pree.doc

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You rely on us we rely on experience

Apeejay College of fine Arts

(Affiliated To Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar)

Dept of Computer science

This is to certify that the project entitled AUT!AT"N # $%A&'

%A&T$ D'%A&T!'NT # CA&G !T&$ %T *TD

Submitted by: -

PREETI SHARMA

SHI!"I #$TT%!

In partial fulfillment for the award of the &e'ree of ()!-III* is an authentic

record of students+ own wor, carried out under my superision and 'uidance.

The matter embodied herein has not been submitted to any other uniersity for

the award of any other de'ree.

&ec* /001

!rs $uc+arita $+arma

3%I4)I3"5

!s &oopali $ood

H$& 2)omp Sc6

!s &eena

23%$75)T #8I&56

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ACN-*'DG'!'NT

-e are s+ort of .ords to e/press our t+ankfulness to all t+e distinguis+ed people .+oduring t+e course of our .ork gave us t+eir unflinc+ing support and valua0le guidance,

.+ic+ +elped us to make our endeavor a success

-e give our profound t+anks, as .e c+eris+ t+e inspiring ideas, constant

encouragement and earnest interest s+o.n 0y our project guide !s &eena "nspite of

+er +ectic sc+edule, s+e .as al.ays approac+a0le 1 took +er time off to our pro0lems

1 gave t+e appropriate advice

-e also e/press our profound sense of gratitude to !rs $uc+arita $+arma, %rincipal

and t+e .+ole computer staff for providing various facilities needed for successful

completion of our project and for time to time enunciating concept related to it

23reeti Sharma6 2Shiali #ottra6

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$2$T'! D''*%!'NT *"#' C2C*'

#'A$"3"*"T2 $TUD2

ANA*2$"$

D'$"GN

%$T "!%*'!'NTAT"N

"!%*'!'NTAT"N

!A"NTA"NANC'

&'CGNAT"N # N''D

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$2$T'! D''*%!'NT *"#' C2C*'

9hen a system is deeloped arious sta'es are followed. The deeloper pro'resses from one

sta'e to another accordin' to the needs and methods of each sta'e. ! fixed seuence of

actiities is followed. 9hen a new system is deeloped* it is called candidate system.

)andidate system should meet all the reuirements and should hae scope of improement in

all the phases. System &eelopment "ife )ycle consists of followin' phases:

4 &'CGN"T"N # N''D

In this phase the need of deelopin' a new system is studied. arious preliminary

sureys are conducted to find solutions to existin' problems. The scope and

objecties of new system are studied.

- 3reliminary surey;initial inesti'ation.

ey 5uestion69hat is the problem or opportunityed System

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The software to be deeloped is an example of eer increasin' automation bein'

incorporated into today+s enironment to ma,e it more upto date with the chan'in' scenario

of technolo'y and computeri>ation. )omputeri>ation has entered in each and eery part of

our life. 5erythin' is 'ettin' computeri>ed. #enerally all the wor, is done on papers* which

consumes a lot of time and freuent mista,es.

This project will ta,e care of all the aspects of the company. !fter the completion of the

project the only wor, of the company is to handle the documentation throu'h computers.

The software to be deeloped will perform all the tas,s of the company on its own. This

will offer a lot of adanta'es to the mana'ement* employees and all other concerned people.

&oin' so we not only sae the money and precious time of all the concerned but we also help

in the smooth functionin' of the company and in the reduction of paper wor,.

!ll this will ma,e their wor, smooth. There will be no confusion. 4ot only the

mana'ement but also the customer and employees will be satisfied.

%&

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%euirement analysis is done in order to understand the problem the software system is to

sole. The emphasis in reuirement analysis is on identifyin' what is needed from the

system* not how the system will achiee its 'oals.

The 'oal of this phase is to produce the software reuirements specification document*

reuirement document. T+e person responsi0le for t+e re=uirements analysis is often

called analyst

There are two major actiities in this phase:

3roblem understandin' or !nalysis.

%euirement specification.

$nce the problem is analy>ed and the essentials understood* the reuirements must be

specified in the reuirement specification document. =or reuirement specification in the

form of a document* some specification lan'ua'e has to be selected. The reuirements

document must specify all functional and performance reuirements: the formats of inputs

and outputsB and all desi'n constraints that exist due to political* economic* enironmental*

and security reasons.

$2$T'! ANA*2$"$

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The whole wor, of Spare 3arts* 9or,shop and record of serices are ,ept and done manually

in the company these days. The use of computer is ery limited. It is used for ta,in'

printouts. &@S 2&ealer @ana'ement System6 is used to ,eep records. The chances of loss of

data are more and no bac,ups are used for the data to store. $nce the system is failed the

whole data is lost. The records are ,ept in boo,s or manual files. 9hen anyone needs anyinformation they face difficulties to search for it and security of documents is not there. =or

e.'. any person can delete* chan'e and add data in boo,s and manual files. Therefore editin'

of data is ery easy. It also need man power to wor,.

D&A-3AC$ # '>"$T"NG $2$T'!

%A%'& "N*'D6 9In 5xistin' System* the whole record is ,ept in boo,s and

manual files. The use of computer is done only for printouts and for records &@S is used.

The chances of lose of data is more. If some body wants any information then they hae to

search the whole paper wor,. This is time consumin' and these days time is ery limited

for eerybody. &urin' transactions the wor,er can ma,e lot of mista,es and this reuires

rechec,in' means repetition of whole data and this is a'ain time consumin'.

D'*A2 "N "N#&!AT"N &'T&'"A*69 If the customer wants an

information the wor,ers or employees hae to search the boo,s or manual files to satisfy

the customers if they don+t hae the full information about the )ustomer+s needs. If

the sales executies want to chec, the sales tree of the year he has to consult all the boo,s

'>"$T"NG $2$T'!

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and the indent files of the company. Ifthe company wants to chec, its preious records* it

has to search the boo,s.

!ANAG"NG T?' 3$ "$ A 3"G D"##"CU*T26 9In paper wor, it is

difficult to mana'e the boo,s and ,eep records in boo,s for a lon' time .The chances of

loss of data are more.

'A$2 !ANU%U*AT"N "N 3$6 - In boo,s the records can be

manipulated by anyone easily. If the records chan'ed by anyone accordin' to his;her

benefit it will loss the company.

UNC'NT&A*"@'D CNT&*: - In paper records there is always the chance of

losin' the data. The company may not be ready with the bac,ups so the data lost may

loss the company heaily.

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$ur project is based on the idea of automatin' the spare parts* serice* and maintenance

section of the company. 9e will use the software (.4et as the front end and $racleCi as the

bac, end. 9e include all the spare part details* part no.* customer details and supplier details.

These all will be handled with computers and it will become more easy to ta,e out bills*

inoices etc.

3

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You rely on us we rely on experience @ore reliable

"ess labour

(etter output

@ore security

&ue to the drawbac,s of existin' system a new system has been proposed for mana'in' the

wor,in' of the arious departments of !8T$@$(I"5 )$@3!4Y. !ccordin' to this

system all the departments of the )$@3!4Y will be computeri>ed and a user-friendly

application pac,a'e will be 'ien to the )$@3!4Y and this software pac,a'e will be made

on the windows operatin' system. In this $%!)"5 Ci will be used as bac, end tool that is a

ery stron' %.&.([email protected]. 2relational database mana'ement system6 and is a licensed product

of the $racle )orporation. (.45T will be used as front end.

