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WATER TREATMENT WITH
A SAFE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY DISINFECTANT FOR WATER TREATMENT AND THE
REMOVAL OF BIOFILM
MANUAL FOR USE IN THE POULTRY INDUSTRY
May 2014
A NEW GENERATION OF DISINFECTANTS
CONTENTS
Page No.
3 Introduction
4 What is Morgan OXYL-PRO
4 Importance of clean drinking water
5 Water treatment and biofilm removal
7 Morgan OXYL-PRO vs chlorination
7 Comparisons with other disinfectants
9 Treatment with Morgan OXYL-PRO
10 Benefits of constant dosing of Morgan OXYL-PRO
12 Test results
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Morgan OXYL-PRO The environmentally safe disinfectant for water treatment
In intensive chicken breeding and processing, sound hygiene can minimise disease problems and maximise production as well as extending the quality and shelf life of the end product.
In chicken breeding a good standard of hygiene depends largely upon the design of the shed, management, routine cleaning and disinfection, and good housekeeping. This is vital from the moment the egg is laid until the chicken leaves to be processed.
Good hygiene is important for efficient chicken production. With intensification of the chicken industry, large numbers of chickens are kept together in close contact with each other and sound hygiene is an absolute necessity.
There are many diseases which can affect the health of chickens. Some are caused by micro- organisms that are normal inhabitants of the chicken gut and so are also present in manure. In unhygienic sheds these organisms can infect chicken via dung or airborne dust particles. However organisms from outside are the biggest threat. Think of bird flu as the latest example.
Drinking water is often neglected and underestimated as a source of serious and continual infection. Unhygienic conditions reduce the chicken’s resistance to infection allowing disease problems to flourish.
Due to the large number of bacterial problems within the chicken breeding industry, Morgan OXYL-PRO® was tested at a number of commercial broiler houses in the United Kingdom following some very successful trials made in chicken sheds. The results obtained using Morgan OXYL-PRO® in all broiler houses involved was far beyond expectation and the use of the product has significantly resolved hygiene and disease problems.
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WHAT IS Morgan OXYL-PRO?
Morgan OXYL-PRO is a powerful, environmentally friendly all purpose and broad spectrum disinfectant. It works effectively as a surface, air and water disinfectant.
Morgan OXYL-PRO’s unique formula is based on hydrogen peroxide in a unique activating stabiliser. The hydrogen peroxide and stabiliser are combined in the one solution by a patented process - the result of which is a very stable powerful broad spectrum disinfectant that is completely safe to the environment and leaves no unpleasant tastes or odours. Morgan OXYL-PRO has proven bactericidal, algicidal, fungicidal, sporicidal and virucidal efficacy.
Advantages of Morgan OXYL-PRO
• Long term effectiveness• Morgan OXYL-PRO destroys all BACTERIA, VIRUSES, ALGAE, FUNGI, AMOEBA, SPORES.• Highly effective even in low concentrations.• Capable of destroying biofilms and eliminating “microbial hideout”.• Quickly kills bacteria, including legionella. (European Standards pr EN13623 2010)• Has no build-up of resistance in the microbial population.• Fully effective through a pH range of 2 – 9 and temperatures up to 90˚C.• Has no odour, taint or taste at the recommended rates of use.• Biodegradable.• Non-toxic.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CLEAN DRINKING WATER
Drinking water deserves a lot more attention than it is currently getting in intensive animal production. Although there will always be room for improvement, the “standard” production parameters are generally being well managed in today’s modern poultry production - genetics, feeding, management, general hygiene and husbandry.
However as stated, all too often not enough attention is paid to the water supply and distribution system despite the fact that, under normal climatic conditions, chickens drink about twice as much as they eat (Table 1).
Good water helps the digestion process, the transport of the nutrients in the body, the regulation of the body temperature and the elimination of waste. Therefore, water plays a vital role in the health status and the production results of the birds. Yet generally the water and the water distribution system are often taken for granted opening a huge and potentially serious source of bacterial infection, which will affect the general performance of the birds. It is therefore vitally important to add WATER MANAGEMENT to the daily tasks from day one until the last day of production.
However, problems with the quality of the drinking water not only pose a risk to the health of the animals; they also exert a detrimental influence on the effect of medicines, vitamins and vaccinesadministered in the drinking water – as a result of which the effectiveness of these supplements can be reduced by more than 20 per cent.
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Moreover the use of medicines or nutritional supplements will also contribute to blockages of the water distribution system caused by the build up of a biofilm. As a result birds can no longer drink sufficiently and it can cause leaks in the drinking water system.
