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1 PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation Treatment Modalities: Surgery VideoTranscript Modalidades de tratamiento: Cirugía Transcripción del video Professional Oncology Education Treatment Modalities: Surgery Time: 22:19 Educación Oncológica Profesional Modalidades de tratamiento: Cirugía Duración: 22:19 Barry Feig, M.D. Professor Surgical Oncology The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Dr. Barry Feig Profesor Oncología Quirúrgica Universidad de Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center Treatment Modalities: Surgery Treatment Modalities: Surgery Treatment Modalities: Surgery Treatment Modalities: Surgery Treatment Modalities: Treatment Modalities: Surgery Surgery Barry Feig, M.D. Professor Surgical Oncology My name is Barry Feig. I am a Professor of Surgical Oncology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. I am going to talk to you today about the role for surgery in the treatment of patients with oncologic diseases. Mi nombre es Barry Feig y soy Profesor de Cirugía Oncológica en el MD Anderson Cancer Center de la Universidad de Texas, en Houston, Texas. Hoy voy a hablar de la función de la cirugía en el tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedades oncológicas.

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PowerPoint Slides English Text Spanish Translation

Treatment Modalities: Surgery

VideoTranscript

Modalidades de tratamiento: Cirugía Transcripción del video

Professional Oncology Education

Treatment Modalities: Surgery

Time: 22:19

Educación Oncológica Profesional Modalidades de tratamiento: Cirugía Duración: 22:19

Barry Feig, M.D.

Professor

Surgical Oncology

The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center

Dr. Barry Feig

Profesor

Oncología Quirúrgica

Universidad de Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Treatment Modalities:Treatment Modalities:

Surgery Surgery

Barry Feig, M.D.

Professor

Surgical Oncology

My name is Barry Feig. I am a Professor of Surgical

Oncology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer

Center in Houston, Texas. I am going to talk to you today

about the role for surgery in the treatment of patients with

oncologic diseases.

Mi nombre es Barry Feig y soy Profesor de Cirugía

Oncológica en el MD Anderson Cancer Center de la

Universidad de Texas, en Houston, Texas. Hoy voy a hablar

de la función de la cirugía en el tratamiento de pacientes

con enfermedades oncológicas.

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Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

• Upon completion of this lesson, participants will

be able to:

– Discuss the roles of surgery for solid tumors and

hematologic malignancies

– Describe various biopsy techniques including

incisional, excisional, open and core as well as fine

needle aspiration

– Discuss the complications of surgery for palliation or

in metastatic disease

The objectives of this session [are] to be able to discuss the

role for surgery for both solid tumors and hematologic

malignancies; to describe the various biopsy techniques,

which are used including incisional biopsy, excisional

biopsy, open biopsy, core biopsy as well as fine needle

aspiration; and to discuss the complications of surgical

intervention as well as the role for surgery in palliation and

in patients with metastatic disease.

Los objetivos de esta sesión son analizar la función de la

cirugía, tanto en tumores sólidos como en hemopatías

malignas; describir las diferentes técnicas de biopsia que se

utilizan, como la biopsia por incisión, biopsia por escisión,

biopsia abierta, biopsia con aguja gruesa y aspiración con

aguja fina; y referirnos a las complicaciones de la

intervención quirúrgica, así como a la función de la cirugía

en la paliación y en pacientes con enfermedad metastásica.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of Surgery

• Solid Tumors

– Diagnostic

– Curative

– Palliative

• Hematologic Malignancies

– Supportive• Venous access

• Splenectomy

• Biopsy for diagnosis

So, traditionally surgery is the main modality for treatment

of patients with solid tumors. It can be used both as a

diagnostic means, a curative means and a palliative means,

and we will discuss all those individually. For

hematological malignancies, surgery is not traditionally a

curative modality. It is more of a supportive modality.

Surgery is used for venous access, not infrequently for

decreasing the burden of disease by doing splenectomies in

patients with leukemia or lymphoma, as well as doing

biopsies in order to obtain diagnoses for patients with these

disease processes.

Tradicionalmente, la cirugía ha sido la principal modalidad

para tratar a pacientes con tumores sólidos. Puede utilizarse

como medio de diagnóstico y también como medio curativo

y paliativo, y nos referiremos a ellos individualmente. En el

caso de las hemopatías malignas, la cirugía no es una

modalidad curativa tradicional, sino más bien una

modalidad de apoyo. La cirugía se utiliza para el acceso

venoso, a menudo para disminuir la carga de la enfermedad

mediante esplenectomías en pacientes con leucemia o

linfoma, así como en las biopsias de diagnóstico en

pacientes con estos procesos.

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Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of Surgery

• Diagnostic

– Biopsy

• Incisional

• Excisional

• Open biopsy much less common

– FNA

– Core biopsy

– Image guided needle biopsy

So, from a diagnostic standpoint, traditionally surgical

biopsy was done by either incisional or excisional biopsy.

Nowadays, open biopsies like incisional or excisional

biopsy are much less common. We much more commonly

use fine needle aspiration or FNA, core biopsies, or image-

guided needle biopsies.

A los fines del diagnóstico, la biopsia quirúrgica solía

hacerse con biopsias por incisión o escisión. En la

actualidad, este tipo de biopsias abiertas son bastante menos

comunes y son mucho más frecuentes la aspiración con

aguja fina, o FNA, y las biopsias con aguja gruesa o con

aguja guiada por imágenes.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of Surgery

• Staging

- Laparoscopic evaluation

• Most commonly in patients with gastric cancer,

pancreatic cancer

• Less commonly used due to the accuracy of

current imaging modalities

Surgery has also traditionally been an important part of

staging the patient. Laparoscopic staging was initially a ---

was an initial use of laparoscopy in patients with cancer,

most commonly in patients with gastric cancer or pancreatic

cancer. However, as imaging modalities like CT scan, PET

scan, and MRI have markedly improved over the last

several years the use for --- the need for surgery in staging

has decreased. And it is fairly uncommon that we do

staging even using laparoscopic methods in patients with

cancer nowadays.