ADANTAG'$ # %&%$'D $2$T'!

D. TI@5:

(y usin' software each and eery job from ma,in' reports* storin' data* calculatin' is done

easily* in a formatted way and in a short time. 9ith just a clic, information is displayed in

seconds.

/. !))8%!)Y:

)alculations performed by computers are always accurate.

E. %5"I!(I"ITY:

8sin' computers bac,up proes useful if system crashes or computer files are deleted by

chance.

F. S5)8%ITY:

%&%$'D $2$T'!

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You rely on us we rely on experience Security usin' computers is easily maintained by implementin' arious authori>ation

chec,s. It is chec,ed that only authori>ed users should iew the data.

It can also be implemented that the head of a particular department should be able to iew the

information about his department only.

G. ="5I(I"ITY:

)omputeri>ed systems are flexible. &ata can be entered easily. arious chec,s can be

implemented. !dditions or deletions in the data can be easily done. The updatin' of

stored information is uite easy.

?. 5==I)I54)Y:

)omputers are definitely much efficient. They are capable of preserin' and displayin'

data easily. The computeri>ed system is definitely more capable of maintainin' each and

eery record.

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The main objectie of a feasibility study is to test the technical* social and economic

feasibility of deelopin' a computer-based system. Inesti'atin' the existin' system

'eneratin' idea about the new system. The proposed system must be ealuated from a

iewpoint first and if technically feasible then their impact on the or'ani>ation and staff must

be accessed. If compatible* social and technical system can be deised* then it must be tested

for economic feasibility.

T5)H4I)!" =5!SI(I"ITY:

The assessment of the technical feasibility must be based on an outline desi'n of system

reuirement in terms of euipment* software staff. This can be uantified in terms of

olumes of data* trends* freuency of updatin'* cycles of actiity etc. in order to 'ie an

indication of technical system.

S$)I!" =5!SI(I"ITY:

The assessment of the social feasibility will be done alon' with the technical feasibility. 5ach

of the alternatie solution* which emer'es* must be ealuated for its social implications. The

needs of arious people affected by the proposed system must be ta,en into account. The

arious social costs must also be ealuated* which include cost of

5ducation Trainin' of users

)ommunication.

)onsultation

#'A$"3"*"T2 $TUD2

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5)$4$@I) =5!SI(I"ITY:

3roposed system must be justified by the cost benefit criteria to ensure that the effort is

concentrated on projects* which return best at earlier opportunity. The techniue of cost* and

benefit analysis is often used as a basis for assessin' economic feasibility.

The factors for cost and benefit analysis are:

)ost of operation for existin' system.

)ost for deelopment of proposed system.

)ost of operation for proposed system.

The alue of benefits of proposed system.

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A3UT &GAN"$AT"N

Company profile

"nfrastructure

Departments

3oard of Directors

!ain ffice

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JY$8 %5"Y $4 8S 95 %5"Y $4 535%I54)5J

!n introduction to the success story ,nown as )ar'o @otors "imited. The headoffice of the company situated at 4ew &elhi.

The timeless beauty of Autch is oerwhelmin' in its star,ness. ! perceptual challen'e tothose who hae sou'ht to ma,e a lielihood in its astness* to tame its desert sand. "ate Shri

Y.3. 4anda a person who too, up the challen'e.

"ate Shri Y.3. 4anda* our founder )hairman @ana'in' &irector* established )ar'o @otors

"imited. He started his career in the !utomobile Industry around DKFC and in DKGK seein' hisenterprisin' abilities Telco awarded a &ealership to the )ompany for Sales and Serice of

Tata ehicles* for the remote area of Autch at #andhidham in #ujarat.

!t that time Autch was a ery remote and secluded area in #ujarat. It was considered

extremely bac,ward and barren. ! major portion of the territory comprised of the hostile

desert ,nown as the %ann of Autch. "ate Shri Y.3. 4anda too, up the challen'e of deelopin'the area for Tata ehicles and went on to become an eminent personality in the !utomobile

Industry who pioneered the deelopment of the Transport Industry in the 9estern #ujarat

and Autch in particular. It was his foresi'htedness that built )ar'o @otto to its presentdimensions.

In pursuit of Telco+s 'rowth )ar'o @otors has come a lon' way. Startin' operations from

#andhidham in DK?0 with a first year sale of /G ehicles* the sale 'rew in DK10 to DG0

ehicles* in DKC0 it went up to /E/ ehicles while in DKK0 the sales fi'ures were heartenin'*they went up to /G00 ehicles* but we did not stop* our hun'er for more was a''raated and

in DKK? )ar'o @otors saw the s,y* by sellin' record D0*000 ehicles. $peratin' from /0

places* we hae dealerships in !hmedabad* 7alandhar* adodhra and 7amna'ar apart from

Company profile

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#andhidham all euipped with the spares* showrooms and serice centers as per Telcospecification. !part from these* we hae central* warehouse for spare parts and a stoc,yard at

!hmedabad where the buffer stoc,s are ,ept. In addition to aboe* stoc,s are ,ept at4awanshaher* 3athan,ot* !mritsar* and 7alandhar for our 3unjab &ealership.

No of Dealers+ips 1 year of "nception

#andhidham DKGK

7amna'ar DK1C

7alandhar DKCE!hmedabad DKCC

adodhra DKCC

-orks+ops$ervice Centers

9ith the idea to proide full serice under one roof* we hae state of art serice centre at thefollowin' locations:-

4 Gujarat6

!slali @ain 9or,shop for )ommercial ehicles* 3assen'er )ar ehicles and

!ccidental repairs of 3assen'er )ars.

7etalpur !ccidental repairs for )ommercial ehicles.

9adej 9or,shop for 3assen'er )ars.

%ajpath Hi-tech 9or,shop for Indica )ars and other passen'er cars.

#andhidham )ommercial ehicle 3assen'er )ar ehicle

7amna'ar )ommercial ehicle 3assen'er )ar ehicle

adodhra )ommercial ehicle 3assen'er )ar ehicle

@ehsana )ommercial ehicle 3assen'er )ar ehicle

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7 %unja06 7alandhar

3athan,ot

4awanshaher

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air-conditioned multi storied showroom* comprisin' an area of about D acre* dedicated

towards the sales and administration of 3assen'er )ar &iision.

C)

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!rs &aj umari Nanda69 )hairperson @ana'in' &irector of the )ompany has

been deeply inoled in the !utomobile (usiness for oer EG years.

!r

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!r imal Gujral69 &irector and Inchar'e of #andhidham &ealership* is a 3ost

#raduate in )hemistry from !li'arh @uslim 8niersity and has imbibed the culture of the

place* hain' studied in that illustrious Institution for oer a decade. (esides loo,in' after the

arious aspects of the &ealership* @r. #ujral* who has already spent about /? years with the

)ompany.

C+ief '/ecutives, .+o are managing t+e 3ranc+es under t+e control of

3oard of Directors:

!r $ Agar.al is an Honors #raduate in )hemistry from &elhi 8niersity and has

attended @ana'ement Trainin' )ourses from Tata @ana'ement Trainin' )entre* wor,in' as

an 5xecutie and mana'in' the day today affairs from the Inception of our 7alandhar

&ealership. He has been with the )ompany for the last /G years.

!r 3+us+an G+aiis an 5xecutie and mana'in' our adodhra &ealership and hain'D/ years 5xperience in the !utomobile Industry.