All these problems can be avoided with appropriate cleaning and disinfection. Morgan OXYL-PRO constitutes the ideal cleaning product and disinfectant for this purpose. Morgan OXYL-PRO offers a simple means of cleaning your entire drinking water system and keeping it bacteria free, both during and after the production period.
Contaminated drinking water can:
• result in changes in the flavour and odour of the water.• reduce the uptake of water.• result in interactions between the contamination and the additives.• reduce the effect of medicines or additives administered in the water.• can result in the formation of toxins.• increase susceptibility to disease.• result in a great deal of unnecessary damage.
WATER TREATMENT & BIOFILM REMOVAL
What is biofilm?
Biofilm are bacterial communities that can appear almost anywhere, fouling machinery, clogging pipes and contributing to many forms of animal and human disease.
Researchers have found that biofilm plays an important role in many medical conditions. Experts at the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, USA now believe that biofilm is involved in 65% of all human bacterial infections. The nutritional requirements for these types of bacteria include a carbon source or energy, a nitrogen source, oxygen, and calcium ions - conditions found in most potable water. Ideal conditions are a slightly alkaline pH, aerobic conditions without sunlight and a temperature range of between 20-30°C. Of course, the high temperatures in broiler houses accommodation will certainly encourage biofilm formation.
Biofilm under microscope
At the earliest stages, a biofilm is little more than a layer of cells attached to a surface, but as the bacteria grow and divide, something wondrously conspiratorial happens. When enough of them - a quorum - have gathered, they send signals around, telling each other to reorganize. They begin to arrange themselves into an array of pillars and mushroom shaped structures, all connected by convoluted channels that deliver food and remove waste. They become in effect a community, with its own defence and communication systems. As the biofilm matures, the bacteria become as much as 1,000 times more resistant to antibiotics and biocides than they were when they were separate. So once a biofilm
takes hold, getting rid of it is very tough, though not impossible. Eventually, left to themselves, biofilm formation will block drinkers, decreasing production and disrupting the distribution of additives.
Biofilm under microscope
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Bacteria can penetrate systems in several ways. Once inside the system these bacteria are not easily dislodged. The bacteria then gravitate towards the surfaces of the water tanks and pipes, where nutrient levels of adsorbed organic molecules are at their richest. Owing to their small size, the bacteria could very easily be swept away in the water flowing through the system. To prevent this happening, they secrete polysaccharide glue like substance that fixes them to the surfaces and enables them to pick out nutrients carried along in the water. This polysaccharide matrix is what makes up a biofilm, surrounding each bacterium in layers of slime and creating a miniature “static pond” for it, safe from disruptive water currents.
The biofilm also acts as a barrier to biocides like chlorine, which react with its surface layers while letting the protected bacteria population grow unchecked until they break out of the biofilm to cause disease and infection, such as an outbreak of Legionnaires disease. Fortunately, there is an answer to the problem created by biofilm and biofilm infection. That answer is Morgan OXYL-PRO.
Morgan OXYL-PRO will penetrate the biofilm and oxidise it, thereby destroying the habitat of the micro- organisms and releasing them into the water where they can even more effectively be destroyed by Morgan OXYL-PRO. Re-infestation of the system will be impossible as long as:
• Regular - high dose - cleaning of the drink water distribution system using Morgan OXYL-PRO is carried out
or
• Residual amounts of Morgan OXYL-PRO are continually being dosed into the water
AttachmentMicro-organism
+ Residue
ColonisationSlime building
Growthblockage
FIRST STAGE SECOND STAGE THIRD STAGE
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Cross section of a water pipe showing the different stages of development of a biofilm culminating in the blockage/reduced flow of water within the water distribution system.
MORGAN OXYL-PRO vs CHLORINATION
Traditionally, it has been believed that dosing water with a conventional biocide such as chlorine will keep it free of harmful and possibly life threatening bacteria and viruses. Unfortunately, this is simply not true! Chlorine has proved to have a capacity for disinfecting, but it does not have the capacity to clean the drinking system. Products based on chlorine will only eliminate free swimming bacteria in the water system, but do not remove or dissolve organic pollution from the drinking system. This means that drinking systems treated with chlorine will still contain organic pollution, which continues to protect bacteria against the activity of chlorine. The other downside of chlorine is that chickens do not like the taste and smell and will therefore drink as little as possible. This is not the ideal situation.
Morgan OXYL-PRO is a far better alternative, which improves drinking water quality, raising production performance, reduces mortality and leaves no residue in the meat.