La cirugía también ha sido tradicionalmente una parte

importante de la estadificación del paciente.

La estadificación laparoscópica fue, inicialmente, uno de

los primeros usos de la laparoscopia en pacientes con

cáncer, con mayor frecuencia en aquellos con cáncer

gástrico o de páncreas; sin embargo, las modalidades de

estudio por imágenes como la tomografía computada, PET

y resonancia magnética han mejorado notablemente en los

últimos años, y la necesidad de cirugía para estadificación

se ha reducido y hoy es poco frecuente que la hagamos en

pacientes con cáncer, aun por métodos laparoscópicos.

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Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of Surgery

• Curative Treatment

• Surgery remains the only treatment modality

independently able to provide cure for most

solid tumors

• Principles

– Removal of all gross, visible tumor

– Surrounding margin (2cm) of normal tissue

– May require adjacent organ resection to achieve

adequate margin

So, again the main purpose for surgery in patients with

solid tumors is curative treatment. Most patients --- even

patients understand that the best way to cure a tumor is to

take it out. It is the only treatment modality that

independently is able to provide cure for a large variety of

solid tumors. The basic principles of surgical resection for

cancer include the removal of all of the gross visible tumor.

And this should be done with surrounding margin of normal

tissue with a general rule of 2 cm being the accepted or the

ideal amount of normal tissue around the tumor that we

would like. In order to get that normal tissue around the

tumor, it may require resection of adjacent organs.

El propósito principal de la cirugía en pacientes con

tumores sólidos es el tratamiento curativo. Los pacientes

comprenden que la mejor manera de curar un tumor es

extraerlo. Es la única modalidad de tratamiento que puede,

de manera independiente, ofrecer la cura para una gran

variedad de tumores sólidos. Los principios básicos de la

resección quirúrgica del cáncer incluyen la extracción de

toda la masa de tumor visible, y esto debe hacerse con un

margen de tejido normal que —por regla general o según la

cantidad de tejido normal circundante al tumor aceptada

como ideal— debe ser de 2 cm. Para alcanzar ese tejido

circundante, tal vez sea necesaria la resección de órganos

adyacentes.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of Surgery: Margin AssessmentRole of Surgery: Margin AssessmentRole of Surgery: Margin AssessmentRole of Surgery: Margin Assessment

• Adequate margin is used to insure all macroscopic

and microscopic tumor is removed

• Role for intra-op assessment may depend on the

disease site/tumor location

– Not helpful if there is no more tissue to take

or additional tissue would cause significant

morbidity/mortality

Not infrequently we have to evaluate margins at the time of

surgery to be sure that not only all the macroscopic tumor is

removed, but the microscopic tumor as well. We fairly

liberally use intraoperative assessment, but depending ---

but there are some restrictions that may help guide whether

to use intra-operative assessment, because it is time

consuming and expensive. An intra-operative assessment is

not going to be helpful if there is no more tissue that can be

taken to improve the margin or if that additional tissue

would cause --- would inflict significant morbidity or

potentially even mortality on the patient. So if you can’t

get any more margin, there is no reason to assess the

margin. If you can get more tissue, then it makes sense to

assess the margin while the patient is still asleep and in the

operating room.

No es infrecuente que debamos evaluar los márgenes en el

momento de la cirugía para asegurarnos de extraer no sólo

todo el tumor macroscópico, sino también el microscópico.

Utilizamos la evaluación intraoperatoria de manera bastante

liberal, pero hay algunas restricciones que pueden

ayudarnos a decidir, ya que se trata de un proceso largo y

perjudicial. La evaluación intraoperatoria no será útil si no

hay más tejido que pueda extirparse para mejorar el

margen, o si su extracción causará una morbilidad

considerable o incluso la muerte del paciente. Si no se

puede aumentar el margen, no hay ninguna razón para

evaluarlo. Si se puede retirar más tejido, evaluamos el

margen mientras el paciente aún está anestesiado en la sala

de operaciones.

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Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of Surgery: Margin AssessmentRole of Surgery: Margin AssessmentRole of Surgery: Margin AssessmentRole of Surgery: Margin Assessment

• Immediate pathologic evaluation (frozen section)

may be required to insure that margin is free of tumor

• Can be difficult to evaluate in setting of pre-surgical

treatment (chemo, XRT)

• Scarring from previous surgery can also make frozen

section evaluation difficult

The immediate pathologic evaluation may be required to be

sure that the margin is free of tumor, and I think the most

frequent setting we use this in is breast cancer, because, if

we are doing a partial mastectomy, there is many times that

we can take more tissue to be sure that there is a true

microscopic negative margin. This can be difficult for the

pathologist, because, if patients have gotten preoperative

treatment either chemotherapy or radiation therapy, it can

be much more difficult for them to be able to evaluate

normal tissue from scar tissue from tumor tissue.

Additionally, if patients have had previous surgeries, scar

tissue can make frozen section more difficult to evaluate.

So, it’s not always easy for the pathologist to evaluate

margins while the patient is asleep. Again, it can be very

time consuming and also very expensive.

Puede requerirse una evaluación patológica inmediata para

garantizar que el margen esté libre de tumor y, en mi

opinión, su uso es más frecuente en el cáncer de mama.

En una mastectomía parcial, muchas veces podemos extraer

más tejido para asegurar un verdadero margen

microscópicamente negativo. Esto puede ser difícil para el

patólogo, dado que si la paciente recibió tratamiento

preoperatorio con quimioterapia o radioterapia, no es fácil

diferenciar el tejido normal del cicatricial o tumoral.