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Ahmedabad Cargo House (Commercial Vehicle Showroom)

- Main Office

t+er $u090ranc+es under A+meda0ad (Cargo ?ouse)

%ajpath 23assen'er )ar Showroom 9or,shop6

!slali 2@ain 9or,shop6

7etalpur 2Stoc,yard Spare 3arts $utlet6

Surat 2Sales $ffice6

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#odhra 2Sales $ffice6

Himatna'ar 2Sales $ffice6

3alanpur 2Sales $ffice6

@umbai 2"iaison $ffice6

&aman 2Sales $ffice6

(ranches - adodhra 2Showroom* 9or,shop Spare 3arts6

(ranches - 7amna'ar 2Showroom* 9or,shop Spare 3arts6

(ranches - #andhidham 2Showroom* 9or,shop Spare 3arts6

@ehsana 2@ajor 9or,shop Spare 3arts $utlet6

(ranches - 7alandhar 2Showroom* 9or,shop Spare 3arts6

$ther Sub-branches under 7alandhar 2@ain $ffice6

Branches - Jalandhar (Showroom, or!sho" # S"are $ar%s)

CA&'O MOO&S $&VA* +M*F0 #.T. %oad*

7alandhar - DFF00D

3h: KD-DCD-/EKK1D* /EKK1/* /EKK1E* /EKK1F* /EKK1G=ax: KD-DCD-//GF/K

O%her Sub-branches under Jalandhar (Main Office)

4awanshaher 2Showroom* Spare 3arts 9or,shop6
http://cargomotors.com/br-ahm.htm

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awanshaher (Showroom, S"are $ar%s # or!sho")

CA&'O MOO&S $&VA* +M*$pp. (arnala (ric, Ailn Store*4ear "an'roya* 4awanshaher* 3unjab

3h: KD-DC/E-//CEC* //FKG

!mritsar 2Sales $ffice Spare 3arts outlet6

3athan,ot 2Showroom* Spare 3arts 9or,shop6

3hillaur 2Sales $ffice6

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C)

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D#D $2!3*$D. ! Suare

! suare defines a source or destination of system data.

/. !n !rrow

!n arrow identify the data flow i.e. &ata in motion. It is a pipeline throu'h which

information flows.

E. ! )ircle

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! circle or a bubble represents a process that transforms incomin' data flow

into out'oin' data flow.

F. !n $pen %ectan'le

$r

!n $pen %ectan'le is a data store i.e. &ata at rest or temporary* repository of data.

&=& describes how data flow rather than how they are processed. So it does not depend on

hardware* software data structure or file or'ani>ation. The ,ey uestion is what major

transformation must occur for input to be correctly transformed into outputens of processes and data

stored* it 'ets too un-widely. The rule is to explode the &=& to a functional leel so that the

next time subleel does not exceed ten processes. (eyond that it is best to ta,e each function

separately and expand it to show the explosion of the sin'le process.

If the user wants to ,now what happens within a 'ien process then the detail explosion of

that process may be shown.

! &=& typically shows the minimum contents of data stores. 5ach data store should contain

all the data elements that flow in and out.

The &=& methodolo'y is uite effectie specially when the reuired desi'n is unclear and

the user and the analyst need a notational lan'ua'e for communication. The

&=& is easy to understand after a brief orientation but the main problem

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*G"N

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"NT&DUCT"N T DATA3A$'

"ntroduction to D3!$

)haracteristics of &(@S

)omponents of &(@S&ata @odels

A0out oracle

)onstraints

SM"

&ata types in SM"

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DATA3A$'69

! database is repository or a container for a collection of interrelated* computeri>ed data files

that are stored to'ether without unnecessary redundancy to sere multiple files.

Data0ase system6 9

&atabase system is basically a computeri>ed record ,eepin' system whose oerall purpose is

to define structures for storin' the information and proidin' mechanism for the

manipulations of information.

Need for a data0ase69

)ompactness: there is no need for possibly oluminous paper files.

Speed: the machine can retriee and update data far faster than a human can. In

particular* ueries can be answered uic,ly without any need for time consumin'

manual searches.

"ess drud'ery: - much of the sheer tedium of maintainin' files by hand is

eliminated .mechanically tas,s are always better done by machines.

"NT&DUCT"N T D3!$

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D3!$69

A Data0ase !anagement $ystem (D3!$) is a soft.are system t+at allo.s

access to data contained in data0ase

4The &(@S intercepts that reuest and analy>es it.

/. The &(@S inspects* in turn* the external schema for that user* the correspondin'

external;conceptual mappin'* the conceptual;internal mappin'* and the stora'e structure

definition.

E. The &(@S executes the necessary operations on the stored database.

The objectie of &(@S is to proide a conenient and effectie method of definin'* storin'

and retriein' the information contained in the database. !lso it ensures the priacy of data

and preents unauthori>ed access to the database.

)H!%!)T5%ISTI)S $= ! &(@S:-

D. It represents complex relation between data.

/. 8ser N&efined rules to ensure the inte'rity of the data.

E. Has a centrali>ed data dictionary for the stora'e of information pertainin' to data.

F. It ,eeps a ti'ht control of data redundancy.

G. 5nforces manipulation.

?. Hae automatic* intelli'ent bac,up and recoery procedures for data.

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C!%N'NT$ # DATA3A$' $2$T'!69

D. &ata

/. Hardware

E. SoftwareF. 8sers

Data69

The data present in the database should be inte'rated and shared.

(y Inte'rated* we mean that the database can be thou'ht of as a unification of seeral

otherwise distinct files* with any redundancy amon' those files at least partly eliminated.

(y shared* we mean that indiidual pieces of data in the database can be shared amon'different users* possibly for different purposes.

?ard.are69

The hardware components of the system consist of: -

The secondary stora'e olumes* mostly ma'netic dis, a that are used to hold the

stored data* to'ether with the associated I;$ deices 2&is, &ries6* deice controllers and I;$

channels.The hardware processor2s6 and associated main memory that are used to support the

execution of the database.

$oft.are69

(etween the physical itself and the users of the system is a layer of software* ,nown as

&atabase @ana'ement System 2&(@S6.

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Users69

The users of a database system can be classified as: -

4.Native Users68sers who need not be aware of the presence of the &atabase

System.

/. nline Users: 8sers who may communicate with the database directly.

E Application %rogrammers: 3ro'rammers who are responsible fordeelopin' application

pro'rams.

F Data0ase Administrator: He is responsible for the oerall control of the system at a

technical leel.

DATA !D'*$69! &ata @odel is an abstract* self-contained* lo'ical definition of the objects* operators that

to'ether constitute the abstract machine with which users interact.

Types of Data !odels

4etwor,

Hierarchical

%elational

Net.ork Data !odel

The &atabase Tas, #roup of )onference on &ata System "an'ua'es 2&(T#;)$&!SY"6

formatted the networ, data model in the late DK?0s. The &(T# model uses two different data

structures to represent the database entities and relationships between entities* namely %ecord

Type and Set Type.

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?ierarc+ical Data !odel

The Hierarchical &ata @odel 2H&@6 uses the tree concept to represent data and the

relationship amon' data. The nodes of the tree are the record types representin' the entity

sets and are connected by pointers or lin,s. ! pointer represents a relationship between two

records. The relationship is that of a parent and a child.

&elational Data !odel

The relational @odel 2%&@6 was formally introduced in DK10. In this model* the relation is

only constructin' reuired to represent the association amon' the attributes of an entity as

well as the relationship amon' different entities. %ows of the relation are referred to as tuples

of the relation and columns are its !ttributes.