Morgan OXYL-PRO has been tested and has proved to have a very strong cleaning and disinfection capacity.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MORGAN OXYL-PRO® AND OTHER DISINFECTANTS
MORGAN OXYL-PRO
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
PERACITIC ACID CHLORINE CHLORINE
DIOXIDE QUATS
pH Stability Good Fair Poor Fair Fair Good
Stability after dilution
Long Short Fair Short Short Short
Temperature- sensitivity
Almost none High High Very high Fair Fair
Effect on biofilm Excellent Fair Excellent Poor Excellent Poor
Concentration Low High Low High Low High
Feasibility of fully automatic measuring
Excellent Excellent Not possible Excellent Excellent / expensive
Not possible
Corrosiveness Low Fair Very high Very high Moderate Low
Carcinogenicity No No Yes, residual products
Yes, residual products
Yes, residual products
No
Influence on flavour
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Influence on odour
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Skin tolerance Good Good Poor Poor Poor Good
Protein breakdown
Good Fair Fair Poor Fair Poor
Germicidal ef-fect
Excellent Poor Excellent Good Excellent Fair
Biodegradability Good Good Good Poor Reasonable Reasonable
Other: No longer allowed in EEC
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TREATMENT
One of two methods of treatment can be used when using Morgan OXYL-PRO for the cleaning and disinfection of a water distribution system:
1. Shock treatment, using a high dosage. This can only be carried out when the water distribution system is not in use
2. Continual treatment using low dosage. This is the preferred method. It is advisable to use method 1 prior to starting method 2. However, if this is not possible a start up method is also described hereunder.
Shock treatment:
NOTE: when using this method a good functioning air release system must be used (i.e. leave one tap (preferably at the highest point) slightly open.
Method 1:
1. Close the water input of the water tank. If a water tank is not used, install dosing pump and dose 2% and proceed as per 4.
2. Determine the water content of the whole drinking system.3. Add 2% Morgan OXYL-PRO and mix properly with reservoir water.4. Open the furthest tap point and allow the system to fill the entire system.5. Once the water has reached the furthest tap point and has been allowed to run through for 1
minute (use Morgan OXYL-PRO test strips to measure Morgan OXYL-PRO presence), close tap and open all intermediate tap points until the solution has also properly reached these points.
6. Leave the solution standing in the system for a minimum of 3 hours and a maximum of 10 hours.
7. Flush the entire system with clean water.8. If proceeding to CONTINUAL TREATMENT, add between 20 to 50 ml/1000 litres of water to
the water used. It is recommended to use a dosing system with Morgan OXYL-PRO.
Continual treatment:
NOTE: If you have not carried out a shock treatment, you must remember to check all water outlets several times per day to ensure that they have not become blocked due to organic matter (biofilm) being released from inside the water distribution system.
Start up method:
1. Add 50 ml of Morgan OXYL-PRO per 1000 litres of water into the reservoir. If doing this manually you must remember to add product regularly to maintain the hereunder described dosage. If using a dosing pump, set pump at 50 ml/m3 water.
2. Fill the drinking system by opening the furthest tap point. Once this has been done ensure that the solution reaches all intermediate tap points.
3. Once the system is clean, normal dosing of between 20 – 50 ml/1000 litres must be maintained. Use Morgan OXYL-PRO test strips to regularly measure Morgan OXYL-PRO levels. This should be between 5-10 ppm.
NOTE: It may be advisable to temporarily suspend the treatment of Morgan OXYL-PRO when dosing medicines or vitamins into the system.
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Important:
Occasionally drinking systems can have moulds in them. If these are present you need to be very cautious when the initial treatment is carried out when the animals are present. These moulds may release toxins which can be very harmful to the animals. It is therefore necessary to destroy all these moulds as soon as possible and to remove all organic matter from the system as soon as possible.
In order to prevent the risk of toxins the following method must be used (apply only when shed is empty of birds):
1. Prior to dosing Morgan OXYL-PRO into the system, you must first dose 3% Morgan OXYL-PRO into the drinking water for 24 hours.