Además, si un paciente tuvo una cirugía anterior, el tejido

cicatricial puede dificultar la evaluación de una sección

congelada. No siempre es sencillo para el patólogo evaluar

los márgenes mientras el paciente está anestesiado, y,

reitero, este proceso puede ser muy largo y perjudicial.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of Surgery

• Principles (continued)

– Resection of associated lymph node basin often

required for staging, local control, and/or cure

– Intra-abdominal tumors require node resection

according to the vascular supply/drainage to

the organ

• Stomach

• Colon

• Pancreas

The other important role for surgery, which falls into

staging, is evaluation of the lymph node basins. That

frequently is required as I said for staging, but sometimes is

required for local control and in some cases even for cure of

the patient when removing lymph nodes will improve the

outcome. For intra-abdominal tumors like the stomach, the

colon, or the pancreas, the normal resection falls along

according to the vascular supply and drainage of that organ.

La otra función importante de la cirugía, dentro de la

estadificación, es evaluar las cuencas de los ganglios

linfáticos. Aunque suele requerirse para la estadificación, a

veces es necesaria para el control local, y otras para la

curación del paciente cuando los ganglios linfáticos se

extraen a fin de mejorar el resultado. Para los tumores

intraabdominales, como los de estómago, colon o páncreas,

la resección normal se realiza según el suministro vascular

y el drenaje del órgano.

6

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

For trunk or extremities, tumors in the trunk or extremities

like, for example, the breast, there is an orderly drainage

pattern, as you see here, from the area of the tumor to the

lymph node basin.

Para los tumores de las extremidades o el tronco, como los

de mama, hay un patrón de drenaje ordenado, como vemos

aquí, de la zona del tumor a la cuenca de los ganglios

linfáticos.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of SurgeryRole of Surgery

• Extremity and trunk tumors often require evaluation/removal of regional lymph nodes

– Breast

– Melanoma

• Some tumors do not metastasize via lymph nodes (therefore, they do not require nodal evaluation)

– Sarcoma

– Hepatocellular carcinoma

It is very frequent that these tumors will spread through the

regional lymph nodes like in breast and melanoma. But

there are some tumors that never --- very rarely metastasize

to the lymph nodes, such as sarcoma and hepatocellular

carcinoma and those tumors, because they rarely, so rarely

metastasize to the lymph nodes, do not require a lymph

node evaluation.

Es muy frecuente que los tumores de mama y el melanoma

se propaguen a través de los ganglios linfáticos regionales;

sin embargo, hay otros —como el sarcoma y el carcinoma

hepatocelular— que casi nunca hacen metástasis en los

ganglios linfáticos, por lo cual en estos casos no se requiere

evaluar estos últimos.

7

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node Evaluation

• Fine needle aspiration

• Core Biopsy

• Excisional biopsy

• Lymphatic mapping and sentinel

lymph node biopsy

• Lymph node dissection

How else can we evaluate lymph nodes if we know there

are abnormal lymph nodes preoperatively? You can do a

fine needle aspiration. You can do a core biopsy. You can

do an excisional biopsy of the lymph node. You can do

lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy, or you

can do a formal lymph node dissection, and we will talk

about each of these individually.

¿De qué otra manera podemos evaluarlos si antes de la

operación ya sabemos que algunos son anormales?

Es posible hacer una aspiración con aguja fina, una biopsia

con aguja gruesa o una biopsia por escisión de los ganglios

linfáticos; también un mapeo linfático y una biopsia del

ganglio centinela, o una disección formal de los ganglios

linfáticos. Veamos cada caso individualmente.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Fine needle aspiration

– Appropriate for evaluation of abnormal appearing

lymph nodes on P.E. and/or ultrasound

– Yields individual cells – can not evaluate structure

or invasion

– R/O metastatic disease

– Often not adequate amount of tissue for complete

pathologic evaluation in patients with hematologic

malignancies

– Not always enough tissue for complete histologic

diagnosis (i.e. subtyping of tumor)

Role of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node Evaluation

So, fine needle aspiration is appropriate for evaluating

abnormal appearing lymph nodes that are either present on

physical exam, ultrasound, or other imaging methods. The

problem with fine needle aspiration is it gives you only

individual cells. So it can’t tell you anything about the

structure of the organ or whether there is invasion or not. It

can help you to rule out metastatic disease. One other

problem is that often you do not have adequate amount of

tissue for a complete pathologic evaluation of patients that

have hematologic malignancies, so you may be able to get a

preliminary evaluation, but not enough information to be

able to do a definitive treatment plan. Again, it may not be

enough tissue, because you are only getting individual cells,

to get a complete histologic diagnosis.

La aspiración con aguja fina es apropiada para evaluar los

ganglios linfáticos de aspecto anormal detectados con un

examen físico, pruebas de ultrasonido o por imágenes.

La aspiración con aguja fina sólo extrae células

individuales; por eso, no informa la estructura del órgano o

si hay invasión, pero ayuda a descartar una enfermedad

metastásica. A menudo no se tiene una cantidad de tejido

adecuada para una evaluación patológica completa de

condiciones hematológicas malignas, pero es posible hacer

una evaluación preliminar, aunque sin información

suficiente para planificar un tratamiento definitivo. Tal vez

no haya suficiente tejido para un diagnóstico histológico

completo, ya que sólo se obtienen células individuales.

8

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Excisional biopsy

– Provides more tissue for pathologic evaluation

• Complete removal of gross tumor

– Helpful in cases difficult to diagnose by needle

biopsy

– Frequently required for full pathologic evaluation of

hematologic malignancies

Role of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node Evaluation

An excisional biopsy provides more tissue for pathologic

evaluation. An excisional biopsy is a complete removal of

the gross tumor. It is helpful in cases that are difficult to

diagnose by needle biopsy, and for many hematologic

malignancies, it is necessary to have the complete structure

of the lymph node, for example, to be able to get a full

pathologic evaluation.

