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Office O
f Nuclear Energy
Sensors and Instrumentation
Annual R
eview M
eeting
Self-powered W
ireless Through-wall D
ata C
omm
unication for Nuclear Environments
Lei ZuoVirginia Tech
DE-NE0008591
October 18-19, 2017
2
TasksYear O
neYear Tw
oYear Three
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Task1:K
ickoffmeeting,review
sensingenvironm
entsand
needs(A
ll)◊
◊◊
◊
Task2:D
esigningand
fabricatingradiation
energyharvesters
(Univ.A
PI)◊
◊◊
◊◊
Task3:D
esigning&
testingultrasonic
datatransm
issionsystem
(Univ.B
co-PI)◊
◊◊
◊◊
Task4:D
evelopinghigh-tem
peratureelectronics
(Com
panyA
co-PI)◊
◊◊
◊◊
◊
Task5:R
adiationstudy
andshielding
protection(C
ompany
Bco-PI,U
niv.API)
◊◊
◊◊
Task6:System
integration,demonstration
andtest(All)
◊◊
◊
Task7:R
eportingand
projectmanagem
ent(Univ.A
PI)◊
◊◊
◊◊
◊◊
◊◊
◊◊
◊
Project Overview
�B
ackground2100 canisters for 20-50 years of spent fuel storage in the U
SA. 200 per year increase.
�G
oal, and Objectives
Develop
anddem
onstratean
enablingtechnology
forthe
datacom
munications
forenclosed
metal
canistersusing
radiationand
thermal
energyharvesters,
through-w
allultrasoundcom
munication,and
harshenvironm
entelectronics.
�Participants
�Lei Zuo (PI, Virginia Tech), D
ong Ha (co-PI, Virginia Tech)
�Haifeng
Zhang (co-PI, U. of North Texas)
�R
oger Kisner, M
. Nance Ericson (co-PI, O
RNL)
�M
ichael Heibel(collaborator, W
estinghouse Electric Com
pany)
�Schedule
3
Our Solution: Self-pow
ered W
ireless Through-wall D
ata C
omm
unication for Nuclear Environm
entsProblem
s and solutions:
I.Energy problem
: Independent and continuous energy source
Solution: A radiation/thermalenergy
harvester with pow
er managem
ent;
II.Com
munication challenge: Through m
etal wall and
thick concrete wall w
ireless comm
unication
Solution: Ultrasound w
ireless com
munication using high-tem
perature piezoelectric transducers
III.Harsh environm
ent: Electronics surviving high
temperature and radiation
Solution: a.
High-tem
perature radiation-hardened electronics for harvesting, sensing, and data transm
ission; b.
Radiation shielding for electronics and sensors
4
Accom
plishments: Energy harvesting
Energy harvesting strategy:
Topow
er1W
sensingand
datatransm
issionfor
3seconds
every5
minutes,10m
Wrequired.
Existing temp.
gradientG
amm
a heating
Thermoelectric energy harvesting
Thermoelectric energy harvesting:
σE
lectricalconductivityα,
Seebeck
coefficientκe
Electron
thermalconductivity
κlP
honontherm
alconductivity
From Snyder,
G. Jeffrey
Energy sources available:
1.M
echanical vibration 2.
Light3.
Wind
4.Electrom
agnetic5.
Thermalheat (tem
perature difference)6.
Radiation(alpha, beta, neutron, and gam
ma
rays)
Energy demand:
5
Heat and fluid environm
ent in the dry cask system
:The m
odel to estimate the decay heat
within the dry cask system
:Year
(Sincerem
oval)DecayHeat(kW
)G
amm
aSpectrum(#/s)
NeutronSpectrum
(#/s)
538.44
2.64x
1017
1.02x
1010
1024.52
1.47x
1017
8.4x
109
1521.07
1.20x
1017
7.0x
109
2019.00
1.04x
1017
5.9x
109
2517.31
9.2x
1016
4.9x
109
3015.85
8.2x
1016
4.1x
109
3514.56
7.3x
1016
3.4x
109
4013.42
6.5x
1016
2.9x
109
4512.40
5.8x
1016
2.4x
109
5011.49
5.1x
1016
2.0x
109
5510.67
4.6x
1016
1.7x
109
Fuel: Westinghouse 17x17 assem
bly, with a total cask M
TU of
15 spread over the 32 assemblies, an enrichm
ent weight
percentage of U-235 of 4%
, a burnup of 45 GW
d/MTU
, 3 runs per fuel assem
bly, and an average power of 40 M
W/M
TU.
MP
C-32 canister
Accom
plishments: Energy harvesting
We used M
CN
P Package.
