Name: ____________________________________________________________________ Period: ______

Semester 1 Biology Study Guide

I. Scientific Method1. A drug company wonders if their new pill can help people who have diabetes. They think their new drug, Zolofram, can help cure diabetes by lowering blood sugar back to normal levels (70-80mg/dL) more quickly after meals. They get 3 diabetic patients for their trial. Patient #1 gets 0 pills of Zolofram. Patient #2 gets 1 pills of Zolofram. Patient #3 gets 2 pills of Zolofram. All 3 patients were then fed a piece of apple pie. The company measured the blood sugar levels of the patients every hour for 5 hours to obtain their results. The data from their study is in a table below.

Patient 1 Avg. Blood Sugar (mg/dL)

Patient 2 Avg. Blood Sugar (mg/dL)

Patient 3 Avg. Blood Sugar (mg/dL)

1 hour 120 120 1202 hours 115 105 783 hours 115 85 764 hours 105 75 755 hours 90 76 75

a. In if/then format, what is the hypothesis in this study?

b. What is the independent variable above? c. What is the dependent variable?

d. What is the control group? e. What is the experimental group?

e. What can the makers of Zolofram conclude based on their data? Please cite specific evidence

from the table in your answer.

f. What is one way these scientists could have improved their methods to make their results

more reliable?

g. What kind of graph (line graph, bar graph, scatterplot, pie chart) should the scientists use to

graph their data? Why?

2. Please put the following parts of the scientific method in the correct order based on which order they should happen in: conclusion, experiment, Data collection, hypothesis, question

3. What is the difference between an observation and an inference?

4. What should you do if you break something during a lab?

II. Cells5. Organize the following in order from smallest to largest:

molecules, organs, ecosystems, tissues, atoms, organisms, cells

6. Explain function of cell organelles:a. Cell Wall

b. Ribosome

c. Nucleus

d. Vacuole

e. Mitochondria

f. Lysosomes

7. Draw a line to match the following organelles with what cells they would be found in:

Mitochondria White Blood Cells: engulfs bacteria

Lysosomes Root Cells: full of water

Vacuole Muscle Cells: creates energy

Smooth ER Ovarian Cell: produces estrogen

8. Create a Venn Diagram for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

9. Create a Venn Diagram for plant and animal cells

III. Mitosis and Membrane Transport10. What is the purpose of mitosis? (Why to our cells divide?)

11. Label the images above with the name of the stage of mitosis it is. 12. What is a pneumonic device you can use to remember the order of the different phases in mitosis?

13. Summarize what happens in each of the cell cycle/mitosis phases?1. Interphase:

2. Prophase:

3. Metaphase:

4. Anaphase:

5. Telophase:

6. Cytokinesis:

14. What is uncontrolled cell growth called?

15. What is the difference between active and passive transport?

16. What are the two different types of passive transport we learned?

17. Imagine the image below is a cell with a semipermeable membrane in water. Because of osmosis, which way would water move in the following images?

40% water

40% water

60% water

30% water

40% water

85% water

IV. Biomolecules and EnergyMacromolecules

18. CarbohydrateMonomer: Function:

19. LipidMonomer: Function:

20. ProteinMonomer: Function:

21. Nucleic AcidMonomer: Function:

22. What is the role of an enzyme in chemical reactions?

23. What is the process that turns sun energy into chemical energy?

24. Explain the difference between light dependent reactions and light independent reactions? Which one produces ATP?

25. How much ATP is produced in the following?

26. Write the formula for photosynthesis:

27. Write the formula for cellular respiration:

28. Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

V. DNA Structure & Function and Protein Synthesis

29. Draw a nucleotide. Label the following: a. Nitrogen Base b. Phosphate Group c. 5-Carbon Sugar

30. Complete the complimentary DNA strand: A C T C T G G C T T A A C G T T A A G T A

31. If 40% of a DNA strand is made of Adenine, what percentage is made of:Thymine:

Cytosine:

Guanine:

32. What is made in transcription?

Where does transcription occur?

33. What is made in translation?

Where does translation occur?

34. Transcribe the following DNA into mRNA:ATG GTT ACA GTC TAT TAG

35. Translate the following mRNA into amino acids:AUG GCU UUU CUA AGC UAC

36. Complete the following by filling in the blanks with the appropriate organelle or cell part. Word Bank: Golgi, Cell Membrane, Vesicle, Rough ER.

After the amino acid chain is built at the Ribosome it will got to the ________________________ to get folded.

Then the protein will travel to the ______________________ to be packaged sorted and distributed. It will be

placed inside of a vesicle or package so it can be sent across the _______________________to do work or used

as a building material for the body.

37. Compare and contrast Chromatin, Chromatid and Chromosome.

38. What is a gene?