La biopsia por escisión extrae más tejido para una

evaluación patológica. Consiste en la extirpación completa

de la masa de tumor, y es útil en casos difíciles de

diagnosticar por biopsia con aguja. En muchas condiciones

malignas hematológicas se necesita toda la estructura del

ganglio linfático para obtener una evaluación patológica

completa.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Lymphatic Mapping (LM) and Sentinel Lymph

Node (SLN) Biopsy

– Reproducible orderly drainage of lymphatics from

primary tumor

– First lymph node in regional chain = Sentinel lymph node

(SLN)

– SLN most likely to harbor metastatic cells

Role of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node Evaluation

Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy is a procedure

that now has been in practice for about 10 years. It is based

on the fact that there is a reproducible orderly drainage of

lymphatics in almost all cases from the primary tumor.

And the first lymph node in that regional chain is called the

sentinel lymph node. Because of this orderly drainage, the

sentinel lymph node is that tumor --- that lymph node that is

most likely to harbor metastatic tumor cells.

El mapeo linfático y la biopsia del ganglio centinela es un

procedimiento que se ha realizado durante unos 10 años y

se basa en el hecho de que, en casi todos los casos, hay un

drenaje ordenado y reproducible de los vasos linfáticos

desde el tumor primario. El primer ganglio linfático de esa

cadena regional se denomina “ganglio linfático centinela”.

Debido a este drenaje ordenado, el ganglio linfático

centinela es el que más probablemente aloja las células

tumorales metastásicas.

9

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Lymphatic Mapping (LM) and Sentinel Lymph

Node (SLN) Biopsy

– Originally described for carcinoma of the penis

– Now standard of care for melanoma and invasive

breast cancer

• Accurate staging tool

• If SLN does not contain tumor, then no need for further

nodal removal in those diseases

Role of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node Evaluation

It was originally described for patients with carcinoma of

the penis, but has really become the standard of care for

melanoma and invasive breast cancer. It is an extremely

accurate staging tool. If there is no tumor in the sentinel

lymph node then there is no need to do further nodal

removal in those diseases. On the other hand, if there is a

tumor in the sentinel lymph node, then it may be necessary

to perform further evaluation of the remainder of the lymph

node basin.

Esta técnica fue descrita inicialmente en pacientes con

carcinoma de pene, pero se ha convertido en el cuidado

estándar para el melanoma y el cáncer de mama invasivo.

Es una herramienta muy precisa para la estadificación.

Si no hay tumor en el ganglio linfático centinela, con esas

enfermedades no hay necesidad de extraer más ganglios.

Pero si hay tumor en el ganglio linfático centinela, quizás

sea necesaria una mayor evaluación del resto de la cuenca.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Lymph node dissection

– Provides local control for patients with metastases

in SLN

– Provides accurate staging for patients in whom SLN

biopsy is not feasible

– Significant increase in morbidity and post-operative

recovery compared to SLN biopsy

Role of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node EvaluationRole of Surgery: Lymph Node Evaluation

That evaluation will be done by a formal lymph node

dissection. And a lymph node dissection is removal of the

majority of a lymph node basin. There are several purposes

to a lymph node dissection. It provides local control for

patients with --- that have metastases that have been

documented in the sentinel lymph node. It gives more

accurate staging, so you know the number of lymph nodes

that are involved when --- or if a sentinel node biopsy does

not work. There are times about 10% of --- less than 10%

of the time that sentinel lymph node biopsy is not

successful, where you cannot find the sentinel lymph node.

So, you may need to do a lymph node dissection in order to

be able to get an accurate lymph node evaluation. The

difference between a sentinel lymph node biopsy and a

lymph node --- a formal lymph node dissection is that there

is a significant increase in the morbidity in post-op recovery

with a formal lymph node dissection. The recovery is

significantly longer and more morbid.

La evaluación se realiza con una disección formal de los

ganglios linfáticos, extirpando la mayor parte de una

cuenca. La disección de estos ganglios tiene varios

objetivos. Permite controlar localmente a pacientes con

metástasis documentada en el ganglio linfático centinela.

Ofrece una estadificación más exacta, ya que indica la

cantidad de ganglios linfáticos involucrados o si la biopsia

del ganglio centinela no es eficaz. En menos del 10% de los

casos, la biopsia del ganglio centinela no tiene éxito porque

no se lo puede localizar. Por lo tanto, para poder hacer una

evaluación precisa de los ganglios linfáticos, es posible que

se deba hacer su disección. La diferencia entre una biopsia

del ganglio centinela y una de ganglio linfático —una

disección formal del ganglio linfático— es que esta última

aumenta considerablemente la morbilidad en la

recuperación postoperatoria. La recuperación es bastante

más prolongada y más mórbida.

10

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant Treatment

• Both chemotherapy and radiotherapy can both be used in the neoadjuvant setting

• Initially, concern that surgical morbidity and mortality would be significantly increased

• The morbidity is increased in some diseases – more commonly after neoadjuvant radiotherapy – however, it is not prohibitive

Another area that we use surgery is after patients have

received neoadjuvant treatment. Both chemotherapy and

radiation therapy are often used in the neoadjuvant setting,

sometimes even together. Initially, there was concern that

the use of surgery after neoadjuvant treatment would

increase morbidity and mortality, and in some cases that is

true, especially after neoadjuvant radiation therapy.

However, most studies have shown that, for the diseases

that we use neoadjuvant radiation therapy, that risk --- that

increase in morbidity is not prohibitive.

Otro caso en el que utilizamos cirugía es cuando los

pacientes han recibido tratamiento neoadyuvante. Tanto la

quimioterapia como la radioterapia suelen utilizarse en este

tratamiento, incluso juntas. Inicialmente existía la

preocupación de que la cirugía después del tratamiento

neoadyuvante aumentaría la morbilidad y la mortalidad.