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"NT&DUCT"N T &AC*'

!bout $%!)"5

)onstraints

!bout SM"

!bout SM"O3"8S

&ata types in SM"

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3";SM" is $racleLs procedural extension to industry-standard SM". 3rior to $racle Ci*

3";SM" was in a sort of static condition. It has not been chan'ed much since $racle 1. I

beliee one of the main factors that pushed the $racle 3";SM" team to ma,e si'nificant

enhancements was the introduction of 7aa in $racle. 9ith the release of $racle Ci* the

database serer now supports two major pro'rammin' lan'ua'es* 3";SM" and 7aa. $racle

beliees that 3";SM" is still the best solution for SM" deelopers and SM"-centered

applications* while 7aa is a 'eneral-purpose lan'ua'e for more 'eneral applications.

$racle Ci introduces multiple new features that extend the power* performance* and

flexibility of 3";SM". Anowin' what is new and what has chan'ed is extremely important

for both deelopers and &(!s.

Advantages of %*$5*

3";SM" is a completely portable* hi'h-performance transaction processin' lan'ua'e that

offers the followin' adanta'es:

Support for SM"

Support for object-oriented pro'rammin'

(etter performance

Hi'her productiity

=ull portability

Ti'ht inte'ration with $racle

Ti'ht security

Support for SM"

SM" has become the standard database lan'ua'e because it is flexible* powerful* and easy to

learn. ! few 5n'lish-li,e commands such as S5"5)T* I4S5%T* 83&!T5* and &5"5T5

ma,e it easy to manipulate the data stored in a relational database.

"NT&DUCT"N A3UT %*$5*

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SM" is non-procedural* meanin' that you can state what you want done without statin' how

to do it. $racle determines the best way to carry out your reuest. There is no necessary

connection between consecutie statements because $racle executes SM" statements one at a

time.

3";SM" lets you use all the SM" data manipulation* cursor control* and transaction control

commands* as well as all the SM" functions* operators* and pseudo columns. So* you can

manipulate $racle data flexibly and safely. !lso* 3";SM" fully supports SM" data types. That

reduces the need to conert data passed between your applications and the database.

PL/SQL also supports dynamic SQL, an advanced programming tecni!ue

tat ma"es your applications more #e$i%le and versatile& 'our programs

can %uild and process SQL data de(nition, data control, and session

control statements )on te #y) at run time&

Support for $bject-$riented 3ro'rammin'

$bject types are an ideal object-oriented modelin' tool* which you can use to reduce the cost

and time reuired to build complex applications. (esides allowin' you to create software

components that are modular* maintainable* and reusable* object types allow different teams

of pro'rammers to deelop software components concurrently.

(y encapsulatin' operations with data* object types let you moe data-maintenance code out

of SM" scripts and 3";SM" bloc,s into methods. !lso* object types hide implementation

details* so that you can chan'e the details without affectin' client pro'rams.

In addition* object types allow for realistic data modelin'. )omplex real-world entities and

relationships map directly into object types. That helps your pro'rams better reflect the world

they are tryin' to simulate.

(etter 3erformance

*itout PL/SQL, +racle must process SQL statements one at a time& Eac

SQL statement results in anoter call to +racle and iger perormance

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You rely on us we rely on experienceoveread& In a net-or"ed environment, te overead can %ecome

signi(cant& Every time a SQL statement is issued, it must %e sent over te

net-or", creating more tra.c&

Ho-ever, -it PL/SQL, an entire %loc" o statements can %e sent to +racle

at one time& Tis can drastically reduce communication %et-een your

application and +racle& As igure so-s, i your application is data%ase

intensive, you can use PL/SQL %loc"s and su%programs to group SQL

statements %eore sending tem to +racle or e$ecution&

PL/SQL stored procedures are compiled once and stored in e$ecuta%le

orm, so procedure calls are !uic" and e.cient& Also, stored procedures,

-ic e$ecute in te server, can %e invo"ed over slo- net-or"

connections -it a single call& Tat reduces net-or" tra.c and improves

round0trip response times& E$ecuta%le code is automatically caced and

sared among users& Tat lo-ers memory re!uirements and invocation

overead&

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PL/SQL Boosts Performance

Te/t description of t+e illustration plsB4;pls=l0oostsperformancegif

3";SM" also improes performance by addin' procedural processin' power to $racle tools.

8sin' 3";SM"* a tool can do any computation uic,ly and efficiently without callin' on the

$racle serer. This saes time and reduces networ, traffic.

Hi'her 3roductiity

3";SM" adds functionality to non-procedural tools such as $racle =orms and $racle %eports.

9ith 3";SM" in these tools* you can use familiar procedural constructs to build applications.

=or example* you can use an entire 3";SM" bloc, in an $racle =orms tri''er. You need not

use multiple tri''er steps* macros* or user exits. Thus* 3";SM" increases productiity by

puttin' better tools in your hands.

!lso* 3";SM" is the same in all enironments. !s soon as you master 3";SM" with one

$racle tool* you can transfer your ,nowled'e to other tools* and somultiply theproductiity 'ains. =or example* scripts written with one tool can be used by other tools.

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=ull 3ortability

!pplications written in 3";SM" are portable to any operatin' system and platform on which

$racle runs. In other words* 3";SM" pro'rams can run anywhere $racle can runB you need

not tailor them to each new enironment. That means you can write portable pro'ram

libraries* which can be reused in different enironments.

Ti'ht Security

3";SM" stored procedures enable you to partition application lo'ic between the client and

serer. That way* you can preent client applications from manipulatin' sensitie $racle

data. &atabase tri''ers written in 3";SM" can disable application updates selectiely and do

content-based auditin' of user inserts.

=urthermore* you can restrict access to $racle data by allowin' users to manipulate it onlythrou'h stored procedures that execute with their definerLs priile'es. =or example* you can

'rant users access to a procedure that updates a table* but not 'rant them access to the table

itself.
http://download-west.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a96624/img_text/pls81005_plsql_boosts_performance.htmhttp://download-west.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a96624/img_text/pls81005_plsql_boosts_performance.htmhttp://download-west.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/appdev.920/a96624/img_text/pls81005_plsql_boosts_performance.htm

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"NT&DUCT"N T #&NT9'ND

!bout (.4et

!danta'es of (.4et

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isual (asic .45T proides the easiest* most productie lan'ua'e and tool for rapidly

buildin' 9indows and 9eb applications. isual (asic .45T comes with enhanced isual

desi'ners* increased application performance* and a powerful inte'rated deelopment

enironment 2I&56. It also supports creation of applications for wireless* Internet-enabled

hand-held deices. The followin' are the features of isual (asic .45T with .45T

=ramewor, D.0 and isual (asic .45T /00E with .45T =ramewor, D.D.

This also answers why should I use isual (asic .45T* what can I do with it:-P

3owerful 9indows-based !pplications:-

isual (asic .45T comes with features such as a powerful new forms desi'ner* an in-place

menu editor* and automatic control anchorin' and doc,in'. isual (asic .45T deliers new

productiity features for buildin' more robust applications easily and uic,ly. 9ith an

improed inte'rated deelopment enironment 2I&56 and a si'nificantly reduced startup

time* isual (asic .45T offers fast* automatic formattin' of code as you type* improed

IntelliSense* an enhanced object browser and @" desi'ner* and much more.

