James

Wasson and Japan’s 1874 Expedition to Taiwan, Asia Bunkakenkyu, Volume 36, March 2010, p. 45. Online. Available HTTP: http://subsite.icu.ac.jp/iacs/journal_page/PDF/36/ACS36_03Eskildsen.pdf (accessed February 24, 2014).

95. Eskildesen, An Army as Good and Efficient as Any in the World, p. 61. 96. Cumings, Bruce, Korea’s Place in the Sun, W.W.Norton, 2005, p. 90. 97. Williams, William Appleman, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy,

W.W. Norton & Company, 2009, p. 25. 98. Ibid., p. 24. 99. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 44.100. Cumings, Korea’s Place in the Sun, p. 97.101. Mutsu, Munemitsu, Kenkenroku, University of Tokyo Press, 1982, p. 13.102. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 194. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, p. 190.

Notes 203

103. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 45.104. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, pp. 106– 107.105. Stephanson, Manifest Destiny, pp. 98– 99.106. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 34.107. Stephanson, Manifest Destiny, p. 89.108. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 56.109. Ibid., p. 56.110. Conroy, F. Hillary, Conroy, Francis, West Across the Pacific, Cambria Press,

2008, e- book. p. 767/6212.111. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, pp. 45– 46, Pyle, Japan Rising, p. 91.112. Pyle, Japan Rising, p. 91.113. Kato, Yoko, Senso no Nippon kingendaishi, Kodansha, 2002, p. 89.114. Ibid.115. Takii, Kazuhiro, The Meiji Constitution, International House of Japan, 2007,

p. 119.116. Ibid., p. 120.117. Ibid.118. Kato, Senso no Nippon kingendaishi, p. 91.119. Ibid.120. Ibid., p. 91.121. Ibid., p. 94.122. Ibid., p. 90.123. Ibid., p. 89.124. Ibid., p. 93.125. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 46.126. Babicz, Race, Civilization, and National Security, p. 321.127. Ibid.128. Edgerton, Warriors of the Rising Sun, p. 48.129. Mutsu, Kenkenroku, p. 144. According to Mutsu, the Japanese Navy considered

the cession of Taiwan a more vital demand than the cession of Liaodong. The Army, on the other hand, maintained that the cession of Liaodong was vital in consideration of the number of Japanese lives that had been sacrificed in securing the peninsula and also because of its geographic proximity to Korea and role as a gateway to Beijing.

130. Ibid., p. 49.131. Ibid.132. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 48, Mutsu, Kenkenroku, p. 30. This was,

however, seemingly not the case with Mutsu, who believed that there was no significant need of reform in Korea other than as a matter of political necessity and for Japan’s national interests.

133. Babicz, Race, Civilization, and National Security, p. 325.134. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 50.135. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, pp. 197– 198.136. Ibid.137. Henning, Outposts of Civilization, p. 141.138. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 50.139. Ibid., p. 52.140. Ibid., pp. 51– 52. Cumings, Korea’s Place in the Sun, p. 132. From 1897 to

1939, an American company was in possession of the richest gold mine in

204 Notes

Korea and during that period earned that company $15 million in profit. American companies such as the Seoul Electric Light Company, the Seoul Electric Car Company, the Seoul “Fresh Spring Water Company, all helped to develop the infrastructure of Seoul making it the first city in Asia to have electricity, trolley cars, a water system, telephones, and telegraphs.

141. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 59.142. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 285.143. Ibid., p. 287.144. Henning, Outposts of Civilization, p. 143.145. Some of the notable incidents were: the Chinese massacre of 1871 in the

Chinatown district of Los Angeles, the Rock Springs Massacre in Wyoming in 1885, and a massacre of Chinese in Oregon in 1887 during which several dozen Chinese were robbed and murdered.

146. Nihon Keizai Shinbun, Kaikaku okureru shin ni genmetsu, January 26, 2014.147. Westad, Odd Arne, Restless Empire, Basic Books, 2012, p. 131.148. Clark, Christopher, The Sleepwalkers, Harper Perennial, 2014, pp. 140– 141.149. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 127. According to some sources, one to three

million Filipinos may have perished on account of the war with the US.150. Clyde, Beers, The Far East, p. 228.151. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 68.152. Ibid., p. 66.153. Ibid., p. 67.154. Ibid., p. 58.155. Hay, John, The Open Door Note, September 6, 1899. Online. Available

HTTP: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/opendoor.htm (accessed March 2, 2014).

156. Esthus, Raymond A., Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, University of Washington Press, 1967, p. 6, Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, pp. 279– 280.

157. Nish, Ian, The Origins of the Russo- Japanese War, Longman, 1985, p. 58.158. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 72.159. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 6, Westad, Restless Empire, p. 131.160. During the Boxer Uprising, Russia stationed over 50,000 troops in

Manchuria. After the rebellion had been quelled, Russia refused to with-draw its troops and demanded from China an agreement which would greatly expand Russia’s exclusive rights in Manchuria, which would be detrimental to the commercial rights of other Powers. China, however, refused. In response, Russia retained its troops in Manchuria, much to the consternation of the other Powers.

161. Hay, John, Circular Telegram to the Powers Cooperating in China, July 3, 1900, Department of State. Online. Available HTTP: http://www.bar-rington220.org/cms/lib2/IL01001296/Centricity/ModuleInstance/11956/Open%20Door%20Notes.PDF (accessed March 2, 2014), LaFeber, The Clash, p. 70.

162. Clyde, Beers, The Far East, p. 230.163. Westad, Restless Empire, p. 131.164. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 286, LaFeber, The Clash, p. 76. LaFeber attrib-

utes this statement to William Rockhill, the US State Department Asian Expert.

165. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 66.

Notes 205

166. Nish, The Origins of the Russo- Japanese War, pp. 55– 60.167. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, pp. 45– 46, 318, 320.168. Ibid., pp. 45– 46.169. Ibid., pp. 55– 56, 76.170. Edgerton, Warriors of the Rising Sun, p. 81.171. Ibid., p. 90.172. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 77.173. Ibid., p. 89.174. Institute for Corean- American Studies (ICAS), Memorandum of conversa-

tion between Count Katsura and Secretary Taft, July 29, 1905. Online. Available HTTP: http://www.icasinc.org/history/katsura.pdf (accessed March 2, 2014).

175. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, pp. 98– 99.176. Ibid., p. 97.177. Ibid., p. 101.178. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 223.179. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 42.180. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 86, Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 106,

Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 310.181. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 195.182. Ibid., pp. 108– 109.183. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 90.184. Ibid., p. 89.185. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, p. 577.186. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 89.187. Ibid., p. 84.188. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 303.189. Auchincloss, Louis, ed., Theodore Roosevelt, The Library of America, 2004,

p. 398.190. Ibid., p. 336.191. Ibid., p. 90.192. Ibid., p. 381.193. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 6, 9.194. Ibid., p. 9.195. Ibid., p. 11.196. Auchincloss, ed., Theodore Roosevelt, p. 313.197. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 13.198. Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p. 176.199. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 38.200. Ibid., p. 39.201. Auchincloss, ed., Theodore Roosevelt, p. 505.202. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 77.203. Roosevelt, Theodore, The Winning of the West, Volume III: The Founding

of the Trans- Alleghany Commonwealths, online. Available HTTP: http://www.bluecorncomics.com/roosvelt.htm (accessed November 25, 2011).

204. Schulzinger, Robert D., US Diplomacy Since 1900, Oxford University Press, p. 26.

205. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 63.206. Auchincloss, ed., Theodore Roosevelt, p. 336, 381.

206 Notes

207. Ibid., p. 338, Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 205, 225.208. Roosevelt, Theodore, The Threat of Japan, Papers of Theodore Roosevelt,

Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, pp. 120– 126, Online. Available HTTP: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/trjapan.htm (accessed March 2, 2014).

209. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 147.210. Auchincloss, ed., Theodore Roosevelt, p. 334.211. Ibid., p. 335.212. Ibid., p. 334. In 1898 the US declared war on Spain. With the signing of the

Treaty of Paris which concluded the Spanish- American War, the US secured the independence of Cuba, the ceding of Puerto Rico and Guam to the US, and the acquisition of the Philippines for US$20 million.

213. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 41.214. Matsumura, Baron Kaneko and the Russo- Japanese War, pp. 385– 386.215. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 42.216. Bradley, The Imperial Cruise, p. 316.217. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, pp. 434– 436, Howarth, Stephen, Morning Glory,

Arrow Books, 1983, p. 108.218. San Francisco Call, League would bar Yellow Pupils, Volume 100, Number

88, August 27, 1906. Online. Available HTTP: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/ cgi- bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19060827.2.66&srpos=12&e=------- en-- 20-- 1-- txt- txIN- Japanese%2c+exclusion%2c+school+ children----- (accessed April 15, 2014).

219. Toland, John, The Rising Sun, Random House, 1970, p. 55.220. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 89.221. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 108.222. Hoyt, Edwin P., Japan’s War, Da Capo, 1986, p. 38.223. Toland, The Rising Sun, p. 55.224. Hoyt, Japan’s War, p. 38.225. Ibid., p. 37.226. Los Angeles Herald, Fails to Agree with President, Volume 34, Number

187, April 6, 1907. Online. Available HTTP: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/ cgi- bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19070406.2.16&srpos=5&e=------- en-- 20-- 1-- txt- txIN- Japanese%2c+exclusion%2c+school+ children-----# (accessed April 14, 2014).

227. Los Angeles Herald, Yellow Peril Lies in Industrial Competition, Volume 37, Number 119, January 28, 1910. Online. Available HTTP: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/ cgi- bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19100128.2.127.36&srpos=1&e=------- en-- 20-- 1-- txt- txIN- yellow+peril+ Japan----- (accessed April 14, 2014).

228. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 105.229. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 109, Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 132.230. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 133.231. Storry, Richard, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, Macmillan Press,

1979, p. 91.232. Howarth, Morning Glory, pp. 109– 110.233. Ibid., p. 109.234. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, p. 450.235. San Francisco Call, Asia for the Asiatics, Volume 101, Number 144, April

23, 1907, Online. Available HTTP: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/ cgi- bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070423.2.61.2&srpos=19&e=------- en-- 20-- 1-- txt- txIN- Japanese+Monroe+ Doctrine-----# (accessed April 15, 2014)

Notes 207

236. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 107.237. Hosoya, Chihiro, Honma, Nagayo, Nichibei Kankeishi, (The History of

Japan- US Relations) Yuhikakusensho, 1982, pp. 7– 8, Duus, Peter, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 276. Aside from the US, the doctrine also designated Russia, Germany, and France as hypothetical enemies of Japan and called for the build- up of the Imperial army to 25 divisions and the creation of a grand fleet with a core of eight battleships and eight cruisers (the so- called eight- eight plan).

238. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 166.239. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 88.240. In a previous Gentlemen’s Agreement concluded in 1900 between Japan

and the US, Japan had promised to curtail emigration to the US.241. Roosevelt, The Threat of Japan.242. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 195.243. Auchincloss, ed., Theodore Roosevelt, p. 541.244. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 188.245. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 109.246. Los Angeles Herald, Japanese Could Whip U.S. Says Prof. Starr, Volume 34,

Number 316, August 13, 1907. Online. Available HTTP: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/ cgi- bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19070813.2.12&srpos=15&e=------- en-- 20-- 1-- txt- txIN- yellow+peril+ Japan----- (accessed April 15, 2014).

247. Auchincloss, ed., Theodore Roosevelt, p. 391.248. Ibid., p. 505.249. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 140.250. Auchincloss, ed., Theodore Roosevelt, p. 381.251. Ibid., p. 392.252. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 89.253. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, p. 340.254. Ibid.255. Storry, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, p. 98.256. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 139.257. Ibid., p. 307.258. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 96, Asada, Sadao, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, Naval

Institute Press, 2012, p. 23.259. Iokibe, ed., Nichibei kankeishi, p. 51.260. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 95.261. Ibid.262. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 118.263. Ibid.264. Ibid., p. 120.265. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, pp. 94– 95.266. Ibid., p. 97, Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 121.267. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 121.268. Masuda, Hiroshi, Sato Susumu, ed., Nippon Gaikoshi Handobukku, Yushindo,

2011, pp. 43– 44.269. Storry, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, p. 83.270. Mishra, Pankaji, From the Ruins of Empire, Penguin Books, 2013, p. 172.271. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 76.272. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 95.

208 Notes

273. Dickenson, Frederick R., War and National Reinvention, Harvard University Asia Center, 1999, p. 9, Clyde, Beers, The Far East, p. 259.

274. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 229.275. Storry, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, p. 82.276. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 114.277. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, pp. 82– 83.278. Conroy, F. Hillary, Conroy Francis, West Across the Pacific, p. 1949/6212.279. Duus, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6, p. 291.280. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 87.281. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 126.282. Esthus, Raymond A., The Changing Concept of the Open Door, The

Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Volume 46, Number 3, 1959, p. 441.283. Ibid., p. 443.284. Ibid., p. 441.285. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 96.286. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 230.287. Ibid., p. 242.288. Esthus, The Changing Concept of the Open Door, p. 453.289. Clyde, Beers, The Far East, p. 260.290. Lu, David, Agony of Choice: Matsuoka Yosuke and the Rise and Fall of the

Japanese Empire, Lexington Books, 2002, p. 20.291. Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, p. 305.292. Myers, Ramon H., Japanese Imperialism in Manchuria, The South Manchurian

Railway Company, 1906– 1933, in Duus, Peter, Meyers, Ramon H., Peattie, Mark R., ed., The Japanese Informal Empire 1895– 1937, Princeton University Press, 1989, p. 116.

293. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention, p. 211.294. Wilson, Woodrow, Transcript of President Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points

(1918). Online. Available HTTP: http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=62&page=transcript (accessed February 16, 2014).

295. Duus, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6, p. 278.296. Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, Consortia, The First China

Consortium, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/ A- D/ Consortia- The- first- china- consortium.html (accessed June 6, 2014), Conroy, F. Hillary, Conroy Francis, West Across the Pacific, p. 2362.

297. Schulzinger, US Diplomacy Since 1900, p. 44.298. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 103.299. Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire, p. 171.300. Ibid.301. Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States, Harper Perennial, 1995,

p. 353.302. Stone, Oliver, Kuznick Peter, The Untold History of the United States, Ebury

Press, 2012, p. 3.303. Schulzinger, US Diplomacy Since 1900, pp. 51– 59. When Wilson decided to

call it quits and extended recognition to the Carranza government, Villa, feeling betrayed by the US crossed the border into the US and attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico. Wilson responded by dispatching federal troops led by General John J. Pershing. After several skirmishes during which a number of Mexicans and Americans were killed, the US finally

Notes 209

decided to withdraw its forces on January 27, 1917. In March of the fol-lowing year Carranza became president of Mexico. Despite the intervention from the US, the Mexicans were ultimately able to write their own constitu-tion and elect a new congress and president.

304. Ferguson, Niall, Colossus, Penguin Books, 2004, p. 53305. Ibid.306. Stone, Kuznick, The Untold History of the United States, pp. xxx– xxxi.307. Ferguson, Colossus, pp. 58– 59.308. Tonnessen, J.N., Johnsen, A.O., The History of Modern Whaling, University

of California Press, 1982, p. 142.309. Schulzinger, US Diplomacy Since 1900, p. 51.310. The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, The US and Magdalena

Bay, May 9, 1912, Online. Available HTTP: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/ singfreepressb19120509- 1.2.7.aspx (accessed May 15, 2014).

311. LaFeber, The Clash, pp. 104– 105.312. Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, Consortia— The First China

Consortium.313. LaFeber, The Clash, pp. 113– 114.314. Ibid., pp. 130– 131.315. Ibid., p. 113.316. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 118.317. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, pp. 363– 364.318. Ibid.319. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 113.320. Ibid., p. 131.321. Kawada, Minoru, Senzen nihon no anzen hosho (The National Security of Pre-

war Japan), Kodanshagendaishinsho, 2013, p. 115.322. Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, Consortia— The Second

China Consortium, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.americanforeign-relations.com/ A- D/ Consortia- The- second- china- consortium.html (accessed July 1, 2014)

323. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 132.324. Iokibe, ed., Nichibei kankeishi, p. 87, Encyclopedia of the New American

Nation, Consortia— The Second China Consortium. In the six years that followed the formation of the consortium in 1920, the consortium did not grant any loans to China, as the country suffered almost constantly from civil strife. Lamont was at the forefront of opposing loans to China and expended much effort in denying capital to the Chinese. Lamont in fact boasted that the consortium had stopped wasteful borrowing by the Chinese government and had helped to improve relations between the US and Japan. After 1923 the consortium had ceased to give any serious con-sideration to a loan to any Chinese regime.

325. LaFeber, The Clash, pp. 113– 114, Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 197.

326. LaFeber, The Clash, pp. 113– 114.327. Conroy, Hillary F., Conroy, Francis, West Across the Pacific, p. 3068/6212.328. Kawada, Senzen nihon no anzen hosho, pp. 128– 129. Prime Minister Hara

Takashi, however, found Yamagata’s reasoning of overpopulation as a

210 Notes

justification for continental expansion a specious argument, without sub-stance. In 1921 he noted that, “There is still plenty of open land in the interior of our island country. Accordingly, there is no fear of overpopula-tion. In fact, if industry continues to grow, we should be aware that we will face a situation of a labor shortage.”

329. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 111.330. Japan had originally made a loan to the company in return for a promise

from the Chinese of joint management of the company.331. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention, p. 90.332. Masuda, Sato, Nippon Gaikoshi Handobukku, p. 54.333. Ibid., p. 91.334. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 115.335. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 112, Masuda, Sato, Nippon Gaikoshi Handobukku, p. 54.336. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 111.337. Ibid.338. Ibid., p. 112.339. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 77.340. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 115.341. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 111.342. MacMillan, Margaret, Paris 1919, Random House, 2001, pp. 6– 7.343. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 114.344. Ibid., p. 120.345. Iokibe, ed., Nichibei kankeishi, p. 72.346. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 115.347. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry p. 363.348. Ibid.349. Hosoya, Honma, Nichibei kankeishi, p. 48.350. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, p. 363, LaFeber, The Clash, p. 115.351. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 115.352. The Lansing- Ishii Exchange of Notes, Online. Available HTTP: http://

net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/japanvisit/JapanA2.htm (accessed September 9, 2014).

353. Shafer, Ralph E., Toward Pearl Harbor, Markus Wiener Publishing Inc., 1991, p. 13.

354. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 116.355. Ibid.356. Ibid., p. 117.357. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 160.358. Ibid.359. Iokibe, ed., Nichibei kankeishi, p. 74.360. Hosoya, Honma, Nichibei kankeishi, p. 49.361. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 161.362. Putnam, Christine L., AEF Siberia, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.

worldwar1.com/dbc/siberia.htm (accessed March 21, 2002).363. Lauren, Paul Gordon, Power and Prejudice, Westview Press, 1996, p. 87.364. Ibid., p. 92.365. Ibid., p. 102.366. Kato, Senso no Nippon kingendaishi, p. 182.367. Berg, A. Scott, Wilson, Berkley Books, 2013, p. 536.

Notes 211

368. Lauren, Power and Prejudice, p. 102.369. Auchincloss, Theodore Roosevelt, p. 740.370. Berg, Wilson, p. 536.371. Asada, Sadao, Culture Shock and Japanese American Relations, University of

Missouri Press, 2007, p. 43.372. Lauren, Power and Prejudice, p. 97.373. Ibid., p. 85.374. Misha, From the Ruins of Empire, p. 199.375. Lauren, Power and Prejudice, p. 85.376. Ibid., p. 92.377. Ibid., p. 90.378. Mishra, From the Ruins of Empire, p. 197.379. Stone, Kuznick, The Untold History of the United States, p. 1.380. Freund, Charles Paul, Dixiecrats Triumphant: The Secret History of

Woodrow Wilson, Online. Available HTTP: http://reason.com/0303/co.cf.dixiecrats.shtml (accessed March 21, 2003).

381. LaFeber, Walter, Polenberg, Richard, Woloch, Nancy, The American Century, M.E. Sharpe, 2008, p. 54.

382. Lauren, Power and Prejudice, p. 89.383. Ibid., p. 109.384. Ibid., p. 102.385. Ibid., p. 110.386. Ibid., p. 107.387. Conroy, Hillary F., Conroy, Francis, West Across the Pacific, p. 3128/6212.388. Hoshikawa, Takeshi, ed., Taiheiyo senso (The Pacific War) Volume 1, Gakken,

2008, p. 118. The Japanese believed that their eight- eight feet would be adequate to deter any attack from their hypothetical foe, the US, based on the theoretical assumption that the US fleet would consist of 25 battleships and cruisers.

389. Global Security.org, Ship Building 1913– 1921- Wilson, Woodrow, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/ scn- 1913- wilson.htm (accessed July 7, 2014).

390. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 136.391. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 149.392. Schulzinger, US Diplomacy Since 1900, p. 94,393. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 135.394. Hoshikawa, ed., Taiheiyo senso, p. 49.395. Iriye, Akira, After Imperialism, Imprint Publications, 1990, p. 15.396. Maiolo, Joseph, Cry Havoc, Basic Books, 2010, p. 132.397. Tarpley, Webster G., Britain’s Pacific War Against the United States in the

Age of the Anglo- American “Special Relationship,” April 1995. Online. Available HTTP: http://tarpley.net/ online- books/ against- oligarchy/ britains- pacific- war- against- the- united- states- in- the- age- of- the- anglo- american- special- relationship/ (accessed May 14, 2014).

398. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 150.399. Ibid., p. 137.400. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, p. 415.401. Schulzinger, US Diplomacy Since 1900, p. 95.402. Ibid., p. 94.

212 Notes

403. Yanagi, Japan Since Perry, p. 415.404. Maiolo, Cry Havoc, p. 135.405. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 134.406. Ibid., p. 135.407. Asada, Culture Shock and Japanese- American Relations, p. 88.408. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 137.409. Hoyt, Japan’s War, p. 53.410. Conroy, Hillary F., Conroy Francis, West Across the Pacific, p. 3098/6212.411. Asada, Culture Shock and Japanese- American Relations, p. 99.412. Hosoya, Honma, Nichibei kankeishi, p. 53.413. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, p. 418.414. Hoyt, Japan’s War, p. 54.415. Maiolo, Cry Havoc, p. 135.416. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 137.417. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 166.418. Howorth, Morning Glory, p. 148.419. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 166.420. Shidehara, Kijuro, Gaiko gojunen (50 Years of Diplomacy), Nippon Tosho

Center, 1998, p. 70.421. Duus, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6, p. 283.422. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, pp. 167– 168.423. Iokibe, ed., Nichibei kankeishi, p. 94. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 168.

The Japanese did, however, reach an agreement over Shandong through direct negotiations with the Chinese which was mediated by Chief of Division for Far Eastern Affairs of the US State Department John Van Antwerp McMurray. According to the treaty signed by both parties in February 1922, the railway assets in Shandong were to be purchased by China, to be paid in government bonds that were to mature in 15 years. During the period of transfer, one Japanese national was to be put in charge of overseeing transport matters and another of accounting issues. Japan also agreed to withdraw its troops from the Qingdao- Jinan Railway. Former German mining rights were to be transferred to a Sino- Japanese operated company. While the Japanese were able to retain substantial economic interests and obtain compensation for most of the investment they had made, the agreement also resulted in the amiable settlement between Japan and China of a contentious issue for the Chinese that had been festering since the Versailles Peace Conference.

424. Waldron, Arthur, How The Peace Was Lost, Hoover Press, 1992, pp. 60– 61. A provision of the Washington Conference was the convening within three months from the ratification of the treaties conferences between China and the Powers to revise Chinese customs tariffs, and the establishment of a commission to examine the issue of extraterritoriality.

425. Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 21.426. Ibid.427. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 141.428. Ibid., p. 92.429. Asada, Culture Shock and Japanese- American Relations, pp. 95– 96.430. Ibid., p. 98.431. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 146.

Notes 213

432. Ibid.433. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 141.434. Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 13.435. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 156.436. Hoshikawa, ed., Taiheiyo Senso, p. 50.437. Ibid.438. Asada, Culture Shock and Japanese- American Relations, p. 114.439. Overy, Richard, The Road to War, Vintage Books, 2009, p. 314.440. Iriye, Akira, The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific,

Longman, 1987, p. 3.441. Ibid., Goodman, Grant Kohn, America’s Japan: The First Year 1945– 1946,

Fordham University Press, 2005, p. 78.442. Asada, Culture Shock and Japanese- American Relations, p. 87.443. Waldron, How the Peace was Lost, p. 50.444. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 138.445. Ibid., p. 121.446. Ibid., p. 130.447. Ibid., p. 137.448. Ibid., p. 121.449. Ibid., pp. 129– 130.450. Waldron, How the Peace was Lost, p. 2.451. Asada, Culture Shock and Japanese- American Relations, p. 96.452. Buzan, Barry, Little Richard, International Systems in World History, Oxford

University Press, 2000, p. 303.453. Asada, Culture Shock and Japanese- American Relations, p. 96.454. Morgenthau, Hans J., Politics Among Nations, McGraw- Hill, Inc., 1985,

p. 201.455. Rosenfelder, Mark, US Interventions in Latin America, Online. Available

HTTP: http://www.zompist.com/latam.html (accessed August 7, 2014).456. Schulzinger, US Diplomacy Since 1900, p. 100.457. Ibid.458. Margulies, Phillip, America’s Role in the World, Infobase Publishing, 2009,

p. 34.459. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 153.460. Ibid.461. LaFeber, Polenberg, Woloch, The American Century, p. 124.462. Johnson, Chalmers, The Sorrows of Empire, Metropolitan Books, 2004,

p. 192.463. LaFeber, Polenberg, Woloch, The American Century, p. 123.464. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, pp. 152– 153.465. Chomsky, Noam, On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War, in Liberation,

September– October 1967. Online. Available HTTP: http://www.chomsky.info/articles/ 196709--.htm (accessed September 1, 2014).

466. Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire, p. 192.467. Toland, The Rising Sun, p. 56.468. Chomsky, On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War.469. Conroy, Hillary F., Conroy Francis, West Across the Pacific, p. 2867/6212.470. Chomsky, On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War.471. Ibid.

214 Notes

472. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 144.473. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 56.474. Ibid., p. 145.475. Conroy, Hillary F., Conroy Francis, West Across the Pacific, p. 2961/6212.476. Iokibe, ed., Nichibei kankeishi, p. 98.477. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 161, LaFeber, The Clash, p. 146.478. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 145.479. Ibid.480. Ibid., p. 144.481. Conroy, Hillary F, Conroy, Francis, West Across the Pacific, p. 3182/6212.482. Clyde, Beers, The Far East, p. 315.483. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 146.484. Conroy, Hillary F., Conroy Francis, West Across the Pacific, p. 3140– 3149/

6212. In a landmark case of the US Supreme Court: Ozawa v. United States, 260 US 178,183 (1922), the Court declared that since “Mongolians” were not eligible for citizenship, therefore the Japanese were deemed as not eligible for naturalization, as they were “Mongolians.”

485. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 146.486. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, p. 522.487. New York Times, Count Kaneko Dies, Peace Advocate, 89, May 17, 1942.488. Terasaki Hidenari, Showa tenno dokuhakuryoku (Conversations with Emperor

Showa), Bungeishunju, 1991, p. 21.489. Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 36, Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, p. 493.490. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 146.491. Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 35.492. Ibid., p. 26, Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, p. 127.493. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 149.494. Iriye, After Imperialism, pp. 187– 191.495. Ibid., p. 26.496. Ibid., p. 146.497. Asada, Culture Shock and Japanese- American Relations, p. 31.498. Iriye, After Imperialism, pp. 221– 222.499. Yanaga, Japan Since Perry, p. 446.500. Iriye, After Imperialism, pp. 36– 37, 222.501. Ibid., p. 37.502. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 164, Maiolo, Cry Havoc, p. 136.503. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 164.504. Tarpley, Britain’s Pacific War Against the United States in the Age of the

Anglo- American “Special Relationship.”505. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 167.506. Ibid., pp. 167– 168.507. Asada, Sadao, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, Naval Institute Press, 2006,

pp. 130– 131.508. Calvocoressi, Peter, Wint, Guy, Pritchard, John, Total War, Volume 2,

Pantheon Books, 1989, p. 696.509. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 139.510. Ibid., p. 142.511. Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 274.512. Frank, Richard B., Guadalcanal, Penguin Books, 1990, p. 4.

Notes 215

513. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 152.514. Ibid., p. 95.515. Hoshikawa, ed., Taiheiyo senso, Volume 1, p. 51.516. Howarth, Morning Glory, p. 168.517. Ibid.518. Asada, Cultural Shock and Japanese American Relations, p. 39.519. Ibid., p. 110.520. Ibid., p. 38.521. Ibid.522. Ibid., p. 33.523. Ibid., p. 39.524. Ibid.525. Ibid., pp. 39– 40.526. Maiolo, Cry Havoc, p. 137, Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 129.527. Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 302.528. Calvocoressi, Wint, Pritchard, Total War Volume 2, p. 697.529. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 153.530. Ibid., pp. 153– 154.531. Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 40.532. Chomsky, On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War.533. Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 127.534. Ibid., p. 133.535. Chomsky, On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War.536. Myers, Japanese Imperialism in Manchuria, pp. 127– 129.537. Ibid., p. 110.538. Ibid., p. 168.539. Waldron, How the Peace was Lost, pp. 82– 83.540. The immigration of approximately 400,000 to one million Korean farmers

around 1930 into the Jiandao District of Manchuria bordering northern Korea created tensions with the Chinese who viewed the Koreans as a pre-cursor to further Japanese intrusion into Manchuria. A squabble over water rights for agricultural usage between Korean and Chinese farmers sparked off a clash between Japanese and Chinese police forces in July 1931 in what became known as the Wanpaoshan Incident. Sensationalized reports of the clash sparked off anti- Chinese riots in the Korean town of Pyongyang, lead-ing to the deaths of over 100 Chinese residing in that city and the destruc-tion of Chinese- owned stores. The Chinese viewed the riots and deaths as being instigated by the Japanese and responded with a boycott of Japanese goods.

541. Chomsky, On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War.542. Kawada, Minoru, Showa rikugun zenshi 1 (The History of the Showa Army),

Kodansha, 2014, pp. 36– 37, Nikkei Shimbun, Nicchu shototsu e no dokasen (The Fuse Leading to the Clash of Japan and China), November 10, 2013. The first wave of Japanese troops that were sent to Shandong were with-drawn after Chiang temporarily suspended the Northern Expedition in July 1927. The second wave of 5,000 troops were sent in April 1928 after the Northern Expedition re- commenced. During this second wave, the murder of 12 Japanese civilians and the subsequent looting of Japanese- owned shops by Nationalist troops sparked off a clash between Japanese

216 Notes

and Nationalist troops in the Shandong district of Jinan in May which led to the deaths of approximately 3,600 Chinese (including non- combatants) and 57 Japanese (including 12 non- combatants). The so- called Jinan Incident inflamed Chinese public opinion and led to a widespread boycott of Japanese goods. While previously the target of Chinese nationalism had primarily been the British since the so- called Shanghai May 30th Incident, during which British consular police fired upon Chinese demonstrators, the Jinan Incident had the effect of directing the wrath of Chinese nation-alism towards the Japanese. For the Chinese the Jinan Incident had been remembered as the May 3 Day of National Shame.

