CHAPTER 16EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION

LECTURE ?’SSECTION 1 (PAGES 469-475)

REVISED SEPTEMBER 10, 2012

World History

1. WHAT WERE THE FOUNDATIONS UPON WHICH THE AGE OF EXPLORATION WAS BUILT?

A spirit of discovery and innovation during the Renaissance.

Technology borrowed from other cultures.

Late 1400s and 1500s

2. WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR THIS EXPLORATION?

Reasons for Exploration: Search for wealth Demand for goods

from China and India Spices, silk, perfume

Overland trade routes were expensive- (Italians)

Spread Christianity Adventure & Curiosity Fame & Glory

3. WHAT CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY HELPED IMPROVE NAVIGATION?

Advances in Technology: Allowed travel on the

open seas Compass- tells

direction Astrolabe- Calculate

position based on stars & sun

Building of better ships (deep draft)

Caravel- Triangular sails (lateen)

Could carry weapons

4. WHO WERE THE EXPLORERS FROM PORTUGAL AND SPAIN?

Portuguese Explorers: Henry the Navigator (early

1400s) Patron and supporter of

those wishing to explore Trained explorers

Water route around Africa to India

Bartolomeu Dias (1488) 1st to attempt to sail

around tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

Forced to turn back due to bad weather

Vasco da Gama (1497) 1st to sail around tip of

Africa to India

SPANISH EXPLORERS:

Christopher Columbus (1492)

Sail west from Spain to reach China

Had no ideas that the Americas lay across the Atlantic

Made 4 journeys to the Americas

Amerigo Vespucci (1502) Sailed along coast of

South America, determined it was not Asia, but a new land

Balboa (1513) Led expedition across

Isthmus of Panama, 1st European to see Pacific Ocean

Magellan (1519-1522) !st to circumnavigate

the globe

5. WHY DID MAPMAKERS NAME AMERICA AFTER AMERIGO VESPUCCI AND NOT CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS?

Vespucci was the first to conclude the Americas were a new land and not part of Asia.

6. WHY DID COLOMBUS BELIEVE HE HAD REACHED ASIA? WHO FINANCED HIM?

His figures about the size of the earth were wrong. He did not know the Americas lay across

the Atlantic. Spain

SPANISH & PORTUGESE EXPLORERS

7. WHAT DID ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND DUTCH EXPLORERS HOPE TO FIND?

A shorter route to Asia.

8. WHO WERE THESE EXPLORERS AND WHERE DID THEY EXPLORE? English Explorers:

John Cabot (1497) Landed in Canada, like Colombus thought he was in Asia. On his 2nd trip, he and his crew never returned

Sir Francis Drake (1577-1580) 2nd man to circumnavigate the globe

Henry Hudson (1607) Looked for NW passage, but found nothing but ice. Sailed three times for the English and once for the Dutch

French Explorers: Jacques Cartier (1534)

Looked for NW passage, but never found it. Claimed land along the St. Lawrence for New France

Dutch (Netherlands) explorers: Henry Hudson (1609)

Explored Hudson River, but never found a NW passage

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION OF N. AMERICA

9. WHAT GOAL DID ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND DUTCH EXPLORERS SHARE WITH THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE? HOW WAS THEIR APPROACH TO THE AMERICAS DIFFERENT?

Trade with Asia Sought a shorter route to Asia

10. WHO WAS GIOVANNI DA VERAZZANO? WHOM DID HE SAIL FOR?

Actually discovered the Hudson River and explored Hudson Bay.

France

SECTION 2 (PAGES 476-481) Spain Builds An

Empire European Powers

begin to establish colonies and empires

1st area settled by Spain was the Caribbean Islands of Hispaniola and Cuba

ENCOMIENDA Colonists given

land CONQUISTADORS-

Cortez- Aztecs-Mexico

Pizarro- Incas- Peru

1. HOW DID SPAIN BUILD AN EMPIRE IN THE AMERICAS?

Introduced encomienda system.

Colonists given land and a number of Native Americans to work the land for him.

Also required to teach the native workers Christianity

Conquered Aztec and Inca empires

Viceroys governed the land

2. WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM ON THE NATIVE AMERICANS?

Disastrous Overwork and mistreatment took a

horrendous toll Even worse were diseases

Smallpox Tuberculosis Measles

Native Americans had no resistance to these illnesses, and millions died

3. WHO WAS HERNAN CORTES? WHAT DID HE ACCOMPLISH FOR SPAIN IN MEXICO?

Cortes moved from the Caribbean to the mainland to set up colonies

He was a “conquistador” whom fought against the native peoples of the Americas.