En algunos casos es cierto, sobre todo después de la

radioterapia neoadyuvante; sin embargo, la mayoría de los

estudios demuestran que, para las enfermedades con

radioterapia neoadyuvante, el riesgo de aumento de

morbilidad no es prohibitivo.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Tumor cytoreduction after neoadjuvant treatment may

convert patients from unresectable to resectable

• Neoadjuvant treatment can help reduce the extent

of surgery

– This can result in an increase in organ preservation

• Breast preservation rate in breast cancer

• Sphincter preservation rate in rectal cancer

Role of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant Treatment

The purpose of neoadjuvant treatment is to reduce the

tumor size and bulk. This tumor cytoreduction may allow

for some patients to go from being unresectable to

resectable. And we see that with chemoradiation for rectal

cancer; we see it for patients with metastatic colorectal

cancer to the liver, as two examples of diseases that, not

infrequently we see good responses to neoadjuvant

treatment and enough tumor cytoreduction to allow a

change in surgical strategy. It also can reduce the extent of

surgery, and this is a way that we increase organ

preservation. And again, very classically this has been

done in breast cancer. And it has allowed us to do breast

conservation in patients who have large tumors by giving

them pre-operative chemotherapy --- neoadjuvant

chemotherapy. We can reduce the size of tumors and allow

them to have partial mastectomies as opposed to total

mastectomies. Additionally, it has been very clearly shown

in a number of studies that we can increase the sphincter

preservation rate in rectal cancer with neoadjuvant

chemoradiation therapy, and that is solely because we

decrease the bulk of the tumor, which allows the surgery to

El propósito del tratamiento neoadyuvante es reducir el

tamaño y la masa del tumor. Esta citorreducción tumoral

puede permitir la resección en algunos pacientes en quienes

no era posible. Ocurre con la quimiorradioterapia de cáncer

rectal y también en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal

metastásico en el hígado, dos ejemplos de enfermedades

que en no pocas veces registramos buenas respuestas al

tratamiento neoadyuvante y una citorreducción del tumor

suficiente para cambiar la estrategia quirúrgica. También

puede reducir la extensión de la cirugía, y esto aumenta la

preservación de los órganos. Una aplicación clásica ha sido

el cáncer de mama, donde permite conservar la mama en

pacientes con tumores de gran tamaño, aplicando

quimioterapia preoperatoriamente —quimioterapia

neoadyuvante—. Al reducir el tamaño de los tumores

podemos utilizar una mastectomía parcial en lugar de total.

Una serie de estudios demostró claramente que la

quimiorradioterapia neoadyuvante aumenta la tasa de

preservación del esfínter en el cáncer rectal. Eso se debe

exclusivamente a que al disminuir la masa del tumor, la

cirugía es un poco más sencilla y se logra preservar mejor

11

be a little easier and more readily accomplished in terms of

being able to save the sphincters.

los esfínteres.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of Surgery: Tumor DebulkingRole of Surgery: Tumor DebulkingRole of Surgery: Tumor DebulkingRole of Surgery: Tumor Debulking

• Tumor debulking is rarely indicated

• Unlikely to alter patient outcome in solid tumor

malignancies

• Frequently associated with significant morbidity

and mortality

Well, since we can make tumors smaller, the question often

arises does it make sense to debulk tumors and take out part

of tumors. In general, it is felt that tumor debulking is not

indicated. It is unlikely to alter patient outcome in any solid

tumor malignancy. And it is frequently associated with

significant morbidity and mortality, because it is hard to

define tissue planes when you are cutting through tumor or

you are only taking out parts of tumor.

Si podemos reducir el tamaño de los tumores, ¿tiene sentido

citorreducirlos y luego extraerlos parcialmente? En general,

se considera que la citorreducción de un tumor no está

indicada. Es improbable que modifique los resultados de los

pacientes con tumores malignos sólidos. Además, suele

asociarse a morbilidad y mortalidad considerables, ya que

es difícil definir los planos tisulares cuando un tumor se

corta o sólo se extrae parcialmente.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Has been shown to be beneficial in conjunction with

intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with

pseudomyxoma peritonei

– Prolonged survival

– Decreased ascites

Role of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant Treatment

The only disease where it has been shown to be beneficial

to do tumor debulking is in patients with pseudomyxoma

peritonei. In those patients, neoadjuvant --- I’m sorry,

tumor debulking has been shown in combination with

intraperitoneal chemotherapy to both prolong survival and

decrease ascites.

La única enfermedad en que se ha comprobado que la

citorreducción del tumor es beneficiosa es el

pseudomixoma peritoneal. En estos pacientes, la

citorreducción, combinada con la quimioterapia

intraperitoneal, prolonga la supervivencia y disminuye la

ascitis.

12

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Benefit and role controversial in ovarian cancer

• No proven role/benefit in patients with sarcomatosis

• No proven role/benefit in patients with carcinomatosis

– Gastric cancer

– Colorectal cancer

– Pancreatic cancer

Role of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant TreatmentRole of Surgery: Neoadjuvant Treatment

There have been questions about the role for tumor

debulking in ovarian cancer and carcinomatosis. In ovarian

cancer, it is the other disease that has been really frequently

evaluated, the role and the benefit of debulking surgery and

intraperitoneal chemotherapy in ovarian cancer really

remains controversial at this time. In patients with

multifocal sarcomas throughout the abdominal cavity, so

called sarcomatosis, there really has been no proven role of

benefit in those patients to debulking tumors. In patients

with carcinomatosis, for example, from gastric cancer and

pancreatic cancer as well as colorectal cancer, again there

has been no good proven role or benefit for debulking those

patients and/or using intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Existen dudas sobre la función de la citorreducción tumoral

en el cáncer de ovario y la carcinomatosis. El cáncer de

ovario es la otra enfermedad en que se ha evaluado

frecuentemente, y la función y el beneficio de la cirugía

citorreductora y la quimioterapia intraperitoneal en este tipo

de cáncer siguen siendo muy controvertidos. En pacientes

con sarcomas multifocales en toda la cavidad abdominal,

una condición llamada sarcomatosis, la citorreducción

tumoral no ha demostrado ninguna función o beneficio.