543. The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible?, The Yomiuri Shimbun, 2006, p. 48.

544. Kawada, Showan rikugun zenshi 1, p. 35.545. The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible?, p. 48.546. Kawada, Showa rikugun zenshi 1, p. 35.547. Barnhart, Michael A., Japan Prepares for Total War, Cornell University Press,

1987, p. 30.548. Duus, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 6, p. 275.549. Hoyt, Japan’s War, p. 61.550. The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible?, p. 49.551. Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 276.552. Ibid., p. 275.553. The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible?, p. 57.554. Overy, The Road to War, p. 322.555. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 167.556. Overly, The Road to War, p. 322, LaFeber, The Clash, p. 169.557. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 169.558. Ibid., p. 168.559. Pash, Sydney, The Currents of War, University of Kentucky Press, 2014,

pp. 61– 69. Pash argues that while there were some attempts at maintaining the Washington Conference “spirit” among the three Powers of Japan, the US, and Britain, all three pursued unilateral policies of “ one- upmanship” for securing Chinese friendship that ultimately contributed to its col-lapse. Shidehara refused to join the other Powers in sending in troops to protect the nationals and property of the Powers that were being endan-gered by riots and disturbances inspired by Chinese nationalism. In its “Christmas Memorandum” of 1926, Britain unilaterally declared that the Powers should announce their willingness to engage with the Chinese in discussions for ending extraterritoriality as soon as a Chinese government emerged with the authority to conduct talks. In an attempt to win the goodwill of the Chinese people, the US on several occasions blocked US development loans to Japan destined for Manchuria and refused to cooper-ate with the Japanese despite their pleas for support in backing their treaty rights in the region that were being violated by Chinese nationalists. The US also expressed support for Chinese tariff autonomy and the elimination of extraterritorial rights without consulting the other Powers.

560. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 147.561. Overly, The Road to War, p. 322.562. The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible?, p. 63.

Notes 217

563. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 173.564. Brown, Stewart, Japan Stuns World, Withdraws from League, United Press,

February 24, 1933, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.johndclare.net/league_of_nations6_news.htm (accessed October 15, 2014).

565. Calvocoressi, Wint, Pritchard, Total War, Volume 2, p. 756.566. The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible?, p. 67.567. San Francisco Call, Japan Promulgates “Monroe Doctrine” Affecting Korea

and Encroachment by Russia Means Declaration of War, San Francisco Call, Volume 94, Number 135, October 13, 1903, Online. Available HTTP: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/ cgi- bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19031013.2.2&srpos=2&e=------- en-- 20-- 1-- txt- txIN- Japanese+Monroe+ Doctrine-----# (accessed August 29, 2014).

568. San Francisco Call, Asia for the Asiatics, Volume 101, Number 144, April 23, 1907, Online. Available HTTP: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/ cgi- bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070423.2.61.2&srpos=19&e=------- en-- 20-- 1-- txt- txIN- Japanese+Monroe+ Doctrine-----# (accessed August 27, 2014).

569. Department of State, The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in Japan (Grew), April 28, 1934, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Dip/PaW/029.html (accessed September 28, 2014).

570. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 154.571. Ibid., p. 155.572. Encyclopedia Britannica, Imperial Economic Conference, Online. Available

HTTP: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/283893/ Imperial- Economic- Conference (accessed October 3, 2014).

573. Chomsky, On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War.574. Ibid.575. Ibid.576. Ibid.577. Ibid.578. Kawada, Showa rikugun zenshi 1, p. 11, 71.579. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 198.580. Ibid., pp. 204– 205.581. Callahan, Maureen, Hitler’s Secretary Reveals His Secrets, The New York Post,

May 17, 2009.582. Suzuki, Tomin, Nachisu wa nihon ni koi o motsu ka (Do the Nazis like

Japan), in Bando, Kazutoshi, ed., Bungeishunju ni yoru Showashi (The history of the Showa era according to Bungeishunju), Bungei Bunko, 1995, p. 262.

583. Ibid., pp. 263– 264.584. Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich, Touchstone, 1997, p. 96.585. Hanfstaengl, Ernst, Hitler, Arcade Publishing, 1994, pp. 174– 175.586. Chomsky, On the Backgrounds of the Pacific War.587. The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible, p. 65.588. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 174.589. Ibid., Bernstein, The Birth of Plenty, p. 268.590. Theodore de Bary, WM., Gluck, Carol, Tiedemann, Arthur E., ed., Sources

of Japanese Tradition, Volume Two, Part II, Columbia University Press, 2006, pp. 283– 284.

591. Roosevelt, Franklin D., “Quarantine” Speech, October 5, 1937, Online. Available HTTP: http://www/ku/edu/carrie/docs/tests/fdrquarn.html (accessed March 21, 2002).

218 Notes

592. The New York Times, A Knockout Blow Held Aim of Japan, October 10, 1937.593. Schulzinger, US Diplomacy Since 1900, p. 122.594. Ibid.595. Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of United States Naval Operations in World

War II, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ships/dafs/PR/ pr5- sinking.html (accessed March 22, 2002).

596. US Department of State, Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931– 1941, Washington DC, US Government Printing Office, 1943, pp. 87– 97.

597. Inoue, Hirohiko, Taiheiyo senso uranmenshi (The hidden history of the Pacific War), Sankyo Graphic, 2014, p. 93.

598. Theodore de Bary, Gluck, Tiedemann, ed., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume Two, Part II, pp. 298– 299.

599. Barnhart, Michael A., Japan Prepares for Total War, Cornell University Press, 1987, p. 18.

600. Theodore de Bary, Gluck, Tiedemann, ed., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume Two, Part II, pp. 308– 309.

601. Saito, Ryoe, Azamukareta rekishi (Deceptive History), Chuokoronsha, 2012, pp. 214– 215. Saito, who was an advisor to Foreign Minister Matsuoka, believed that the need to shut down the southern supply routes to Chiang’s forces was nothing but an excuse by the Imperial Army to occupy the vari-ous regions in Southeast Asia. If the Army truly wanted these supply routes to be shut down, argued Saito, the Japanese government should have used normal diplomatic channels and negotiated accordingly with Britain and France. Indeed, Matsuoka did open negotiations with these governments to discuss this issue, only to be obstructed by the Army, who in a show of intimidation towards the French assembled its troops on Hainan Island. According to Saito, the Army leaders never wanted the negotiations to suc-ceed, as success would mean putting a hold on their plans to take without opposition strategically important materials such as oil, rubber, and tin from the region.

602. Trefousse, Hans L., Pearl Harbor: The Continuing Controversy, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1982, p. 96.

603. Ibid., p. 231.604. Ike, Nobutaka, Japan’s Decision for War: Records of the 1941 Policy Conferences,

Stanford University Press, 1967, pp. 9– 12.605. Shafer, Toward Pearl Harbor, pp. 79– 80.606. Hull, Cordell, Memorandum by the Secretary of State Regarding a

Conversation with the Japanese Ambassador (Horinouchi), October 8, 1940. Online. Available http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/hull18.htm (accessed September 24, 2014).

607. Ibid.608. Ibid.609. Ibid.610. Hull, Cordell, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Volume II, The Macmillan

Company, 1948, p. 995.611. Kimura, Masato, Minohara, Tosh, ed., Tumultuous Decade, University of

Toronto Press, 2013, p. 242.612. Fearey, Robert A., Might the Pacific War Have Been Averted? Washington-

Japan Journal, Winter 1992, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.

Notes 219

connectedcommunities.net/robertfearey/pacific_war.htm (accessed May 30, 2001).

613. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Volume II, p. 1058.614. Ibid., pp. 1070– 1071.615. Ibid., p. 1071.616. Coates, Tim, ed., Attack on Pearl Harbor, 1941, The Stationary Office, 2001,

p. 210.617. Shafer, Toward Pearl Harbor, pp. 150– 151.618. Ibid.619. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, p. 193.620. Pash, Sidney, The China Card, in University of Tokyo, America Taiheiyo

Kenkyu No. 12, p. 64. Online. Available HTTP: http://repository.dl.itc.u- tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/51770/1/pas012008.pdfop.cit (accessed April 3, 2013).

621. Ibid., p. 69.622. Pash, The Currents of War, p. 209.623. Pash, The China Card, p. 69.624. Ibid., p. 65.625. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Volume II, p. 1080.626. Trefousse, Hans L., Pearl Harbor: The Continuing Controversy, Robert Kriegler,

1982, p. 113.627. Pash, The China Card, p. 77.628. Ibid.629. Coates, ed., Attack on Pearl Harbor, 1941, pp. 211– 212.630. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Volume II, p. 1082.631. Pash, The China Card, p. 63.632. Ibid.633. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, pp. 45– 46.634. Pash, The China Card., p. 66.635. Matsumoto, Shigeharu, Konoe Jidai (The Life and Times of Konoe), Volume II,

Chukoshinsho, 1987, p. 161.636. Ibid., pp. 806– 809.637. Ibid.638. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Volume II, p. 1085, US Department of

State, Memorandum Regarding a Conversation Between the Secretary of State, the Japanese Ambassador (Nomura), and Mr. Kurusu, November 26, 1941. Online. Available HTTP: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/ballan4.htm (accessed May 5, 2014).

639. US Department of State, Memorandum Regarding a Conversation Between the Secretary of State, the Japanese Ambassador (Nomura), and Mr. Kurusu, November 26, 1941.

640. Ibid.641. Pash, The Currents of War, p. 249.642. Ibid.643. Togo, Shigenori, The Cause of Japan, Simon and Schuster, 1956, p. 188.644. Ibid.645. Ibid., p. 182.646. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Volume II, p. 1003, Matsumoto, Konoe

Jidai Volume II, p. 113.

220 Notes

647. Ike, Japan’s Decision for War, p. 279, Minohara, Tosh, No Choice but to Rise, pp. 268– 271, in Kimura, Masato, Minohara, Tosh, ed., Tumultuous Decade, University of Toronto Press, 2013. According to Minohara, Togo’s abrupt volte- face and decision to support the decision for going to war with the US instead of resigning that has long baffled historians can be explained by his extreme sense of disappointment and bitterness of not receiving Hull’s modus vivendi. Captured pre- war Japanese diplomatic records have shown that the Japanese were able to routinely read US, British, and Chinese dip-lomatic cables. Togo was aware of the modus vivendi through intercepts of diplomatic messages sent from Ambassador Hu Shih to Chiang Kai- shek in Chongqing and believed that Washington was finally taking a more flex-ible approach by putting together an acceptable counterproposal to Japan’s proposal B. With this modus vivendi Togo was confident that a settlement, however temporary, could be reached with the US. Unfortunately for Togo his sneak preview was taken at a time when the modus vivendi was still under consideration for submission. On November 26, to Togo’s consterna-tion not only was there no modus vivendi from the US but there was also no mention about Togo’s proposal B in the Hull Note, which was tanta-mount to its outright rejection. Minohara argues that Togo was not only bitter about this but that he was also convinced that the US had decided upon going to war with Japan, given that the Hull Note was essentially a dismissal of the id ea of sending a counterproposal to proposal B.