6
Accom
plishments: Energy harvesting
Fuel rods
Temperature Profiles:
�Transitional S
ST k-ω
turbulence model and D
O radiation m
odel.�
The total decay heat was calculated using S
CA
LE for a period of 50 years.
�The sim
ulation result was verified using experim
ental result in literature.
Years 5 Years 55
Peak temperature 621.4 K
(348.4C)
Peak temperature 436.0 K
(163.0C)
MPC
-32 canister thermal analysis
“Thermal and Fluid A
nalysis of Dry C
ask Storage C
ontainers over Multiple Years of Service”, Yongjia
Wu, Jackson
Klein, H
anchenZhou, Lei Zuo, Annals of Nuclear Energy, Vol 112, Feb 2018, P
ages 132–142
7
Accom
plishments: Energy harvesting
Fuel rods
Temperature Profiles:
�For year 5, the tem
perature difference is ~70 K.
�For year 55, the tem
perature difference is ~13 K.
(Two TE
Gs (TE
G1-P
B-12611-6.0) from
TEC
TEG
M
FR w
ill be enough)
MPC
-32 canister thermal analysis 70 K
13 K
8
Accom
plishments: Energy harvesting
gamm
a radiation
Shielding m
aterial (tungsten plate)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
010
2030
4050
60
Energy Generation (W)
Years (Removal from
reactor)
Gam
ma H
eating in Tungsten from Spent FuelSide of C
ask
Top of Cask
MN
CP m
odel
Fuel assem
blies
Tungsten plate One
(Top of cask, 20 x 20 x 2 cm
3)
Tungsten plate Two
(Side of cask)
�The input m
aterial com
position was obtained
from S
CA
LE analysis.
Stainless steel
2W -> 0.3W
9
Accom
plishments: Energy harvesting
Adjustable suspension
Adaptor one
Heat sink
Tungsten plate
Thermal isolation layer
Adaptor
�M
erits:S
imple,
compact,
lowcost,
reliable,andhigh
energyoutput
�C
haracteristics:C
ombined
gamm
adecay
heatandconvective
heat
Size: 80 x 80 x 60m
m3
Energy harvester design
Year 5Tem
perature difference: Δ
T=64.2 K,
Open circuit voltage:
V=1.94 x 4 V,M
aximum
power output:
P = 941 mW
> 10 mW
Goal: P>=10 m
W
Temperature difference:
ΔT=11.7 K
,O
pen circuit voltage: V=0.335 x 4 V,M
aximum
power output:
P = 28 mW
> 10 mW
Year 55
Performance estim
ation
10
Accom
plishments: Energy harvesting
Experimental setup to test design oneYears 5 case
Simulation for the experim
ental setup
VelocityTem
peratureVoltage
00.03
0.060.09
0.120.15
0.180.21
0.240.260
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Velocity (m
/s)
h (W/mK)
Mineral oil
Air
Waterh= 143.37W
/mK
11
Current available through w
all comm
unication methods
Accom
plishments: W
ireless com
munication technology
12
Principle of ultrasound through wall com
munication
Theacoustic
modelling
results;(a)
thesteel
blocksandw
ichedby
twopiezoelectric
transducers.(b)Theultrasound
transmission
systemefficiency
versusdriving
frequency;(c)The
systemefficiency
versusnormalized
loadcircuitim
pedance.
Ou
tside
Tran
sdu
cer
Ste
el b
lock
Insid
e Tra
nsd
uce
r
Ele
ctrod
e
Ele
ctrod
e
(b)
(c)(a)
Accom
plishments: W
ireless com
munication technology
13
Dem
onstration of audio signal through-wall transm
ission
Accom
plishments: W
ireless com
munication technology
14
Ultrasonic TEX
T transmission system
at room tem
perature
Accom
plishments: W
ireless com
munication technology
15
Accom
plishments: W
ireless com
munication technology
Results
Metal W
all
High Tem
p~ Oven
Binary D
ata Transmission
Dem
onstration of High Tem
perature TEXT Transm
ission
16
Accom
plishments: M
ethod for Low-
Power U
ltrasonic Com
munications
Across B
arriers
�Focused instead on developing a m
odulation method
xThree transducer m
ethod described by Murphy
xM
odulating transducerx
Used com
pressional waves
Alternative M
odulation Method
17
Accom
plishments: M
ethod for Low-
Power U
ltrasonic Com
munications
Across B
arriers
First Task Was B
uild an Experimental A
pparatus for Studying Modulation
�In-line propagation (not reflecting)
�First apparatus operated at 100 kH
z then switched to 2.25 M
Hz
�U
sed magnetic fluid to change acoustic propagation
xM
agnetorheological fluid—w
e observed attenuation with m