En pacientes con carcinomatosis de cáncer gástrico, de

páncreas y colorrectal tampoco se ha demostrado ninguna

función o beneficio con la citorreducción o el uso de

quimioterapia intraperitoneal.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of Surgery: PalliationRole of Surgery: PalliationRole of Surgery: PalliationRole of Surgery: Palliation

• Surgical treatment should be reserved for the alleviation of symptoms

• Can not provide “palliation” if there are no symptoms

• Must weigh benefits of intervention vs. cost of invasive procedure

– Pain from procedure

– Possible hospitalization required

– Possible complications

Another important role for surgery is the palliation of

patients with cancer. We really feel pretty strongly that

surgical treatment should be reserved for the alleviation of

symptoms. Reducing the bulk of tumor does not improve

outcome or increase survival. So, the surgical dogma is you

can’t palliate something if there is nothing to palliate. So, if

the patient is asymptomatic, you cannot improve that. You

can only improve on somebody --- a patient’s symptoms.

So, if there are no symptoms, you can’t palliate them. It is

probably one of the most difficult decisions to make in

surgery, deciding whether the benefit of intervening

palliatively from a surgical standpoint outweighs the cost

and benefit of an invasive procedure. You have to take into

account, there’s pain that you introduce from a surgical

procedure. Most likely, they will require a hospitalization.

And the worse scenario is, if a patient develops a

complication when you are doing palliation and has the

ultimate worse outcome, even a death. So, though all of

those are very difficult things to measure and predict,

making it much more difficult --- making it a much more

difficult decision as to when to do palliative surgery.

Otro papel importante de la cirugía es el tratamiento

paliativo de pacientes con cáncer. Estamos convencidos de

que el tratamiento quirúrgico debe reservarse para aliviar

los síntomas. Reducir la masa del tumor no mejora el

resultado ni la supervivencia. El dogma quirúrgico es que

no se puede paliar algo si no hay nada que paliar. Si el

paciente está asintomático, su condición no se puede

mejorar. Sólo es posible mejorar los síntomas, y si no los

hay, no se pueden paliar. Esta probablemente sea una de las

decisiones más difíciles respecto a la cirugía: decidir si el

beneficio de intervenir paliativamente desde el punto de

vista quirúrgico excede los perjuicios de un procedimiento

invasivo. Hay que tener en cuenta el dolor que se inflige

con un procedimiento quirúrgico. Lo más probable es que el

paciente deba ser hospitalizado, y el peor escenario es que

el cuidado paliativo derive en una complicación con un

resultado más desfavorable, incluso la muerte. Todo esto es

difícil de medir y predecir, y la decisión se complica aún

más al determinar cuándo hacer una cirugía paliativa.

13

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Should alleviate symptoms using least invasive

method available

– Endoscopy > Laparoscopy > Laparotomy

• Stent may be better than colostomy

• Nerve block may be better than resection

• Percutaneous gastrostomy tube may be better than

surgically placed tube

• “Best” intervention may be no intervention

Role of Surgery: PalliationRole of Surgery: PalliationRole of Surgery: PalliationRole of Surgery: Palliation

Again, alleviating symptoms is the main role for palliation,

and we feel strongly that we should use the least invasive

methods possible to be able to alleviate those symptoms.

So, for example, if you can do something endoscopically, it

is better than doing something even laparoscopically, which

is better than doing something with open surgery. The least

surgery the better. So, for example, if a patient has an

obstructing colon cancer, a stent placed endoscopically may

relieve the obstruction and avoid a laparotomy or

laparostomy or avoid a colostomy. Most patients would

prefer not to have a colostomy bag even if they know it’s

terminal --- you know, part of their terminal event. It is

very a difficult thing to convince a patient that a colostomy

bag would be in their benefit. If patients are having pain,

sometimes things like nerve blocks or regional anesthesia

can be used for local control as opposed to resecting the

tumor. Again, if you are not going to change the survival,

putting a patient through a large operation that could have a

large morbidity due to blood loss, functional debility, etc.,

would not be as big a benefit as if you could control the

pain with either pain medication, nerve block, regional

anesthesia, or some other less invasive procedure.

Frequently, we are asked to help patients who have

blockages of their intestinal tracts by placing gastrotomy

tubes or feeding jejunostomy tubes. If those tubes can be

placed percutaneously, either by endoscopic techniques or

interventional radiology --- radiologic techniques, that’s

better than having the patient have to have an open

laparotomy, which again requires more anesthetic time,

possibly a hospitalization and the risk of more --- higher

risk of complications. We have to understand that

sometimes the best intervention may be no intervention. It

may be that doing nothing may be the best thing in the

palliative setting.

La función principal de la paliación es aliviar los síntomas,

y estamos convencidos de que debemos utilizar los métodos

menos invasivos posibles. Si una intervención puede

hacerse por endoscopia, es mejor que por laparoscopia, que

a su vez es mejor que la cirugía abierta. Cuanta menos

cirugía, tanto mejor. Si un paciente tiene cáncer de colon

obstructivo, colocar un stent endoscópicamente puede

aliviar la obstrucción y evitar una laparotomía o

laparostomía, o una colostomía. La mayoría de los

pacientes prefieren no tener una bolsa de colostomía,

aunque sepan que se trata de una condición terminal.