648. Togo, The Cause of Japan, p. 188. In support of the Japanese view that Hull’s proposal was an ultimatum, Togo points to the reaction by the US press to Hull’s disclosure of his proposals, “which played up, as if at the urging of the governmental authorities, the choice between the terms of the Hull Note and war— and by the plainly visible tightening of the encirclement of Japan.”

649. Ibid., p. 186.650. Hotta, Eri, Japan 1941, Vintage, 2014, p. 179.651. Butow, R.J.C., The John Does Associates, Stanford University Press, 1974,

p. 315.652. Yoshida, Reiji, Papers that Pushed for Pacific War Revisited, The Japan

Times, August 14, 2013.653. Ibid., Organski, A.F.K., World Politics, Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1968, p. 374.654. Kase, Toshikazu, Toshikazu, Nihon Gaikoshi, 23, Nichibei Kosho (Japanese

Diplomatic History: Japan– US Negotiations), Kajimakenkyujo Shuppankai, 1970, p. 321.

3 IR Theory and the Origins of the Pacific War

1. Bolt, J., van Zanden, J.L., The Maddison Project: collaborative research on his-torical national accounts, The Economic History Review, 67 (3): 627– 651, 2014. Online. Available HTTP: <http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/ maddison- project/home.htm> (accessed December 30, 2014) GDP calculated in 1990 US dollars.

2. Organski, A.F.K., World Politics, Alfred A. Knopf Inc., p. 359, pp. 373– 374.3. Yoshida, Reiji, Papers that Pushed for Pacific War Revisited, The Japan Times,

August 14, 2013. According to historian Moriyama Atsushi the National Planning Board, a government body in charge of allocating resources for

Notes 221

the armed services and civilians had padded out some key economic figures and outlooks on logistical strengths, which helped to reinforce its conclu-sion in a report given to the Emperor and Tojo Cabinet that Japan would be able to wage a war successfully against the US, Britain, and the Netherlands, while continuing to fight its war against China. Moriyama argues that this report helped to persuade Japan’s leaders to embark upon war with the US. Lieutenant General Suzuki Teiichi, who was at the time the head of the Planning Board and was well aware of the industrial gap between Japan and the US, openly argued against war. After receiving pressure from a senior Army officer, Suzuki made an about- turn that led to his siding with those leaders advocating war, and the publication of the report.

4 Conclusion: The Pacific War and the Future of East Asia

1. The Indian Express, China Proposed Division of Pacific, Indian Oceans, we declined: US Admiral, May 15, 2009, Online. Available HTTP: http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ china- proposed- division- of- pacific- indian- ocean- regions- we- declined- us- admiral/459851/ (accessed February 2, 2015).

2. Ibid. 3. Jones, Gareth, Interview with Amau, February 1935, Online. Available HTTP

http://www.garethjones.org/articles_far_east/amau.htm (accessed February 12, 2015)

4. The Economist, What China Wants, August 23, 2014, p. 47. 5. Hull, Cordell, Memoirs of Cordell Hull Vol. II, The Macmillan Company,

New York, 1948, p. 987. 6. Browne, Andrew, Xi Puts Modern Spin on Imperial Power Play, Wall Street

Journal, November 19, 2014. 7. Funabashi, Yoichi, Shaping China’s Influence, The Japan Times, January

16, 2015, Record China, Beikoku ga Asia kara oidasareru? Sorewa Kiyu da- chugoku senmonka (America will be driven out of Asia? That is much ado about nothing), Online Available HTTP: http://www.recordchina.co.jp/a99606.html (accessed February 12, 2015).

8. Ibid. 9. Gibney, James, Forgetful of History Amid Today’s Territorial Tiffs, The Japan

Times, May 21, 2014.10. Cohen, Roger, China’s Monroe Doctrine, International New York Times, May 9,

2014.11. Nikkei Shimbun, Beichu no semegiai, shiretsu ni (The contest between the US

and China intensifies, January 19, 2015, Mearsheimer, John, Can China Rise Peacefully, The National Interest, October 24, 2014, Online. Available HTTP: http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/ can- china- rise- peacefully- 10204 (accessed February 12, 2015).

12. Mearsheimer, Can China Rise Peacefully.13. Wang, Zheng, The Dangers of Historical Analogies, The Diplomat, July 25,

2014. Online. Available HTTP: http://thediplomat.com/2014/07/ the- dangers- of- history- analogies/ (accessed February 12, 2015).

14. Stefan Gady, Franz, Let’s Drop the Anglo- German Historical Analogy Once and For All When Discussing China, China &US Focus, February 4, 2014, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.chinausfocus.com/ foreign- policy/

222 Notes

lets- drop- the- anglo- german- historical- analogy- once- and- for- all- when- discussing- china/ (accessed February 10, 2015).

15. Record, Jeffrey, Perils of Reasoning by Historical Analogy: Munich, Vietnam and the American Use of Force Since 1945, Air University, March 1998, p. 1.

16. Ibid., p. 23.17. LaFeber, Walter, The Clash, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998, p. 174.18. Lynch, David J., Xi Shows US His No- Nonsense Approach to Bilateral

Relations, The Japan Times, November 18, 2014.19. Schiavenza, Matt, China Economy Surpasses US in Purchasing Power, But

Americans Don’t Need to Worry, International Business Times, October 8, 2014, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.ibtimes.com/ china- economy- surpasses- us- purchasing- power- americans- dont- need- worry- 1701804 (accessed February 10, 2015). According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) China’s GDP surpassed that of the US in 2014 when measured accord-ing to purchasing power parity.

20. Ibid.21. Lynch, David, Xi Shows US His No- Nonsense Approach to Bilateral Relations.22. LaFeber, The Clash, p. 175.23. Parker, Richard, Pilotless Planes, Pacific Tensions, International Herald

Tribune, May 13, 2013.24. Wong Edward, China Announces 12.2% Increase in Military Budget, The

New York Times, March 5, 2014.25. Burke, Mathew M., Growing Chinese Military Budget May Shift Power

Perceptions in the Pacific, Stars and Stripes, April 21, 2014, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.stripes.com/news/ growing- chinese- military- budget- may- shift- power- perceptions- in- pacific- 1.278675 (accessed February 10, 2015).

26. Parker, Pilotless Planes, Pacific Tensions.27. Miyake, Kuni, Imperial Japan and Communist China, JB Press, December 27,

2013, Online. Available HTTP: http://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/39558 (accessed February 16, 2015).

28. McCulley, Terry, China Loses Control of its Foreign Policy, Asia Times, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/ CHIN- 02- 240114.html (accessed February 9, 2015). It is perhaps worth noting that the Chinese leadership had established a State Security Committee headed by President Xi Jinping to coordinate both domestic and foreign policy and to reduce the PLA’s influence over China’s national security policy.

29. The Economist, Rank and File, February 14, 2015, p. 25.30. Evans- Pritchard, Ambrose, China’s Young Officers and the 1930s Syndrome,

The Daily Telegraph, September 7, 2010, Online. Available HTTP: http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/ ambroseevans- pritchard/100007519/china%E2%80% 99s- young- officers- and- the- 1930s- syndrome/ (accessed February 9, 2015).

31. Valencia, Mark J., China, US Moving Closer to Viewing War as Inevitable, The Japan Times, September 1, 2014, Cohen, Roger, China versus America, International New York Times, October 21, 2014.

32. Cohen, China versus America.33. Pomfret, John, US Takes a Tougher Tone with China, Washington Post, July

30, 2010. The “ nine- dash line” was first depicted on an official map issued by the newly established government of the People’s Republic of China in

Notes 223

1949. China has since claimed nearly all uninhabited reefs and small islands (including the Spratly and Paracel Islands) inside the boundary of this line as Chinese territory, regardless of their distance from the Chinese coast or their proximity to other countries in the region such as Vietnam or the Philippines.

34. Dyer, The Contest of the Century, p. 69.35. Gibney, James, Forgetful of History Amid Today’s Territorial Tiffs, The Japan

Times, May 21, 2014.36. White, Hugh, Power Shift, Quarterly Essay, Number 39, 2010. Online.

Available HTTP: https://www.quarterlyessay.com/essay/2010/08/ power- shift (accessed February 16, 2014).

37. Cohen, China versus America.38. Gilmore, Jason, Translating American Exceptionalism, International Journal

of Communication, Online. Available HTTP: http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/2336/1263 (accessed February 16, 2015).

39. Buckley, Chris, China Memo Reveals Fears of Western Influence, International Herald Tribune, August 23, 2013.

40. ABC News, Rush Limbaugh Mocks Chinese President Hu Jintao, January 20, 2011, Online. Available HTTP: http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/01/ rush- limbaugh- mocks- chinese- president- hu- jintao/ (accessed February 11, 2015).

41. Ibid.42. Ibid.43. Nikkei Asian Review, US, China, Heading Towards Face- Off, Says Mearsheimer,

March 26, 2015, Online. Available HTTP: http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/ 20150326- Singapore- after- Lee/Viewpoints/ US- China- heading- toward- face- off- says- Mearsheimer (accessed March 30, 2015).

44. Valencia, China, US Moving Closer to Viewing War as Inevitable.45. Funabashi, Yoichi, Shaping China’s Influence, The Japan Times, January 16,

2015.46. Ibid.47. Lai, David, The United States and China in Power Transition, Strategic Studies

Institute Book, 2011, p. 55.48. The Economist, The Pacific Age, November 15, 2014, p. 4, Bremmer, Ian,

Gordon, David, Two Key Foreign Policy Openings for Obama, The New York Times, February 25, 2013, Blair, Dennis C., Who Decides Pacific Trade, International New York Times, November 6, 2014.

49. Clark, Wesley K., Getting Real About China, International New York Times, October 11– 12, 2014.

50. Lai, The United States and China in Power Transition, p. 88.51. Huntington Samuel, P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World

Order, Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 228.52. Nikkei Asian Review, US, China, Heading Towards Face- Off, Says Mearsheimer.53. Nikkei Shimbun, Nichibei, Chugoku shudo ni keikaikan (Japan/US Cautious

Towards Chinese Leadership), March 14, 2015.54. International New York Times, A Chinese Rival to the World Bank, October

24, 2014, Straits Times, Restructure World Order “to Include Asian Powers,” November 24, 2014.