Conquered the Aztecs and their ruler Moctezuma II The Aztecs were extremely powerful in this region,

but hated by other tribes Cortes overtook the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan

with his soldiers and thousands of natives who wished to overthrow the Aztecs. Moctezuma II was killed in the battle of Tenochtitlan

4. WHAT ADVANTAGES DID CORTES HAVE IN HIS BATTLE AGAINST THE AZTECS?

Malintzin, a female who was used as a translator of the Aztec language.

Metal weapons Heavy armor Guns Horses

Horses had never been seen by the natives and the large animals terrified them

Disease

5. WHO WAS FRANCISCO PIZARRO? WHAT DID HE DO TO THE INCAS? Led expedition to Peru about 10 years after Cortes

Pizarro had heard of the riches of the Inca Empire The Inca Empire that Pizarro found was vastly different

Weakened by smallpox, thousands died, including the emperor Civil war had broken out with a new ruler emerging

Atahualpa had just taken over when Pizarro arrived Atahualpa met with the Spanish in 1532

Pizarro demanded that Atahualpa accept Christianity, Atahualpa refused, and was taken prisoner

Even though the Incas gave Pizarro a fortune in gold and silver, the Spanish killed him and headed toward the capital of the Inca Empire, Cuzco.

They captured the city, destroyed the army, and took over the empire

6. WHAT DO YOU THINK WAS THE MOTIVE OF THE SPANISH IN SEEKING TO CONVERT THE INDIANS TO CHRISTIANITY?

Opinion They probably believed that they were

saving the Indians’ souls and “civilizing” them.

7. HOW DID THE SPANISH CREATE AN EMPIRE IN THE AMERICAS? Conquering the Aztecs and Incas Spanish king chose officials or viceroys to rule large sections of land. The Spanish colonial economy was based largely on the mining of

gold and silver, though farming was also common Native Americans were used to mine and farm However, disease and mistreatment took a toll on the native

population, which dropped by more than 90 percent from an estimated 50 million to only 4 million

Some Spaniards were appalled at the treatment of Native Americans and called on others to protect those who remained

Bartolome de Las Casas was a priest who was vocal about Indian treatment He recommended replacing them with imported Africans slaves, this

became common in the Americas

8. WHAT WAS THE TREATY OF TORDESILLAS? WHY DID FEW COLONISTS ORIGINALLY MOVE TO BRAZIL?

Signed in 1494 Drew an imaginary line through the

Atlantic Everything west of the line,

including most of the Americas belonged to Spain.

Portugal owned all land east of the line.

Of the Americas, only Brazil remained as a Portuguese colony.

Brazil’s huge jungles made development difficult for both farming and mining

Eventually developed a plantation system with Indian labor-Turned to African Slavery

Gold and Silver from Portugal and Spanish Colonies encouraged other European nations to attempt to make colonies

9. WHAT WAS LIFE LIKE IN THE FRENCH, DUTCH, AND ENGLISH COLONIES IN THE AMERICAS? After seeing the riches being brought back from the Americas by

Spain and Portugal; France, England and the Netherlands decided to establish colonies there.

French explorers established several colonies in New France or present-day Canada.

They did not find gold or silver, but the North Atlantic swarming with fish. Furs were also sold for high prices in Europe. The French & Dutch befriended many Native American tribes

The Dutch settled in New Netherland, located on the Hudson River They bought land which is the island of Manhattan and called it New

Amsterdam, present day New York City. Population remained small

The English established Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 Many colonists died during the first winter, but the colony endured. The Pilgrims settled in present day Plymouth, Massachusetts

10. WHAT SERIES OF EVENTS LED TO THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR? WHY WAS IT SO COSTLY TO THE BRITISH?

English attempted to settle in Ohio River valley, tension grew between English and French.