(uildin' 9eb-based !pplications:-

isual 3asic N'T

Advantages f 3Net

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9ith isual (asic .45T we can create 9eb applications usin' the shared 9eb =orms

&esi'ner and the familiar Jdra' and dropJ feature. You can double-clic, and write code to

respond to eents. isual (asic .45T /00E comes with an enhanced HT@" 5ditor for

wor,in' with complex 9eb pa'es. 9e can also use IntelliSense technolo'y and ta'

completion* or choose the 9YSI9Y# editor for isual authorin' of interactie 9eb

applications.

=ull $bject-$riented )onstructs:-

You can create reusable* enterprise-class code usin' full object-oriented constructs. "an'ua'e

features include full implementation inheritance* encapsulation* and polymorphism.

Structured exception handlin' proides a 'lobal error handler and eliminates spa'hetti code.

Simplified &eployment69

9ith isual (asic .45T we can build applications more rapidly and deploy and maintain

them with efficiency. isual (asic .45T /00E and .45T =ramewor, D.D ma,es J&"" HellJ a

thin' of the past. Side-by-side ersionin' enables multiple ersions of the same component to

lie safely on the same machine so that applications can use a specific ersion of a

component. )$3Y-deployment and 9eb auto-download of 9indows-based applications

combine the simplicity of 9eb pa'e deployment and maintenance with the power of rich*

responsie 9indows-based applications.

Improed )odin':-

You can code faster and more effectiely. ! multitude of enhancements to the code editor*

includin' enhanced IntelliSense* smart listin' of code for 'reater readability and a

bac,'round compiler for real-time notification of syntax errors transforms into a rapid

application deelopment 2%!&6 codin' machine.

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3owerful* =lexible* Simplified &ata !ccess:-

You can tac,le any data access scenario easily with !&$.45T and !&$ data access. The

flexibility of !&$.45T enables data bindin' to any database* as well as classes* collections*

and arrays* and proides true @" representation of data. Seamless access to !&$ enables

simple data access for connected data bindin' scenarios. 8sin' !&$.45T* isual (asic

.45T can 'ain hi'h-speed access to @S SM" Serer* $racle* &(/* @icrosoft !ccess* and

more.

&irect !ccess to the 3latform:-

isual (asic deelopers can hae full access to the capabilities aailable in .45T =ramewor,

D.D. &eelopers can easily pro'ram system serices includin' the eent lo'* performance

counters and file system. The new 9indows Serice project template enables to build real

@icrosoft 9indows 4T Serices. 3ro'rammin' a'ainst 9indows Serices and creatin' new

9indows Serices is not aailable in isual (asic .45T Standard* it reuires isual Studio

/00E 3rofessional* or hi'her.

@" 9eb Serices:-

@" 9eb serices enable you to call components runnin' on any platform usin' open

Internet protocols. 9or,in' with @" 9eb serices is easier where enhancements simplify

the discoery and consumption of @" 9eb serices that are located within any firewall.

@" 9eb serices can be built as easily as you would build any class in isual (asic ?.0.

The @" 9eb serice project template builds all underlyin' 9eb serice infrastructure.

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)$@ Interoperability:-

You can maintain your existin' code without the need to recode. )$@ interoperability

enables you to leera'e your existin' code assets and offers seamless bi-directional

communication between isual (asic ?.0 and isual (asic .45T applications.

@obile !pplications:-

isual (asic .45T /00E and the .45T =ramewor, D.D offer inte'rated support for deelopin'

mobile 9eb applications for more than /00 Internet-enabled mobile deices. These new

features 'ie deelopers a sin'le* mobile 9eb interface and pro'rammin' model to support a

broad ran'e of 9eb deices* includin' 9@" D.D for 9!3Qenabled cellular phones*

compact HT@" 2cHT@"6 for I-@ode phones* and HT@" for 3oc,et 3)* handheld deices*

and pa'ers. 3lease note* 3oc,et 3) 3ro'rammin' is not aailable in isual (asic .45T

Standard* it reuires isual Studio /00E 3rofessional* or hi'her.

%euse 5xistin' Inestments:-

You can reuse all your existin' !ctie )ontrols. 9indows =orms in isual (asic .45T

/00E proide a robust container for existin' !ctie controls. In addition* full support for

existin' !&$ code and data bindin' enable a smooth transition to isual (asic .45T /00E.

8p'rade 9i>ard:-

You up'rade your code to receie all of the benefits of isual (asic .45T /00E. The isual

(asic .45T 8p'rade 9i>ard* aailable in isual (asic .45T /00E Standard 5dition* and

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hi'her* up'rades up to KG percent of existin' isual (asic code and forms to isual (asic

.45T with new support for 9eb classes and 8ser )ontrols.

D'$"GN3%$)5SS $= &5SI#4:

The desi'n phase focuses on the detailed implementation of the system recommended in the

feasibility study. 5mphasis is on translatin' performance specification into desi'n

specification. The desi'n phase is a transition from a user-oriented document 2system

proposal6 to a document oriented to the pro'rammers or data base personnel.

*G"CA* AND %?2$"CA* D'$"GN6

System desi'n 'oes throu'h two phases of deelopment: lo'ical and physical desi'n for a

candidate system* it describes the input 2source6* output 2destination6* databases 2data

stora'e6* and procedures 2data flows6---all in a format that meets the user+s reuirements.

9hen analysts prepare the lo'ical system desi'n* they specify the user needs at a leel of

detail that irtually determines the information flow into and out of the system and the

reuired data resources. The desi'n coers the followin':

&'"'-$ T?' CU&&'NT %?2$"CA* $2$T'!: Its data flows* file

content* olumes* freuencies* etc.

%&'%A&'$ UT%UT $%'C"#"CAT"N6 That is* determine the format*

contents* and freuency of reports* includin' terminal specification and location

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%&'%A&'$ "N%UT $%'C"#"CAT"N6 =ormat* contend* and most of the

input functions. This includes determinin' the flow of the document from the input

data source to the actual input location.

%&'%A&' 'D"T, $'CU&"T2, AND CNT&* $%'C"#"CAT"N6This includes specifyin' the rules for edit correction* bac,up procedures* and the

controls that ensure processin' and file inte'rity.

$%'C"#"'$ T?' "!%*'!'NTAT"N %*AN

&'"'-$ 3'N'#"T$, C$T$, TA&G'T DAT'$, AND $2$T'!