55. Nikkei Shimbun, Nichibei, Chugoku shudo ni keikaikan (Japan/US Cautious Towards Chinese Leadership).

224 Notes

56. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, p. 224.57. International Business Times, China and Japan at War? Australian Academic

Predicts it Could Happen Next Year, December 27, 2012.58. Bremmer, Ian, @ianbremmer, 3 Chinese Ships Reportedly Head into

Contested Waters. I’m More Concerned about Japan- China Conflict than Any Other Geopol Tension this yr, Online. Available http: https://twitter.com/ianbremmer/status/293154301537308673 (accessed January 21, 2013).

59. The Japan Times, Chinese Want No Fight In Senkakus, December 6, 2014.60. US Department of State, US Passports and International Travel, Online.

Available HTTP: http://travel.state.gov/content/passports/english/country/china.html (accessed October 14, 2014).

61. Ehime Shinbun, Honichi kyaku saiko 1341 man nin (Number of Foreign Visitors to Japan at a Record High 13.4 million), January 21, 2015.

62. Wall Street Journal, Japan Rises for China in Travel Survey, January 5, 2015, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.wsj.com/articles/ japan- rises- for- chinese- in- travel- survey- 1420445557 (accessed April 1, 2015).

63. Clavel, Teru, Culture, Cost and Proximity Draw Chinese Students, Japan Times, April 23, 2015.

64. Ibid.65. JOC, US Retains Status as Japan’s Largest Export Market, January 27,

2015, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.joc.com/ international- trade- news/ trade- data/ us- retains- status- japans- largest- export- market_20150127.html (accessed April 2, 2015).

66. Mainichi Shinbun, Nicchu Kaiyo kaigi: Kaiho to chugokukaikeikyoku no “taiwa no madoguchi” secchi goi (Japan and China agree to setup a “window for dialogue,” January 22, 2015.

67. Wu, Xinbo, America Should Back Off, International New York Times, April 24, 2014.

68. Record China, Nippon no minami shinakai keikai katsudo, Beikoku no kangei shisei wa “Nicchu wo nakatagai saserutame, Russia media (Russia media says US welcomes Japanese security moves in the South China Seas to create hos-tility between Japan and China), February 7, 2015, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.recordchina.co.jp/a102040.html (accessed April 1, 2015).

69. WantChinaTimes.com, War Between Japan and China in Next 20 Years, May 28, 2014, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.wantchinatimes.com/ news- subclass- cnt.aspx?id=20140528000152&cid=1101 (accessed April 2, 2015).

70. The Washington Times, Division Rejected, August 17, 2007, Online. Available HTTP: http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2007/aug/17/ inside- the- ring- 11086842/?page=all (accessed April 2, 2015).

71. Unoki, Ko, Mergers, Acquisitions, and Global Empires, Routledge, 2013, p. 14.72. Ibid.73. Kamenka, Eugene, The Portable Marx, Penguin Books, 1983, p. 208.74. Unoki, Mergers, Acquisitions, and Global Empires, p. 14.

225

Bibliography

Asada, Sadao, Culture Shock and Japanese- American Relations, University of Missouri Press, 2007.

Asada, Sadao, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, Naval Institute Press, 2012.Auchincloss, Louis, ed., Theodore Roosevelt, (The Library of America), 2004.Bando, Kazutoshi, ed., Bungeishunju ni yoru Showashi (The History of the Showa

Era According to Bungeishunju), Bungei Bunko, 1995.Barnhart, Michael A., Japan Prepares for Total War, Cornell University Press, 1987.Beasley, W.G., Japanese Imperialism 1894– 1945, Clarendon Press, 1991.Bernstein, William J., The Birth of Plenty, McGraw Hill, 2004.Brown, Chris, Nardin, Terry, Rengger, Nicholas, ed., International Relations in

Political Thought, Cambridge University Press, 2010.Brzezinski, Zbigniew, Strategic Vision, Basic Books, 2012.Burchill, Scott, Linklater, Andrew, Devetak, Richard, Donnelly, Jack, Patterson,

Matthew, Reus- Smit, Christian, True, Jacqui, Theories of International Relations, Third Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

Buzan, Barry, Richard, Little. International Systems in World History, Oxford University Press, 2000.

Calvocoressi, Peter, Wint, Guy, Pritchard, John, Total War, Vol. 2, Pantheon Books, 1989.

Clark, Christopher, The Sleepwalkers, Harper Perennial, 2014.Clyde, Paul H., Beers, Burton F., The Far East, Prentice Hall, 1976.Coates, Tim, ed., Attack on Pearl Harbor, 1941, The Stationary Office, 2001.Conroy, Hillary F., Conroy, Francis, West Across the Pacific, Cambria Press, 2008.Conroy, Hilary F., Harry, Wray. ed., Pearl Harbor Reexamined, University of Hawaii

Press, 1990.Cumings, Bruce, Korea’s Place in the Sun, W.W. Norton, 2005Daddow, Oliver, International Relations Theory, Sage, 2013.Diamond, Jared, Collapse, Penguin Books, 2005.Dickenson, Fredrick R., War and National Reinvention, Harvard University Asia

Center, 1999.Dougherty, James E., Pfaltzgraff Jr., Robert L., Contending Theories of International

Relations, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 2001.Dower, John W., War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacfic War, Pantheon

Books, 1986.Doyle, Michael, Ways of War and Peace, W.W. Norton & Company, 1997.Duus, Peter, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 6, Cambridge University

Press, 1997.Dyer, Geoff, The Contest of the Century, Vintage Books, 2014.Edgerton, Robert B., Warriors of the Rising Sun, Westview Press, 1997.Esthus, Raymond A., The Changing Concept of the Open Door, The Mississippi

Valley Historical Review, Vol. 46, No.3, 1959.Esthus, Raymond A., Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, University of Washington

Press, 1966.

226 Bibliography

Fukuyama, Francis, The End of History and the Last Man, Free Press, 2006.George, Alexander L., Forceful Persuasion: Coercive Diplomacy as an Alternative to

War, United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997.Grew, Joseph C., Ten Years in Japan, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1944.Harada, Keiichi, Nisshin, nichiro senso, Iwanamishinso, 2013.Henning, Joseph M., Outposts of Civilization, New York University Press, 2000.Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1982.Hoshikawa, Takeshi, Taiheiyo senso (The Pacific War) Vol. 1, Gakken, 2008Hoshikawa, Takeshi, ed., Taiheiyo senso no shinjitsu (The Truth of the Pacific War),

Gakken Publishing, 2013Hosoya, Chihiro, Honma, Nagayo ed., Nichibei kankeishi (History of Japan- US

Relations), Yuhikakusensho, 1982.Hotta, Eri, Japan 1941, Vintage, 2014.Howarth, Stephen, Morning Glory, Arrow Books, 1983.Hoyt, Edwin P., Japan’s War, Da Capo, 1986.Hull, Cordell, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, Vol. I, II, The Macmillan Company,

New York, 1948.Huntington Samuel, P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,

Simon & Schuster, 1996.Ienaga, Saburo, The Pacific War 1931– 1945, Pantheon Books, 1978.Ike, Nobutaka, Japan’s Decision for War, Stanford University Press, 1967.Iokibe, Makoto, ed., Nichibei kankeishi (History of Japan- US Relations), Yuhikaku

Books, 2010.Iriye, Akira, The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific, Longman,

1987.Iriye, Akira, After Imperialism, Imprint Publications, 1990.Iriye Akira, China and Japan in the Global Setting, Harvard University Press, 1992.Iriye, Akira, Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the War, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999.Jansen, Marius B., The Making of Modern Japan, The Belknap Press of Harvard

University Press, 2000.Jansen, Maurus B., ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 5, Cambridge

University Press, 1989.Johnson, Chalmers, The Sorrows of Empire, Metropolitan Books, 2004.Kamenka, Eugene, The Portable Marx, Penguin Books, 1983.Kang, David C., East Asia Before the West, Columbia University Press, 2010.Kase, Toshikazu, Nihon Gaikoshi, 23, Nichibei Kosho (Japanese Diplomatic History:

Japan- US Negotiations), Kajimakenkyujo Shuppankai, 1970.Kato, Yoko, Senso no Nippon kingendaishi (The Modern History of Japan at War),

Kodansha, 2002.Kawada, Minoru, Senzen nihon no anzen hosho (The National Security of Pre- War

Japan), Kodanshagendaishinsho, 2013.Kawada, Minoru, Showa rikugun zenshi 1 (History of the Showa Army), Kodansha,

2014.Kennedy Paul, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Vintage Books, 1989.Kimura, Masato, Minohara, Tosh, ed., Tumultuous Decade, University of Toronto

Press, 2013Konoe, Fumimaro, Heiwa he no doryoku (Efforts at Peace), Nippon Denpo

Tsushinsha, 1946.Kurusu, Saburo, Houmatsu no Sanjugonen (A Full 35 Years), Chuobunko, 1991.

Bibliography 227

LaFeber, Walter, The Clash, W.W.Norton & Co., 1998.LaFeber, Walter, Polenberg, Richard, Woloch, Nancy, The American Century,

M.E. Sharpe, 2008.Lauren, Paul Gordon, Power and Prejudice, Westview Press, 1996.Lu, David, Agony of Choice, Lexington Books, 2002.MacMillan, Margaret, Paris 1919, Random House, 2001.Macfarlane, Alan, The Savage Wars of Peace, Palgrave, 2003.Machiavelli, Nicolo, The Prince, Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 1982.Macpherson, W.J., The Economic Development of Japan 1868– 1941, Cambridge

University Press, 1995.Maiolo, Joseph, Cry Havoc, Basic Books, 2010.Masuda, Hiroshi, Sato Susumu, ed., Nippon Gaikoshi Handobukku (Handbook of

Japanese Diplomatic History), Yushindo, 2011.Matsumoto, Shigeharu, Konoe Jidai : janarisuto no kaiso (The Konoe Era:

Recollections of a Journalist), Chukoshinsho, 1987.Matsumura, Masayoshi, Baron Kaneko and the Russo- Japanese War ( 1904– 1905),

Lulu Press, 2009.Mearsheimer, John J., The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, W.W. Norton &

Company, 2001.Mishra, Pankaji, From the Ruins of Empire, Penguin Books, 2013.Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics among Nations, McGraw- Hill, Inc., 1985.Morley, William James, Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany, and the USSR,

1935– 1940, Columbia University Press, 1976.Mutsu, Munemitsu, Kenkenroku, University of Tokyo Press, 1982.Nish, Ian, The Origins of the Russo- Japanese War, Longman, 1985.Nishi Haruhiko, Kaiso no Nihon Gaiko (Memoirs on Japanese Diplomacy),

Iwanami shinsho, 1979.Nomura, Kichisaburo, Beikoku ni Tsukaishite (In Service in the US), Iwanami

Shoten, 1946.Norman, E. Herbert, Japan’s Emergence as a Modern State, UBC Press 2001.Organski, A.F.K., World Politics, Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1968.Overy, Richard, The Road to War, Vintage Books, 2009.Pash, Sydney, The Currents of War, University of Kentucky Press, 2014.Pyle, Kenneth B., Japan Rising, The Century Foundation, 2007.Saito, Ryoe, Azamukareta rekishi (Deceptive History), Chuokoronsha, 2012.Schulzinger, Robert D., US Diplomacy Since 1900, Oxford University Press, 2008.Shafer, Ralph E., Toward Pearl Harbor, Markus Wiener Publishing Inc., 1991.Shidehara, Kijuro, Gaiko gojunen (50 Years of Diplomacy), Nippon Tosho Center,

1998.Stephanson, Anders, Manifest Destiny, Hill and Wang, 1983.Stone, Oliver, Kuznick, Peter, The Untold History of the United States, Ebury Press,

2012.Storry, Richard, Japan and the Decline of the West in Asia, Macmillan Press, 1979.Takahashi, Hideyuki, Nichibei senso was naze boppatsu shitaka (Why did the Japan-

US War Erupt), Shakaihyoronsha, 2008.Takii, Kazuhiro, The Meiji Constitution, International House of Japan, 2007.Tammen, Ronald L., Kugler, Jacek, Lemke, Douglas, Stam III, Allan C.,

Alsharabati, Carole, Abdollahian, Mark Andrew, Effird, Brian, Organski, A.F.K., Power Transitions, CQ Press, 2000.