Es muy difícil convencerlos de que una bolsa de colostomía

los beneficia. Si sienten dolor, a veces es posible utilizar un

bloqueo nervioso o anestesia regional para obtener control

local en lugar de resecar el tumor. Si no se va a modificar la

supervivencia, someter a un paciente a una operación

importante que podría tener una gran morbilidad por

pérdida de sangre, debilidad funcional, etc., no ofrecería un

beneficio tan grande como poder controlar el dolor con

analgésicos, bloqueo nervioso, anestesia regional u otro

procedimiento menos invasivo. Con frecuencia se nos pide

que ayudemos a los pacientes con obstrucción de tracto

intestinal colocándoles tubos de gastrotomía o tubos de

alimentación de yeyunostomía. Si esos tubos pueden

colocarse por vía percutánea, ya sea mediante técnicas

endoscópicas o radiológicas intervencionistas, son una

mejor opción que someter al paciente a una laparotomía

abierta, la cual requiere más tiempo de anestesia y

posiblemente hospitalización, y que además presenta un

mayor riesgo de complicaciones. Debemos comprender

que, a veces, la mejor intervención puede ser la no

intervención, y que tal vez no hacer nada sea lo mejor en el

contexto paliativo.

14

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of Surgery: MetastatectomyRole of Surgery: MetastatectomyRole of Surgery: MetastatectomyRole of Surgery: Metastatectomy

• Traditionally, surgery is not the first line treatment

modality for metastatic disease

• Non-operative treatment modalities should be

considered before surgical intervention

• Multiple sites of metastatic disease only treated with

surgery to palliate symptoms

– Bowel obstruction

– Symptomatic brain metastasis

Another frequent expanded role for surgery has been the

role for surgery in patients with metastatic disease. And

traditionally surgery was not felt to be indicated and

certainly was not the first line of treatment for patients with

metastatic disease, because it was felt that surgery alone,

once the tumor has spread from its primary site, was not

going to be curative. So why put a patient through a large,

potentially painful, difficult recovery if you are not going to

be curing the patient? And it was always felt that non-

operative treatment modalities should be considered before

doing an operative intervention. When patients have

multiple sites of disease, we really think that it is extremely

rare that surgery could be of benefit in those patients. So,

surgery should be limited to again palliation, as we already

discussed. So, for example, if somebody has a bowel

obstruction, relieving that bowel obstruction, surgery may

be the only way to do that. Patients with symptomatic brain

metastasis, again surgery might be the only, or the best

potential mechanism for treating those symptoms.

Otra función frecuente y ampliada de la cirugía es en

pacientes con enfermedad metastásica. Tradicionalmente, la

cirugía no se consideraba indicada y, por cierto, no era la

primera línea de tratamiento para la enfermedad

metastásica, ya que una vez que el tumor se hubiera

diseminado desde su sitio principal, la cirugía sola no sería

curativa. Entonces, ¿por qué someter a un paciente a una

recuperación prolongada, posiblemente dolorosa y difícil si

no lograremos curarlo? Siempre se pensó que antes de una

intervención quirúrgica era preciso considerar modalidades

de tratamiento no quirúrgicas. Cuando los pacientes tienen

enfermedad en múltiples sitios, es muy inusual que la

cirugía resulte beneficiosa. La cirugía debe limitarse a la

paliación. Si una persona tiene obstrucción intestinal, tal

vez la cirugía sea la única manera de aliviarla, y en

pacientes con metástasis cerebrales sintomáticas, podría ser

el mejor mecanismo posible —o el único— para tratar los

síntomas.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Isolated metastatic disease may be resected

for potential cure

• Observed period of stability or response while

on systemic treatment, often can help predict benefit

to resection

– Lung metastasis from sarcoma

– Liver metastasis from colorectal cancer

– Brain metastasis from melanoma

Role of Surgery: MetastatectomyRole of Surgery: MetastatectomyRole of Surgery: MetastatectomyRole of Surgery: Metastatectomy

On the other hand, when the patients have isolated

metastatic disease, it is possible that a subset of those

patients can be cured by resecting the metastatic disease.

So, how do we know who to resect and who not to resect

when there is metastatic disease? There is no good

scientific data to say who should be resected and who

should not be resected. We think that, if there is a period of

stability or response while the patient is on systemic

treatment, that might help predict who is going to benefit

from resection. So, again with metastatic disease the best

primary treatment is systemic treatment, chemotherapy or

biologic therapy. If we see a response or the stabilization of

tumor in those cases, then it may be that those patients have

a favorable biology and will benefit by taking out the tumor

then. So, some examples of situations where we use

selective surgery for isolated metastatic disease are in

patients with sarcoma who we see respond to

chemotherapy. We might do resection of their lung

Por el contrario, en la enfermedad metastásica aislada, es

posible que un subconjunto de pacientes pueda curarse

mediante la resección de las metástasis. ¿Cómo decidir

cuándo realizarla? No tenemos datos científicos válidos

para decirlo. Si hay un período de estabilidad o respuesta

mientras el paciente recibe tratamiento sistémico, ese factor

podría predecir quiénes se verán beneficiados con la

resección. En la enfermedad metastásica, el mejor

tratamiento primario es el sistémico, la quimioterapia o la

terapia biológica. Si en estos casos observamos una

respuesta o la estabilización del tumor, es posible que los

pacientes tengan una biología favorable y se vean

beneficiados con la extracción del tumor. Un ejemplo de

situaciones en las que empleamos cirugía selectiva para

enfermedad metastásica aislada son los pacientes con

sarcoma que responden a la quimioterapia. Podríamos hacer

una resección de las metástasis de pulmón. Uno de los

casos más comunes es el de pacientes con cáncer

15

metastasis. One of the most common things that we see is

patients with colorectal cancer and liver metastasis. We

used to say that the limit for a liver resection was for

metastasis, and now we have kind of expanded that limit to

we don’t know what the upper limit should be. We think

that, if patients are responding and their tumors are

respectable, that they potentially could benefit from

resection. There have been several studies to show that

there is even a survival benefit in those --- that group of

patients. So, if you see a response, or even a stabilization,

because stabilization is a response, tumors don’t necessarily

just have to shrink. If the tumor stops growing that means

it has responded to the treatment. So, if there is some sign

of response to systemic treatment, resecting those tumors

may be reasonable. And, again, in patients with brain

metastasis for melanoma, another disease where we may be

able to show benefit in both survival and outcome in those

patients [is] by resecting that disease.