CN$T&A"NT$

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C&'AT' TA3*' $TAT'!'NT$

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CU$T!'& D'TA"*$

)reate table customerRdetails 2custRname archar/ 2E06* address archar/ 2F06* street

archar/ 2D06* area archar/ 2D06* city archar/ 2D06* state archar/ 2D06* telephoneRnonumber 2/06* e-mail archar/ 2/06* profession archar/ 2D06* customerRid archar/ 2D06

references inoice6

"N"C'

)reate table inoice 2cRinoiceRno archar/ 2D06* inoiceRdate date* cstRno archar/ 2D06*cstRdate date* lstRno archar/ 2D06* lstRdate date* sericeRtaxRre' archar/ 2/06* inoiceRtype

archar/ 2D06* customerRid archar/ 2D06 not null* inoiceRamount number 2D06*

customerRname archar/ 2E066

*G"N

)reate table lo'in 2lo'inRname archar/ 2D06* password archar/ 2D066

&D'&4

)reate table orderRD 2orderRno number 2D06 not null* orderRtype archar/ 2/06*orderRreceiedRdate date* orderRdispatchRdate date6

%A2&'C'"%T

)reate table pay receipt 2receipt no archar/ 2D06 not null* customerRname archar/ 2D06*payment mode archar/ 2D06* amount number 2D06* customerRid archar/ 2D066

$TC&D'&

)reate table stoc, order 2part number archar/ 2E06* part description archar/ 2E06*tyRordered number 2D06* rate rupees number 2D06* alueRofRtyRordered number 2D066

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'?"C*' D'TA"*$

)reate table ehicleRdetails 2ma,e archar/ 2D06* model archar/ 2D06* type archar/ 2D06*frameRno archar/ 2E06* en'ineRno archar/ 2/06* color archar/ 2D06* ehicleRno archar/

2D06* dealerRinoiceRno archar/ 2D06* dealerRinoiceRdate date* partRsellin'Ramount

number 2/06* creditRnoteRno number 2D06* creditRnoteRdate date* dateRofRsale date* inoice

no number 2D06 not null6

TA3*' D'$C&"%T"N

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*G"N

#"'*D NA!' DATA T2%' CN$T&A"NT T2%'

"o'inRname archar/ 2D063assword archar/ 2D06

'/planation of fields6 9

*oginname6 9This is the 8ser name to open the project.

%ass.ord6 9This is the password.

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CU$T!'& D'TA"*$69

#"'*D NA!' DATA T2%' CN$T&A"NT

)ustRname archar/ 2E06

)ustomerRid archar/ 2D06 =orei'n ,ey

!ddress archar/ 2F06

Street archar/ 2D06

!rea archar/ 2D06)ity archar/ 2D06

State archar/ 2D06

TelephoneRno 4umber 2/06

3rofession archar/ 2D06

5-mail archar/ 2E06


Custname6 94ame of the )ustomer.

Customerid6 9 This the uniue number assi'ned to each customer and forei'n ,ey

references Inoice.

Address6 9!ddress of the customer.

$treet6 9Street of the customer+s residence.

Area6 9!rea in which customer resides.

City6 9The city where the customer lies.

$tate6 9State of the customer.

Telep+oneno6 93honeRno of the customer.

%rofession6-3rofession of the customer.

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'9mail6 95-mail I& of the customer.

"N"C'6 9


)RinoiceRno archar/ 2D06

)RinoiceRdate &ate

)stRno archar/ 2D06

)stRdate &ate

"stRno archar/ 2D06

"stRdate &ate

SericeRtaxRre' archar/ 2/06

InoiceRtype archar/ 2D06

)ustomerRid archar/ 2D06 4ot null

InoiceRamount 4umber 2D06

)ustomerRname archar/ 2E06

'/planation of #ields6 9

Cinvoiceno6 9This is the inoice of the customer.

"nvoicedate6 9&ate of inoice.

Cstno69This is the )entral Sale Tax number 'ien to the customer.

Cstdate6 9&ate of )entral Sale Tax.

*stno6 9"ocal Sale Tax number has 'ien to the customer.

*st9date6 9&ate of "ocal Sale Tax.

$erviceta/reg6 9To re'isters the tax of the serices.

"nvoicetype6 9The type of inoice i.e. )ash or )heue.

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Customerid6 9This the uniue number assi'ned to each customer.

"nvoiceamount6 9The amount of the inoice.

Customername6 94ame of the customer.

&D'&46 9


$rderRno 4umber 2D06 4ot null

$rderRtype archar/ 2/06

$rderRreceiedRdate &ate

$rderRdispatchRdate &ate


rderno6 94umber of the order* which is uniue.

rdertype6 9The type of the order for which spare part the customer demanded.

rderreceiveddate6 9&ate of the order when the customer ordered .

rderdispatc+date6 9&ate of the order when the order is placed to the customer.

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%A2&'C'"%T6 9


%eceiptRno archar/ 2D06 4ot null

)ustomerRname archar/ 2D06

3aymentRmode archar/ 2D06

!mount 4umber 2D06

)ustomerRid archar/ 2D06 =orei'n ,ey

'/planation of t+e fields6 9

&eceiptno6 9This field stores the number of the receipt 'ien to the customer* which is

uniue.

Customername6-4ame of the customer.

%aymentmode6-it stores the mode of payment payed by the customer whether is it in cash

or cheue.

Amount6 9The sum of total money payed by the customer for the sparepart.

Customerid6 9 This the uniue number assi'ned to each customer and forei'n ,ey

references Inoice.

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$TC&D'&69

NA!' DATA T2%' CN$T&A"NT

3artRnumber archar/ 2E06

3artRdescription archar/ 2E06

MtyRordered 4umber 2D06

%ateRrupees 4umber 2D06

aluRofRtyRordered 4umber 2E06

'/planation of t+e fields6 9

%artnum0er6- This field stores the number of the sparepart.

%artdescription6 9This field stores the description of sparepart that whether the part is a

Aic,* )lutch and #ear etc.

5tyordered6 9The ordered uantity of spareparts by the customer.

&aterupees6 9The amount of each sparepart.

alueof=tyordered6 9The total amount of the sparepatrs ordered by the customer.

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e+icledetails6 9


@a,e archar/ 2D06

@odel archar/ 2D06

Type archar/ 2D06=rameRno archar/ 2E06 4ot null

5n'ineRno archar/ 2/06

)olor archar/ 2D06

ehicleRno archar/ 2D06

&ealerRinoiceRno archar/ 2D06

&ealerRinoiceRdate &ate

3artRsellin'Ramount 4umber 2/06

)reditRnoteRno 4umber 2D06

)reditRnoteRdate &ate&ateRofRsale &ate

InoiceRno 4umber 2D06 4ot null

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!ake6 9This field stores that the sparepart is made by which company.

!odel6 9This field stores the model of the ehicle whose sparepart is ordered.

Type6 9Type of the sparepart.

#rameno6- =rame number of the ehicle* which is uniue.

'ngineno6-5n'ine number of the ehicle which must be same.

Color6 9This field stores the color of the ehicle.

e+icleno6-This field stores the number of the ehicle.

Dealerinvoiceno6 9This field stores

Dealerinvoicedate6 9This field stores the date* when inoice is 'enerated.

%artsellingamount6 9This field stores the total amount of the spareparts* which is ordered

by the customer.

Creditnoteno6 9This field stores the credit number which is 'ien to the

Creditnotedate6 9This field stores the credit date.

Dateofsale6 9This field stores the date* when the sparepart is sold.

"nvoiceno6-This field stores the number of the inoice* which is 'ien to the customer.

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'& D"AG&A!

5ntity %elationship &ia'rams are a major data modelin' tool and will help or'ani>e the data

in your project into entities and define the relationships between the entities. This process has

proed to enable the analyst to produce a 'ood database structure so that the data can be

stored and retrieed in a most efficient manner.

!n entity-relationship 25%6 dia'ram is a speciali>ed 'raphic that illustrates the

interrelationships between entities in a database. 5% dia'rams often use symbols to represent

three different types of information. (oxes are commonly used to represent entities.

&iamonds are normally used to represent relationships and oals are used to represent

attributes.

&ata models are tools used in analysis to describe the data reuirements and assumptions in

the system from a top-down perspectie. They also set the sta'e for the desi'n of databases

later on in the S&").

(!SI) 5"5@54TS I4 5-% @$&5"

There are three basic elements in e-r modelin'. 5ntities are the thin's about which we see,

information. !ttributes are the data we collect about the entities. %elationships

proide the structure needed to draw information from multiple entities.