agnetic field but it w
as inconsistent–
MR
fluid easily precipitates (5-50 μm)—
results are inconsistent and depend on w
hen you agitated the apparatus–
Attenuation of transm
itted waves from
3 to 16 % w
ith up to 10 amps of
coil currentx
Ferrofluid—w
e observed repeatable attenuation–
Particles stay in suspension (10-50 nm
)–
Range of attenuations up to 47 dB
at 2.28 MH
z
18
Accom
plishments: M
ethod for Low-
Power U
ltrasonic Com
munications
Across B
arriers
Using LabVIEW
Lock-In Am
plifier to Improve Signal-to-N
oise Ratio for
Low-Energy Signal
�2.23 M
Hz continuous Sine w
ave driving transm
itting transducer at 10Vpp�
Ferrofluid filled acrylic tube�
Permanent m
agnet suspended approximately
8m
m above coil section as a bias m
agnet�
Modulation coil driven w
ith a 3Vpp 1Hz
continuous sine wave
�20 M
s 4-channel A/D card
19
Accom
plishments: M
ethod for Low-
Power U
ltrasonic Com
munications
Across B
arriers
Result of Synchronous D
etection by LabVIEW System
Look Good but Slow
�R
esults below show
successful modulation of ferrofluid
�Perm
anent magnet experim
entation confirms that pre-biasing fluid is necessary
Dem
odulated Output: X
Dem
odulated Output: Y
Dem
odulated Output: θ
Dem
odulated Output: R
20
Accom
plishments: M
ethod for Low-
Power U
ltrasonic Com
munications
Across B
arriers
Conducting a Study of B
ias Magnet Effects
�N
ano particles are randomly distributed
�Application of m
agnetic field causes alignment and
clumping
�As particles clum
p their combined m
ass affects loading and changes the spring-m
ass transfer function �
A dead zone exists as field is first applied�
Ferrofluidis field polarity insensitive
�The question is w
here to put the magnet
�N
ext Steps Are to Conduct a R
eflective D
emonstration
21
Technology Impact
�VT:W
eanalyzed
thetherm
alandradiation
environmentin
thedry
cask.We
haveshow
nenergy
harvestingfrom
thermal
andgam
ma
radiationthe
usingtherm
oelectrics.Theproposed
self-sustainablepackage
canbe
integratedinto
enclosednuclear
vessels.W
ehave
shown
itsapplication
tothe
spentfuel
canistersof
drycask
storage.Sim
ilartechnology
canbe
appliedto
reactorvessels
orreactorcontainmentbuilding
comm
unications.�
UN
T:Thecapability
tocom
municate
throughthick
metalw
allsw
ithoutphysicalpenetration
hasgreat
potentialapplicationsin
hazardenvironm
ents,especiallyenclosed
nuclearreactors.
Inthis
project,am
plitudem
odulation(AM
)of
ultrasonicw
avesw
asused
toexchange
datavia
metalw
allathightem
perature.C
ompare
toother
datacom
munication
methods,
theultrasonic
techniquehas
theadvantages
like,highspeed
(over5M
bps)data
transfer,hightem
perature(over
300C
),and
LessPow
erconsum
ption(Less
than1W
att).The
impact
ofsuch
asolution
isthat
it’shighly
usefulin
hazards,harm
fulnuclear
environment.
�O
RN
L:U
singa
FerrofluidH
asPotentialB
enefitsfor
EnhancedM
odulation.We
foundthat
itsexcitation
bym
agneticfield
issim
pleto
accomplish.It
works
atultrasonic
frequencies.Itis
radiationinsensitive
andcan
bem
adeto
uselittle
poweratm
odulationside.
22
Conclusions
�VT:TEG
usingthe
temperature
differenceexisting
inthe
canistercombined
with
gamm
aheating
effectcan
provideenough
power
forthe
wireless
sensingand
comm
unicationsystem
working
inthe
nuclearcanister.
Theenergy
harvestercan
harvesterenoughenergy
evenafter50years
operation.
�U
NT:The
AMm
odulationbased
throughw
allAudiocom
munication
principleis
verifiedw
ithPZT
piezotransduce
atroom
temperature.
Afterthe
conceptverification
atroom,sim
ilartechniqueused
forbinary/TEXTdata
comm
unicationhas
beensuccessfully
demonstrated
20–
100C
.We
newstep
isdesigned
fortem
peratureup
to300C
with
TRS200HD
hightem
peraturetransducer.
�O
RN
L:W
edeveloped
aU
niqueM
ethodof
Ultrasonic
Com
munication
usingferrofluid.This
technologyperm
itstransm
issionofdata
acrossbarrier
with
lowenergy
requirement.
Andare
goingto
demonstrate
them
odulation-dem
odulationschem
e.