228 Bibliography

The Yomiuri Shimbun, Who was Responsible?, The Yomiuri Shimbun, 2006.Togo, Shigenori, The Cause of Japan, Simon and Schuster, 1956.Toland, John, The Rising Sun, Random House, 1970.Trefousse, Hans L., Pearl Harbor: The Continuing Controversy, Robert E. Krieger

Publishing Company, 1982.Unoki, Ko, Mergers, Acquisitions, and Global Empires, Routledge, 2013.Waldron, Arthur, How The Peace Was Lost, Hoover Press, 1992.Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics, McGraw Hill, 1979.Weber, Cynthia, International Relations Theory, Routledge, 2001.Westad, Odd Arne, Restless Empire, Basic Books, 2012.Wilkinson, Paul, International Relations, Oxford University Press, 2007.Williams, Phil, Goldstein Donald, Shafritz, Jay, Classic Readings of International

Relations, Harcourt Bruce, 1999Williams, William Appleman, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, W.W. Norton &

Company, 2009.Wray, Harry, Conroy, Hilary, ed., Japan Examined, University of Hawaii Press,

1983.Yanaga, Chitoshi, Japan Since Perry, McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., 1949.Zinn, Howard, A People’s History of the United States, Harper Perennial, 1995.

229

Abe, Nobuyuki, 134Allen, Horace, 57Amo Doctrine, 140, 177Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 55–7, 66, 71,

102, 106–8, 166Anti-Comintern Pact, 143Arita, Hachiro, 148Asada, Sadao, 24, 105Ashikaga, Yoshimitsu, 22Asian Development Bank (ADB),

186–8Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

(AIIB), 186, 188, 192Asian Monetary Crisis (1997), 186Athens, 8, 9, 12, 24, 171, 185Axis Alliance 5, 147–8, 188

Balance of power, 13–5, 21–3, 48, 61, 81, 102–3, 114–5, 149, 161, 169–72, 188–9, 191–3, 198

Bastia, Fulgencio, 117Beard, Charles A., 97Beasley, W.G., 10, 24, Benton, Thomas Hart, 30, 33Beveridge, Albert J., 45Blakeslee, George Hubbard, 118Borah, William, 102–3, 104Borneo, 2Bow, Clara, 122Boxer Uprising (Yihetuan Movement),

54–6, 60, 204Brazil, 18, 120Bremmer, Ian, 190Britain, see under United KingdomBryan, William Jennings, 90–1, 115Burma (Myanmar,) 2, 37Butler, Nicholas, 66Butler, Smedley D., 83Buzan, Barry, 114

Calles, Plutarco, 116Cao Rulin, 85Capone, Al, 83

Carr, E.H., 7Carranza, Venustiano, 82, 208–209Chiang Kai-shek, 2, 130–2, 136–7,

144, 148, 151, 154–8, 215, 220China,

anti-foreignism and, 55, 130–131extraterritoriality and, 109–10, 132,

162, 212, 216European encroachment of, 54, 108fall of Qing Dynasty and, 81Japanese invasion of, 2, 43, 135–9Northern Expedition and, 130–2,

134, 215Chinda, Sutemi, 113Chinese Eastern Railway, 51, 59, 72,

76, 94, 95, 144Chinese Exclusion Act, 50, 65, 68Chomsky, Noah, 118Chu, Judy, 185Clark, Wesley K., 187Clemenceau, Georges, 98Cobb, Ty, 122Cobden, Richard, 13Cochran, Charles F., 45Cohen, Roger, 178, 184Colombia, 117Columbia University, 66, 82Conroy, Hillary, 24, 100, 105Coolidge, Calvin, 115–6, 119Cuba, 63, 82–3, 101, 110, 116–7,

141, 206Curtis, William Elroy, 50 Curzon, George, 107, 112–3

Daddow, Oliver, 16Daniels, Josephus, 103DeLong, Charles, 38–42, 189DeMille, Cecil B., 87Defensive (Neo) Realism, 7Dennett, Tyler, 57Dickinson, Frederick R., 41, 89Diosy, Arthur, 66Dollar Diplomacy, 79, 81

Index

230 Index

Dominican Republic, 82, 116–117Dougherty, James, 8, 13Doyle, Michael, 6, 12Drought, James, 150, 159Duan Qirui, 85–6Dutch East India Company, 27, 37Dutch East Indies, 2, 37, 148, 153

Eastern Conference (Toho Kaigi), 133–6

Esthus, Raymond A., 24, 61, 70, 77–8European Union (EU), 18

February 26 coup (failed), 129Ferguson, Niall, 82Fillmore, Millard, 30–1First World War, 6, 24, 80, 87–8, 96,

100–2, 104, 110–1, 127, 144, 148, 166, 169

Fiske, Bradley A., 128Five Power Treaty, 106, 110–2,

123, 127Four Power Treaty, 106–8Fourteen Points, 81France, 18, 49, 52, 55, 58, 75, 77, 81,

84, 92, 94, 96, 99, 106, 110, 148, 170, 207, 218

French Indochina, 2, 52, 148, 151, 152, 154, 156, 170, 174

Fukuyama, Francis, 7, 10Fukuzawa, Yukichi, 49, 201Funabashi, Yoichi, 186

Gates, Robert, 181Gentlemen’s Agreement, 68, 120, 207Gentz, Friedrich von, 14Germany, 5, 7, 18, 24, 46, 49, 55,

81–2, 88, 91, 94, 97, 99–100, 105, 110, 142–3, 145, 147, 148–50, 153, 170, 174, 207

Gojong, Emperor, 58Grant, Ulysses, 44Grau San Martin, Ramon, 116–7Grew, Joseph, 140Grey, Edward, 90Griffith, D.W., 98Griswold, A. Whitney, 105, 108Guandong Army, 72–3, 134–7,

182, 192

Guatemala, 117Guomindang, 2, 130–1, 136Gwatkin, F. Ashton, 103

Haiti, 82–3, 110, 115–7, 144Hamaguchi, Yuko, 129, 141Hanihara, Masanao, 110, 120Hara, Takashi (Kei), 86, 94, 104–6,

129, 209Hara, Yoshimichi, 149Harding, Warren, 100–4, 113–5,

119, 128Harriman, H.R., 75–7Harris, Townsend, 35–6Hawaii, 1, 2, 33, 46, 52, 54, 66, 68–71,

101, 111, 117, 177, 192Hay, John, 53, 54, 62, 79Hayakawa, Sessue, 87Hearst, William Randolph, 65, 83,

92, 119Hegel, Georg W.F., 10Herrera, Carlos, 115Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 23Hirohito, Emperor, 2, 121Hirota, Koki, 139–40Hitler, Adolf, vii, 142–3, 148, 152–3Hobbes, Thomas, 7–8, 10–11, 194Hobson, John A., 10, 194Hofman, Fred, 122Honduras, 82–83, 116–7Hong Kong, 2, 26, 37, 52, 111Hoover, Herbert, 113, 118, 137, 138Hornbeck, Stanley, 137–8, 154Hosoya, Chihiro, 24House, Edward M., 90Hoyt, Edwin P., 105Huerta, Victoriano, 82Hughes, Billy, 107Hughes, Charles Evan 102–3, 105–6,

110–4, 118, 120–1Hull Note, 156–8, 220Hull, Cordell, 1, 147, 149–59Hume, David, 14Hunter, Herb, 122Huntington, Samuel, 187, 189

Ienaga, Saburo, xImmigration Act (1924), 119–21,

123–4, 128, 143

Index 231

India, 18, 20, 23, 37, 56, 141, 193Indian Removal Act, 31Inoue, Junnosuke, 141International Liberalism, 80–1, 96International Monetary Fund (IMF),

186, 222Iriye, Akira, 24, 112, 128Ishii, Kikujiro, 91–3Ishii-Lansing Agreement, 91, 93Ishiwara, Kanji, 136–7, 142Itagaki, Seishiro, 136Italy, 5, 18, 55, 96, 106, 110, 136,

147, 148, 170, 174Ito, Hirobumi, 73–6

J.P. Morgan, 78, 84, 120, 122Japan,

cooperation with Western Powers and, 37–9, 53, 55–6, 95

education policy and, 38, 127, 145Japanese Monroe Doctrine and,

62–4, 71, 140, 167navy rivalry with United States

and, 128racial equality clause and, 97–8realist policies and, 171rise of imperialism and, 38–49rise of militarism and, 191

Japan-Qing War (1894–5), 46, 48, 51Japan-US Treaty of Commerce and

Navigation, (1911), 147Jinan Incident, 216Johnson, Nelson T., 122

Kajiwara-Lamont Agreement, 87Kamakura, 4Kanazawa, 4Kaneko, Kentaro, 35, 57, 62–4, 93,

121, 124Kang, David, 17, 22–3Kanghwa Treaty of Friendship, 44Kase, Toshikazu, viiKato, Kanji, 67, 111–2, 123–6,

129, 142Kato, Takaaki, 74, 88, 120Kato, Tomosaburo, 106, 111Kato, Yoko, 47Katsura, Taro, 57–8, 71, 76–7Katsura-Taft Agrement, 57–8, 71