'ntity! data entity is anythin' real or abstract about which we want to store data.

5ntity types fall into fie classes: roles* eents* locations* tan'ible thin's or

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concepts. 5.'. employee* payment* campus* boo,. Specific examples of an

entity are called instances. 5ntities are the principal data object about which

information is to be collected. 5ntities are classified as independent and

dependententities. !n independent entity is one that does not relyon another

for identification. ! dependent entity is one that relies on another for

identification.

&elations+ip

! data relationship is a natural association that exists between one or more

entities. 5.'. 5mployees process payments. %elationships are classified in

terms of de'ree* connectiity* cardinality and existence. )ardinality defines

the number of occurrences of one entity for a sin'le occurrence of the related

entity. 5.'. an employee may process many payments but mi'ht not process

any payments dependin'on the nature of her job.

!ttribute

!ttributes describe the properties of the entity of which they are associated. !

data attribute is a characteristic common to all or most instances of a

particular entity. Synonyms include property* data element* field. 5.'. 4ame*

address* 5mployee 4umber* pay rate are all attributes of the entity employee.

!n attribute or combination of attributes that uniuely identifies one and only

one instance of an entity is called a primary ,ey or identifier. 5.'. 5mployee

4umber is a primary ,ey for 5mployee.

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A&"U$ $2!3*$ U$'D A&'6

SY@($" @5!4I4#

$trong entity type

-eak entity type

&elations+ip type

"dentifying relations+ip type

Attri0ute

ey attri0ute

!ulti valued attri0ute

Composite attri0ute

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*G"N

%A$$-&DU$'& NA!'

&4

$A*'$ D'%A&T'!'NT $%A&'%A&T$CU$T!'

& D'TA"*$

$'A&C?

CU$T!'&ADD

CU$T!'&

&8

&7

&D'&

"N"C'

&'C'"%T

&:

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$C&''N *A2UT$

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CD"NG

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CD"NG

The 'oal of codin' or pro'rammin' phase is to translate the desi'n of the system produced

durin' the desi'n phase into code in a 'ien pro'rammin' lan'ua'e which can be executed

by a computer and that performs the computation specified by the desi'n. The 'oal durin'

codin' should not be to reduce the implementation cost* but the 'oal should be to reduce the

cost of later phases* to simplify the job of the tester and the maintainer. The pro'ram should

not be constructed so that they are easy to write* but so that they are easy to read and

understand. Simplicity and clarity are desirable while cleerness and complexity are not.

T%9D-N AND 3TT!9U%

!ll desi'ns contain hierarchies* as creatin' a hierarchy is a natural way to mana'e

complexity.

The top-down implementation starts from the top of the hierarchy and proceeds to the lower

leels. =irst the main module is implemented* then its subordinates are implemented* and

their subordinates* and so on. In a bottom-up implementation* the process is the reerse. The

deelopment starts with implementin' the modules at the bottom of the hierarchy and

proceeds throu'h the hi'her leels until it reaches the top.

In practice* in lar'e systems* a combination of the two approaches is used durin' codin'. The

top modules of the system 'enerally contain the oerall iew of the system and may een

contain the user interfaces. Startin' with these modules and testin' those 'ies some

feedbac, re'ardin' the functionality of the system. The bottom-leel modules typically form

the serice routines that proide the basic operations used by hi'her-leel modules. It is

therefore important to ma,e sure that these serice modules are wor,in' correctly before

other modules use them. !s both issues are important in a lar'e project* it may be best to

follow a combination approach for such systems.

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T'$T"NG

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T'$T"NG

$oft.are testingis the process used to measure the uality of deeloped computer software.

8sually* uality is constrained to such topics as correctness* completeness* security* but can

also include more technical reuirements as described under the IS$standard IS$ KD/?*such as capability* reliability* efficiency* portability* maintainability* compatibility* and

usability. Testin' is a process of technical inesti'ation* performed on behalf of sta,eholders*

that is intended to reeal uality-related information about the product with respect to the

context in which it is intended to operate. This includes* but is not limited to* the process of

executin' a pro'ram or application with the intent of findin' errors. Muality is not an

absoluteB it is alue to some person. 9ith that in mind* testin' can neer completely establish

the correctness of arbitrary computer softwareB testin' furnishes a criticism or comparison

that compares the state and behaiour of the product a'ainst a specification. !n important

point is that software testin' should be distin'uished from the separate discipline of Software

Muality !ssurance2SM!6* which encompasses all business process areas* not just testin'.

Today, sot-are as gro-n in comple$ity and si1e& Te sot-are product

developed %y a developer is according to te System Re!uirement

Speci(cation& Every sot-are product as a target audience& or e$ample,

a video game sot-are as its audience completely di2erent rom %an"ingsot-are& Tereore, -en an organi1ation invests large sums in ma"ing a

sot-are product, it must ensure tat te sot-are product must %e

accepta%le to te end users or its target audience& Tis is -ere Sot-are

Testing comes into play& Sot-are testing is not merely (nding deects or

%ugs in te sot-are, it is te completely dedicated discipline o

evaluating te !uality o te sot-are&

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Tere are many approaces to sot-are testing, %ut e2ective testing o

comple$ products is essentially a process o investigation, notmerely amatter o creating and ollo-ingroutine procedure& +ne de(nition o

testingis )te process o !uestioning a product in order to evaluate it),

-ere te )!uestions) are operations te tester attempts to e$ecute -it

te product, and te product ans-ers -it its %eavior in reaction to te

pro%ing o te tester& Altoug most o te intellectual processes o

testing are nearly identical to tat o revie- or inspection, te -ord

testing is also used to connote te dynamic analysis o te product3

putting te product troug its paces& Sometimes one tereore reers to

revie-s, -al"trougs or inspections as )static testing), -ereas actually

running te program -it a given set o test cases in a given development

stage is oten reerred to as )dynamic testing), to empasi1e te act tat

ormal revie- processes orm part o te overall testing scope&

$oft.are Testing A/ioms

D. It is possible but ery time ta,in' to test the application manually.

/. Software testin' is ris, based exercise.

E. Testin' cannot show that bu's donLt exist.

F. The more bu's you find* the more bu's there are.

G. 4ot all the bu's you find will be fixed.

?. 3roduct specifications are neer final.

3lack 0o/testin' treats the software as a blac,-box without any understandin' as to how the

internals behae. Thus* the tester inputs data and only sees the output from the test object.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security_audithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9126http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Quality_Assurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Quality_Assurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security_audithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9126http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Quality_Assurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Quality_Assurance

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This leel of testin' usually reuires thorou'h test cases to be proided to the tester who then

can simply erify that for a 'ien input* the output alue 2or behaior6* is the same as the

expected alue specified in the test case.

*evels of testing

Unit testingtests the minimal software component* or module. 5ach unit 2basic

component6 of the software is tested to erify that the detailed desi'n for the unit has

been correctly implemented. In an $bject-oriented enironment* this is usually at the

class leel* and the minimal unit tests include the constructors and destructors.

"ntegration testingexposes defects in the interfaces and interaction between

inte'rated components 2modules6. 3ro'ressiely lar'er 'roups of tested software

components correspondin' to elements of the architectural desi'n are inte'rated and

tested until the software wor,s as a system.

#unctional testingtests at any leel 2class* module* interface* or system6 for

proper functionality as defined in the specification.

$ystem testingtests a completely inte'rated system to erify that it meets its

reuirements.