Native Americans sided with each side in this war

The French had more soldiers in America, so the British probably had to send reinforcements to defeat them

Ended with the Treaty of Paris (1763)

TREATY OF PARIS 1763

SECT 2- OTHER EUROPEAN COLONIES NEW FRANCE

Explored the area along the St. Lawrence Seaway to the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi

Looking for gold and silver and the NW passage

Fishing and fur industry developed

French population remained small

Indians became allies. Why? De Champlain and La Salle

DUTCH New Netherland- along the

Hudson River Valley 1626- Bought Long Island from

the Indians New Netherland was neglected

by the Dutch government.

SECT 2- ENGLISH COLONIES AND CONFLICT ENGLISH COLONIES

Jamestown-1607- looking for gold

Pilgrims- 1620- religious freedom

BRITISH AND FRENCH CONFLICT

SECTION 3 (PAGES 482-487) COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE- Foods and

Beasts of Burden

1. HOW DID EXPLORATION RESULT IN A NEW EXCHANGE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS?

As contact increased between Europe and the Americas, plants, animals, and disease traveled from the “Old” world to the “New” world.

Historians call this global transfer the Columbian Exchange. The horse is a great example, the only

domesticated beast of burden in the Americas was the llama.

The llama only lived in the Andes.

2. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE?

New economic activities grew up and national cuisines changed. Italian food without tomatoes? Texas cattle ranching? Brazilian coffee?

SECT. III- NEW PATTERNS OF TRADE EFFECTS OF THE COLUMBIAN

EXCHANGE Native foods became a staple for

Europe- corn, potatoes, etc. Beast of burden now existed in the

New World- horse, cow INTRODUCTION OF DISEASE

Native Americans had no resistance to European diseases.- smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria

Killed off up to 80% of the native population

3. WHAT WAS MERCANTILISM, AND HOW DID IT PUSH THE DRIVE TO ESTABLISH COLONIES?

Mercantilism is a system based on the idea that a nation’s strength was based on its wealth.

A wealthy nation had the power to build a strong military to protect itself and expand its influence Colonists helped provide this wealth.

MERCANTILISM BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MERCANTILISM

A nation’s strength depends on its wealth as measured in gold and silver.

Only a fixed amount of wealth exists in the world, and nations have to compete for their share of that wealth.

A favorable balance of trade is an important step in gaining wealth.

Countries should seek to limit imports and maximize exports. A country should have its own source for raw materials and

precious metals to avoid dependence on others. Colonies exist only as a way for the mother country to make

profit. A country’s colonies should not trade with any other

countries.

4. HOW DID THE DESIRE TO CREATE A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE HELP LEAD TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIES?

European powers wanted to establish colonies so that they could control sources of raw materials

Also, to provide new markets for manufactured goods

With a favorable balance of trade, a country received more gold and silver from other nations than it paid to them Thus the belief was that a nation’s power

increased and weakened its foreign competitors

5. HOW DID NATIONS CREATE A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE?

They reduced the amount of import goods by placing tariffs or taxes on them

They also encouraged exports, and controlled overseas sources of raw materials and precious metals

Government encouraged exports by providing subsidies, or grants of money, to help business-people start new business

BALANCE OF TRADE Favorable and Unfavorable Balance

of Trade Reduce amount of goods imported

from other countries.- TARIFFS (taxes) Encourage Exporting of manufactured

goods. (subsidies) Control overseas sources of raw

materials A country should avoid spending money

on raw materials A country should have a desire for SELF-

SUFFICIENCY

6. HOW DID EUROPEAN MONARCHS RESTRICT ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THEIR COLONIES TO MAKE SURE THAT THE COLONIES BENEFITED ONLY THE HOME COUNTRY?

Forbidding colonists to sell raw materials to any nation other than the home country

Also, by forcing colonies to buy manufactured goods only from their home countries and forbidding them from manufacturing goods themselves In the mercantilist view, colonies existed

only to benefit the home country

COLONIES Colonies were essential to mercantilism

Source of raw materials New Market for manufactured goods

MONARCHS RESTRICTED ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE COLONIES

Europe was affected by mercantilism: Increase of trade More money available Growing middle class

7. WHAT IMPACT DID MERCANTILISM HAVE ON SOCIETY?

Towns and cities grew as business activity increased

A new class of wealthier merchants emerged who began to wield more power in their towns Enjoyed some social mobility

However, rural life remained mostly the same Most people remained poor

8. WHAT IS CAPITALISM? System in which most economic

activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit

9. HOW DID GLOBAL TRADE LEAD TO THE RISE OF CAPITALISM IN EUROPE?

Global trade provided opportunities for individuals to invest money and build wealth

This overseas trade made many merchants rich, and this wealth enabled them to invest in other business ventures.