colorrectal y metástasis hepática. Solíamos decir que el

límite para una resección de hígado era la metástasis, pero

ahora lo hemos ampliado y ya no sabemos cuál es el límite

superior. Si un paciente está respondiendo y sus tumores

son importantes, posiblemente se vea beneficiado con la

resección. Varios estudios incluso demuestran un beneficio

de supervivencia en ese grupo de pacientes. Si se

comprueba una respuesta, o aun una estabilización —que

en sí misma es una respuesta—, los tumores no

necesariamente tienen que reducirse. Si el tumor deja de

crecer, ha respondido al tratamiento. Si hay una señal de

respuesta al tratamiento sistémico, resecarlo puede ser una

medida razonable. Los pacientes con metástasis cerebrales

de melanoma son otro caso en que la resección de la

enfermedad ha demostrado beneficios en lo que se refiere

tanto a la supervivencia como al resultado.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

Role of Surgery: ComplicationsRole of Surgery: ComplicationsRole of Surgery: ComplicationsRole of Surgery: Complications

• Acute

– Defined as occurring within 30 days of surgery

– May be anesthesia/surgery related

• Pneumonia

• UTI

• Venous thrombosis

– May be direct consequence of surgical procedure

• Abscess

• Fistula

• Hemorrhage

One issue that I have alluded to several times is that surgery

comes with potential downsides, and you can’t do surgery

without the potential of having complications. We really

define surgery --- surgical complications into acute and

chronic. Acute surgical complications are defined as those

that occur within 30 days of the operation. They could be

related to the anesthesia and the surgery, such as

pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or venous thrombosis

are some of the more common complications that we see in

the early postoperative period. They may be related to

surgery itself, like an abscess, a fistula, or bleeding. All of

these are problematic, delay recovery, and even more

significantly can potentially delay systemic or adjuvant

systemic treatment or radiation treatment.

Varias veces he mencionado que la cirugía tiene posibles

inconvenientes y que no se puede realizar sin la posibilidad

de complicaciones, que pueden ser agudas o crónicas. Las

complicaciones quirúrgicas agudas son las que ocurren

dentro de los 30 días de la operación. Pueden relacionarse

con la anestesia y la cirugía, como neumonía, infecciones

del tracto urinario o trombosis venosa, que son algunas de

las más comunes en el período postoperatorio inicial.

También pueden relacionarse con la cirugía en sí, como

abscesos, fístulas o sangrado. Todas estas condiciones son

problemáticas, retrasan la recuperación y, lo que es más

importante, pueden posponer el tratamiento sistémico o

sistémico adyuvante, o la radioterapia.

16

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

• Chronic

– Defined as occurring/continuing more than 30 days

after surgery

– Examples include

• Lymphedema

• Pain syndromes

• Urinary/bowel incontinence

Role of Surgery: ComplicationsRole of Surgery: ComplicationsRole of Surgery: ComplicationsRole of Surgery: Complications

Chronic complications are defined as those that occur or

continue for more than 30 days after surgery, and some of

the more common things we see are, for example,

lymphedema after a lymph node dissection in the extremity.

Not uncommonly we can see patients with pain syndromes

when there is neurologic involvement of a tumor that has

been resected. And then bowel and bladder dysfunction can

happen after pelvic surgery, not uncommonly. There is not

--- very frequently a change in bladder and bowel habits

after both bladder or rectal surgery, and those can be for the

patient’s entire lifetime, a different change in their bowel

patterns or urinary patterns.

Las complicaciones crónicas son aquellas que ocurren o

continúan por más de 30 días después de la cirugía, y

algunas de las más comunes son el linfedema en la

extremidad en que se realiza una disección de ganglios

linfáticos. No son infrecuentes los síndromes de dolor

cuando se ha realizado la resección de un tumor y el

aspecto neurológico se ha visto afectado. Tampoco es

infrecuente que la cirugía pélvica produzca una disfunción

de los intestinos y la vejiga. Después de la cirugía intestinal

o rectal, a menudo hay un cambio en los hábitos urinarios o

intestinales, que pueden durar toda la vida y alterar los

patrones intestinales o urinarios.

Treatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: SurgeryTreatment Modalities: Surgery

ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

• Surgery plays an important role in the diagnosis,

staging and treatment of cancer

• In addition to rendering a patient disease free,

surgery may be beneficial in providing palliation for

select patients

• Surgery can result in both acute and chronic

complications

So, in summary, surgery plays an important role in both the

diagnosis, the staging, and the treatment of cancer, more so

in solid tumors but also an important role in hematologic

malignancies as well. In addition to rendering a patient

disease free from their tumor, surgery may be beneficial in

providing effective palliation for selected patients. Surgery

can result in both acute and chronic complications. I would

like to thank you for your time, and please do not hesitate to

contact us if there should be any questions regarding this

lecture. Thank you very much.

En resumen, la cirugía tiene una importante función en el

diagnóstico, la estadificación y el tratamiento del cáncer,

más aún en los tumores sólidos, y también en gran medida

en las condiciones hematológicas malignas. Además de

librar al paciente de su tumor, puede ser beneficiosa como

paliativo eficaz en ciertos pacientes, aunque puede dar lugar

a complicaciones, tanto agudas como crónicas.

Le agradezco que me haya dedicado su tiempo. Si tiene

alguna pregunta sobre esta disertación, no dude en

comunicarse con nosotros. Gracias otra vez.