$ystem integration testingerifies that a system is inte'rated to any external or

third party systems defined in the system reuirements.

Acceptance testingcan be conducted by the end-user* customer* or client to

alidate whether or not to accept the product. !cceptance testin' may be performed

as part of the hand-off process between any two phases of deelopment. See also

software release life cycle

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Alp+a testingis simulated or actual operational testin' by potential

users;customers or an independent test team at the deelopersL site. !lpha testin'

is often employed for off-the-shelf software as a form of internal acceptance

testin'* before the software 'oes to beta testin'.

3eta testingcomes after alpha testin'. ersions of the software* ,nown as beta

ersions* are released to a limited audience outside of the company. The software

is released to 'roups of people so that further testin' can ensure the product hasfew faults or bu's. Sometimes* beta ersions are made aailable to the open

public to increase the feedbac, field to a maximal number of future users.

It sould %e noted tat altoug %ot Alpa and 4eta are reerred to as

testing it is in act use immersion& Te rigors tat are applied are oten

unsystematic and many o te %asic tenets o testing process are not

used&Te Alpa and4eta period provides insigt into environmental and

utili1ation conditions tat can impact te sot-are&

Ater modiying sot-are, eiter or a cange in unctionality or to ($

deects, a regression test re0runs previously passing tests on te modi(ed

sot-are to ensure tat te modi(cations aven5t unintentionally caused a

regression o previous unctionality& Regression testing can %e perormed

at any or all o te a%ove test levels& Tese regression tests are oten

automated&

Testin' is ital to the success of the system. System testin' ma,es a lo'ical assumption that if

all the parts of the system are correct* the 'oal will be successfully achieed. ! small system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_integration_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle

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error can conceiably explode into a much lar'er problem. 5ffectie testin' early in the

process translates directly into lon'-term cost sain's from a reduced number of errors. The

best pro'ram is worthless if it does not meet user needs. $ften the computer technician and

the user hae communication barriers due to different bac,'rounds* interests* priorities* and

perhaps lan'ua'es.

-?2 D -' T'$TE

The first test of a system is to see whether it produces the correct outputs. =ollowin' this

step* a ariety of other tests are conducted:

$nline %esponse: $nline systems must hae a response time that will not cause a

hardship to the user.

olume: In this test* we create as many records as would normally be produced to

erify that the hardware and software would function correctly.

Stress Testin': The purpose is to proe that the candidate system does not

malfunction under pea, loads.

%ecoery and Security: ! forced system failure is induced to test a bac,up recoery

procedure for file inte'rity. Inaccurate data are entered to see how system responds interms of error detection and protection.

8sability &ocumentation and 3rocedure: It erifies the user-friendly nature of the

system. This relates to normal operatin' and error-handlin' procedures.

NATU&' # T'$T DATA

The proper choice of test data is as important as the test itself. If test data as input are not

alid or representatie of the data to be proided by the user* then the reliability of the output

is suspect. Test data may be artificial or lie. 8nli,e lie data* which are biased toward
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_bughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback#In_organizationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_automation

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typical alues* artificial data proide extreme alues for testin' the limits of the candidate

system.

T?' T'$T %*AN

The first step in system testin' is to prepare a plan that will test all aspects of the system in a

way that promotes its credibility amon' potential users.

3ro'rammer+s document and report on the method and extent of their testin'.

8sers are inoled* which means communication is improed between users and the

desi'ner 'roup.

3ro'rammers are inoled when they become aware of user problems and

expectations. The user also becomes aware o the complexity of pro'rammin' and

testin'.

T'$T &AC*'$

To test any pro'ram* we need to hae a description of its expected behaior and a method of

determinin' whether the obsered behaior conforms to the expected behaior. =or this we

need to test oracle.

! test oracle is a mechanism* different from the pro'ram itself* which can be used to chec,

the correctness of the output of the pro'ram for the test cases. )onceptually* we can consider

testin' a process in which the test cases are 'ien to the test oracle and the pro'ram under

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testin'. The output of the two is then compared to determine if the pro'ram behaed

correctly for the test cases. This is shown in followin' fi'ure:

$oft.are

Under

&esult of Testing

Test

Cases Test

racle

Comparator

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TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES

#enerally* parts of the pro'ram are tested before the testin' the entire pro'ram. (esides

partitionin' the problem of testin'* a test case detects an error in a lar'e pro'ramB it will be

extremely difficult to pinpoint the source of error. It is een difficult to construct test cases so

that all the modules will be executed.

9e assume that a system is a hierarchy of modules. =or such systems* there is two common

ways modules can be combined* as they are tested to form a wor,in' pro'ram: top-down and

bottom-up. In top-down strate'y* we start by testin' the top of the hierarchy* and we

incrementally add modules that it calls and then test the new combined system. (ottom-up

approach starts from the bottom of the hierarchy. =irst the modules at the ery bottom* which

hae no subordinates* are tested. Then these modules are combined with hi'her- leel

modules for testin'.

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"!%*'!'NTAT"N AND %$T "!%*'!'NTAT"N

IMPLEMENTATION

The term implementation has different meanin's* ran'in' from a conersion of a basic

application to a complete replacement of a computer system. Implementation means the

process of conertin' a new or a reised system desi'n into an operational one. )onersion is

one aspect of implementation. The other aspects are the post implementation reiew and

software maintenance.

There are three types of implementation:

Implementation of a computer system to replace a manual system by conertin' files*

trainin' users* creatin' accurate files* and erifyin' printouts for inte'rity.

Implementation of a new computer system to replace an existin' one is usually a

difficult conersion. If not properly planned* there can be many problems.

Implementation of a modified application to replace an existin' one usin' the same

computer is relatiely easy to handle proided there are no major chan'es in file.

POST IMPLEMENTATION

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5ery system reuires periodic ealuation after implementation. ! post implementation

reiew measures the system+s performance a'ainst predefined reuirements. ! post

implementation reiew determines how well the system continues to meet performance

specifications. It is after the fact-after desi'n and conersion are complete. It also proides

information to determine whether major redesi'n is necessary.

! post implementation reiew is an ealuation of a system in terms of the extent to which the

system accomplishes stated objecties. It is usually a reiew of major problems that need

conertin' and those that surfaced durin' the implementation phase.

@!I4T54!4)5

The computers are always chan'in'. There are bu's to fix* enhancement to add and

optimi>ation to ma,e. So* chan'es hae to be done in the older ersion to ma,e it applicable

for current use and of current ersion to cater the needs of future maintenance can be of three

types:-

C&&'CT"' !A"NT'NANC'

ADA%T"' !A"NT'NANC'

%''CT"' !A"NT'NANC'

Thou'h efforts hae been made to deelop an error free system but no system is perfect*

room for improement is always their. Thus proper documentation for the system has been

done so that it will be easy in future to handle any brea,down or any other type of system

maintenance actiity.

=or systematic maintenance of the system*

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3roper reportin' has been done.

%ecord ,eepin' system has been deeloped so that any chan'e could be properly

recorded.

System flow and flow of eents has been properly shown.

.

3"3*"G&A%?2

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BB+O'&A$H/

3ooks referred6

racle %*$5*

3y $teven #euerstein, 3ill %ri0yl

racle %*$5*

3y 'van 3ayross

isual 3asicNet %rogramming

3y $teven ?olFner

An integrated Approac+ to $oft.are 'ngineering

3y %ankaj

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....8sc+oolscom

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