Business activity in Europe increased markedly

10. WHY DID PEOPLE FORM JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES?

To pool their money in an attempt to make a profit This was a way to fund ever-larger businesses These “investors” bought shares of stock in the

company. If the company did well, each shareholder would

receive a portion of the profit If a company did not do well, a shareholder only lost

the amount of their shares British East India Company (1600) imported spices Virginia Company of London (1607) bankrolled new

colonies in the Americas (Jamestown)

CAPITALISM Definition- Most economic activity is carried

on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit. Individuals can amass great fortunes.

Rising prices and standard of living Demand for goods increased

Growing population and relative scarcity of goods Rising demand drove prices higher

Increase in the money supply More money in circulation because of the gold and

silver from the Americas. Joint Stock Companies

SECTION 4- ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE PAGES 488-491

1. WHERE DID THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ORIGINATE?

Along a triangular route connecting traders in Europe, Africa, and the Americas 1st leg--European goods to Africa for slaves 2nd leg—Middle passage brought slaves to the

Americas to be sold as slaves 3rd leg—Carried American products such as

sugar, tobacco, and rice to Europe Throughout history, slavery has existed in

many parts of the world, including Africa

TRIANGULAR TRADE

2. WHAT LED TO THE BEGINNING OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE?

A shortage of labor in the Americas European planters in the Americas

needed large numbers of workers on their plantations

Planters first used Native Americans as workers Disease and poor treatment had killed

millions

3. WHAT KIND OF LABOR WAS USED IN THE 1600S, BUT WAS TOO EXPENSIVE TO SUSTAIN?

Indentured servants These people worked for a set period of

time in exchange for passage to the Americas from Europe

These workers were expensive to support

4. HOW DID SLAVERY EVOLVE IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES?

As a result of a shortage of Native Americans and the excessive cost of indentured servants, millions of Africans were captured and forcibly taken to the Americas before the slave trade ended in the 1800s

Most came from the coast of West Africa, between Senegal and Angola

Some slaves were supplied by African rulers in exchange for European firearms or other goods

5. WHAT WAS THE MIDDLE PASSAGE? WHO WAS OLAUDAH EQUIANO?

The second leg of the triangular trade route, bringing Africans to the Americans to be sold as slaves

It was a terrifying ordeal Captive Africans were chained together and forced

into dark, cramped quarters below the ship’s decks.

In many cases, the Africans were packed into such a small space that they could neither sit not stand Olaudah Equiano wrote about the horrific conditions

6. HOW LONG DID THE TRIP TAKE TO THE AMERICAS? HOW MANY SLAVES DIED ON THE JOURNEY?

The journey usually lasted three to six weeks

Between 10 and 20 percent did not survive the trip. Those that survived, faced more horror

The auction block and an uncertain future

7. DESCRIBE THE LIVING CONDITIONS FOR ENSLAVED PEOPLE.

Conditions were harsh Many owners and overseers inflicted degrading

physical punishment for minor offenses. Enslaved people frequently had to endure brutal

treatment and abuse Slaves had to meet their own basic needs in the

short hours at the end of the workday Daily tasks such as cooking, mending clothing and

tending the sick had to be fit in around the work they performed for their slaveholders

TREATMENT OF SLAVES

8. HOW DID AFRICANS RESIST SLAVERY? By slowing work, destroying

equipment, committing acts of sabotage, revolting, or running away

Remember slaves had no rights and no freedoms

They were considered property

9. ACCORDING TO HISTORIANS’ ESTIMATES, HOW MANY AFRICANS WERE SHIPPED TO THE AMERICAS AGAINST THEIR WILL? HOW LONG DID IT LAST?

Most historians believe it was between 15-20 million

The Atlantic slave trade lasted for 400 years

10. WHAT DO YOU THINK WAS THE MOST TRAGIC RESULT OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE? WHAT WAS AFRICAN DIASPORA?

Slavery deprived millions of people of their freedom and doomed their descendants to lives of forced servitude

In Africa, the effects of the slave trade were profound Strongest young people were taken—future leaders Divided Africans against one another African Diaspora

The spreading of African culture throughout the Western world

African culture, food, music, art, and religion