Kawada, Minoru, 142Keating, Timothy J., 177–8,

187, 192Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris),

112, 138Kennan, George, 67Kennan, George F., 7Kennedy, Paul, 71Kissinger, Henry, 7Knox, Philander C., 72, 75, 78–80Kodama, Gentaro, 74Komoto, Daisaku, 135Komura, Jutaro, 59, 67, 76, 77Koo, Wellington, 97Korea, 22–3, 38, 40–1, 44–51, 56–61,

67, 70–1, 76, 80, 95, 140, 163–5, 168, 175, 186, 188–9, 191–3, 203, 204, 215

Krock, Arthur, 157–8Kroner, Hayes, 154Kugler, Jacek, 16Kyoto, 4

LaFeber, Walter, 24, 32, 34, 72–3, 91, 109, 145, 204

Lake, David, 17Lamont, Thomas, 84, 86–7, 120, 209Lansing, Robert, 84, 86–7, 92–4, 96LeGendre, Charles, 38–43, 61, 118League of Nations, 96–7, 99, 102–3,

112, 118, 121, 137–9Lee, Hsien Loong, 191Lemke, Douglas, 16Liaodong Peninsula, 49, 51, 55,

59, 72, 74Liberal internationalism, 80–1, 96,

112, 121Liliuokalani, Queen, 46Limbaugh, Rush, 184–5Lincoln, Abraham, 8Link, Arthur S., 81Lippmann, Walter, 144Little, Richard, 114Lloyd, Harold, 122Locarno Treaty, 112London Naval Conference (1930),

123–9Lytton Report, 138–9Lytton, A.G.R., 138

232 Index

MacMurray, John Van Antwerp, 114, 133

Machiavelli, Nicolo, 7–8, 194Macpherson, W.J., 29Maddison, Angus, 22Madero, Francisco, 135Mahbubani, Kishore, 187Makino, Shinken, 94, 96Manchuria 49, 51, 54, 58–61, 67,

70–80, 86–93, 95, 105, 117–8, 120–1, 132–41, 144, 151, 165–70, 173–4, 180, 182, 187–8, 191–2, 204, 215–6

Manchurian Incident, 135–9, 140–2Manchurian Youth League, 121, 136Mao Zedong, 2, 136, 144Marshall, George C., 153–4Marx, Karl, 194Massey, William, 107Matsui, Iwane, 134Matsumoto, Shigeharu, 157Matsuoka, Yosuke, 139, 146, 149May 4th Movement (1919), 99McGowan, F.C., 65Mckinley, William, 46, 52, 53Mearsheimer, John, 7, 8, 178, 185–7Meckel, Klemens, 46, 61Meiji Constitution, 181Meiji Restoration, 35–8Melos, 9Melville, Herman, 32Mexican-American War, 30Mexico, 30–1, 82–4, 93, 116–7, 135,

208–9Meyer, George von Lengerke, 57, 60Midway Island, 3Ming Dynasty, 22–3, 58Ministry of Trade and

Industry (MITI), 187Mongol empire, 22Monroe Doctrine,

definition of, 41, 64, 118, 140, 167Morgenthau, Hans J., 7–8, 10–1,

13–5, 114–5Morgenthau, Henry, 154, 156Mori, Tsutomu, 134Moriyama, Atsushi, 220–1Muto, Nobuyoshi, 134–5Mutsu, Munemitsu, 203

Nara, 4Netherlands, 2Nicaragua, 82, 116–7, 144Niebuhr, Reinhold, 7Nine Power Treaty, 105–6, 108–10,

131, 138, 177Nish, Ian, 54Nishihara loans, 85–6, 132Nomura, Kichisaburo, 1, 134, 150,

152, 158–9, 178Norman, E. Herbert, 37

Obama, Barack, 177–8, 184, 186Offensive Realism, 7Ogan, Joseph, 126Oikawa, Koshiro, 5Okada, Keisuke, 129Okubo Toshimichi, 38Okuma, Shigenobu, 43, 88, 100Open Door Policy, 24, 54–5, 75, 101,

106, 108, 114–5, 118, 122, 128, 164–6, 168, 177–8

Opium War, 22Organski, A.F.K, 16–20, 24,

159, 175Ottawa Economic Conference, 141

Pacific War, definition of, xsummary of, 1–5

Page, Walter, 83Panama, 63, 82, 101, 116–7Pash, Sidney, 154–5, 157, 216Pearl Harbor, 1, 2, 4, 5, 158,

160, 169Peng Dehuai, 136People’s Liberation Army, 181Perry, Matthew C., 25–35, 37, 44, 49,

81, 91, 113, 193, 194Pershing, John J., 208Pfaltzgraff Jr., Robert, 8, 13Phelan, James D., 120Philippines, 2, 52, 54, 58, 63, 66,

68–71, 82, 101, 111, 123, 138, 141, 153, 165, 206

Plan Orange, 68, 123, 136Platt Amendment, 63, 117Platt, Orville, 63Polk, James, 30

Index 233

Power Transition, 5, 16–25, 172–6, 185, 192–3

Ptolemaic Dynasty, 29

Qin dynasty, 8

Realism, 5, 6–17, 114, 161–72, 176Robinson, C. Varyl, 124, 126Rockefeller, 44Rockhill, William, 57Rollin, Michael, 31Roosevelt, Franklin D., (FDR) 1, 2,

115, 117, 141, 145–6, 150–1, 153–5, 159, 178

Roosevelt, Theodore, 46, 50, 52, 54, 57, 59, 60–4, 66–73, 75, 78, 80, 87, 93, 97–8, 109, 115

Root, Elihu, 70–1, 78, 109–10Russia,

imperialist policies in Asia and, 32, 41, 47–9, 55

railway interests in China and, 51rivalry with Japan and, 56rivalry with United Kingdom and,

52rivalry with United States and,

57–60Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 4,

56–7Ryukyu kingdom, 26–7, 33, 39,

41, 43

Saigo Takamori, 38Saionji, Kinnmochi, 74Saipan, 3Saito, Makoto, 129Saito, Ryoe, 218Schroeder, Paul, 155Schulzinger, Robert D., 84Senkaku Islands, 189–91Shandong, 51, 55, 85, 88, 90, 93,

96–9, 212Shawkey, Bob, 122Shidehara, Kijuro, 105, 107, 120–1,

124, 131–8, 316Shoda, Kazue, 85Shufeldt, Robert W., 44–5Siberian expedition, 94–5, 105Simon, John, 137

Singapore, 2, 37, 102, 111, 182, 188, 191

Sino-Japanese War (1937), 2, 144–7Soejima, Taneomi, 39–42South Manchurian Railway (SMR),

72, 75–9, 86, 116, 122, 132, 133, 136, 146, 187

Soviet Union, 4, 143, 148–9, 156, 170, 188–9

Sparta, 8–9, 12, 24, 171Spring-Rice, Cecil, 68–9Stark, Harold, 153Starr, Frederick, 68Stein, Lorenz von, 47, 61Sternberg, Speck von, 57Storry, Richard, 70Straight, Willard, 58, 72–3, 75,

77–80, 93Strawn, Silas H., 113Suetsugu, Nobumasa, 142Suzuki, Kantaro, 129Suzuki, Teiichi, 221

Taft, William Howard, 57, 68, 70, 71–3, 75, 78–81

Taiwan, 2, 33, 39–43, 48, 52, 85, 164, 175, 181

Takagi, Yasaka, 117Takahashi, Korekiyo, 67, 129, 140Takahira, Kogoro, 57, 62Takahira-Root Agreement, 70–1Tanaka, Giichi, 94, 133Tanggu Truce Agreement, 144Terauchi, Masatake, 85, 92, 94Thucydides, 7–10, 12, 171Thucydides trap, 185Togo, Heihachiro, 106, 129Togo, Shigenori, 151–2, 158–9,

176, 220Tojo, Hideki, vii, 5, 151, 159,

176, 221Tokyo, 3, 28Tokugawa Shogunate, 27–37

economic policies of, 28–9Toland, John, viiToyo Hogei Whaling Company

(Toyo), 83Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), 187Trans-Siberian Railway, 48, 51, 94–5

234 Index

Tsar Nicholas II, 61Twenty-one (21) Demands, 85, 87–92,

94, 105, 166, 183

Uchida, Yasuya, 139 United Fruit Company, 115United Kingdom (UK), 2, 6, 18, 24,

34, 46, 51–2, 55–8, 66–7, 71, 73–5, 78, 80–1, 84, 86–90, 92, 94, 96, 101–3, 105–7, 110–12, 114, 128–9, 131, 136, 144, 149, 154, 169, 216, 218, 221

United States (US),anti-Asian racism and, 50, 64–8economy and, 32, 44, 145exceptionalism and, 183–4immigration policies and, 119–28imperialism and, 32–5, 45–6, 54–5Manifest Destiny and, 34, 71,

117, 162navy rivalry with Japan and, 125–7

Valencia, Mark J., 185Vattel, Emmerich de, 13Versailles Peace Conference, 95–6,

99–101, 104–5, 110, 121Verschuer, Charlotte von, 22Vietnam, 22–3, 37, 40, 183

see also French IndochinaVilla, Francisco “Pancho,” 82, 208–9Vinson-Trammell Act, 142

Wakatsuki, Reijiro, 128–9, 133, 137Wake Island, 2, 34, 41, 52Waldron, Arthur, 212Walker, Robert, 32

Walsh, James E., 150Walt, Stephen, 6Waltz, Kenneth, 7, 11–3Wanpaoshan Incident, 215Washington Conference, 100–15, 212Webb-Henry Alien Land Act, 91, 119Weber, Max, 17Werner, Suzanne, 16White, Harry Dexter, 156White, Hugh, 184, 189Wilson, Henry Lane, 135Wilson, Huntington, 72–3, 75, 77,

79–80Wilson, Woodrow, 80–4, 87–8, 91,

94–102, 208Winthrop, John, 183Wohlforth, William C., 13Wu, David, 185Wu, Xingo, 191

Xunzi, 8

Yamagata, Aritomo, 43, 47–8, 88, 94, 135

Yamamoto, Isoroku, 5, 129, 146Yanaga, Chitoshi, 24, 70Yang Jiechi, 183Yellow peril,

China as, 40, 50, 127 Japan as, 40, 50, 65–6, 87, 127–8

Yonai, Mitsumasa, 5Yuan Shi-kai, 81, 85, 89–90

Zero (fighter plane), 3Zhang Xueliang, 135–6Zhang Zuolin, 133, 135–6

Documents

Preface Introduction: An Overview of the Pacific War ( 1941– …978-1-137-57… · · 2017-08-29Daddow, Oliver, International Relations Theory, Sage Publications Ltd., 2013,