2. Thereafter proceed with the method as described above.
BENEFITS OF CONSTANT DOSING MORGAN OXYL-PRO
• Improves water borne vaccination and vitamin programmes.• Ensures clean drinking water systems with no drinker blockage.• Does not taint the water therefore the animals drink more.• Creates a biofilm-free sterile water system and ensures recolonisation cannot take place.• Ensures water delivered to animal drinking point is sterile and contains no harmful by
products.• Water is now a clean and dependable input – water is eliminated as a potential food chain
contaminant• Water can be relied on as a carrier for introducing performance enhancing products.• There is generally no need to replace existing water systems
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Table 1: Growth rate, water and nutrient uptake
PER DAY CUMULATIVE
DAY GROWTH NUTRIENTS WATER WEIGHT WATER NUTRIENTS0 40
1 9 12 21 49 12 212 13 14 25 62 26 463 15 16 29 77 42 754 17 19 34 94 61 945 18 22 39 122 83 1336 19 25 44 141 108 1777 21 28 50 162 136 2278 23 32 56 185 168 2839 26 35 62 211 203 34510 29 39 68 240 242 41311 32 42 74 272 284 48712 36 46 81 308 330 568
13 38 50 88 344 380 65614 41 54 95 385 434 75115 44 58 101 429 492 85216 45 62 108 474 554 96017 47 66 115 521 620 107518 51 70 122 572 690 119719 51 74 128 623 764 132520 55 78 135 678 842 146021 55 82 142 733 924 160222 57 86 149 790 1006 175123 57 90 155 847 1096 190624 57 94 162 904 1190 206825 60 98 168 964 1288 223626 61 102 175 1025 1390 241127 61 106 181 1086 1496 259228 61 110 188 1147 1606 278029 61 114 194 1208 1720 297430 62 118 201 1270 1838 317531 62 122 207 1332 1960 338232 63 126 214 1395 2086 359633 64 130 220 1459 2216 381634 64 134 227 1523 2350 404335 67 138 233 1590 2488 427636 67 142 239 1657 2630 451537 70 146 246 1727 2776 476138 72 150 252 1799 2926 501339 72 154 258 1871 3080 527140 74 158 264 1945 3238 553541 74 162 271 2019 3400 580642 74 166 277 2093 3566 608343 74 170 282 2167 3736 636544 75 174 287 2242 3910 665245 75 178 293 2317 4088 694546 75 182 298 2392 4270 724347 75 184 301 2467 4454 754448 75 187 307 2542 4641 785149 79 190 312 2621 4831 8163
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Trial of OXYL-PRO on Hatchery
In 1999, the ******** Hatchery in the UK had a problem with a new Salmonella strain that could not be removed using the MAFF approved biocides used on site at that time. OXYL-PRO was dosed into the humidifier water and was also used as a surface disinfectant in the affected hatching rooms. The Salmonella strain was eradicated within weeks of starting the treatment.
In August and September of 2000 the hatchery experienced a problem with high bacterial counts, which ultimately led to increased chick mortality. The hatchery manager requested official approval to use OXYL-PRO in an attempt to reduce swab counts. Treatment of the humidifier water and its use as a surface disinfectant commenced on 25th September.
This report notes the results obtained:
It should be noted at this point that while OXYL-PRO is now widely used throughout the world and has many international approvals it does not as yet have MAFF Approval.
Following the trial the ******** Hatchery recommended that the Hatchery should remain within the on-going MAFF product treatment scheme as supplied by Antec but would use OXYL-PRO as a disinfectant for one week in each month to ensure low swab results.OXYL-PRO is still dosed into the humidification water.
The test results reported are averages for the particular room where the swab tests were taken. Full test results (sometimes 12 tests are taken in one area and are available on request)
Discussion of Test Results and Observations
Disinfection Results
The swab test results showed a dramatic improvement within a few days of replacing the Antec Ltd Disinfectant with OXYL-PRO. The product was applied at a concentration of 1% through the spray system used to disinfect the Hatchery walls and floors. While this concentration was identical to the concentration of the Antec product we believed that the OXYL-PRO concentration was too high. The ********* Hatchery insisted on using 1%, as they were keen to ensure that the problem was eradicated.The results shown in Table 1 indicate that the change was successful within hours of starting. Results taken after 2 days showed a dramatic decrease in swab count analytical results. There was a further improvement in the test results taken one week later.
The *********** Hatchery observed the following benefits from using OXYL-PRO.
• Low microbiological counts and the complete absence of Salmonella• Chick mortality fell to normal levels within one week of dosing Stabilised Hydrogen peroxide.• The hatchery moved from being a “Risk Infection Area” to being accorded normal status. Name withheld at request of client
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Water Treatment Results
OXYL-PRO was added at 1000 ppm to the water used for humidifying the hatching rooms. Initially the bacterial count of the water increased to around 104 and stayed at this level for 1 week. During this week nozzles in the Hatch rooms had to be unblocked on an almost continuous basis. This indicates the development of a serious biofilm within the humidification water system. The system was clear after 2 weeks and OXYL-PRO dosing was reduced to 100 ppm.
It is worth noting that the ******** Hatchery now doses OXYL-PRO into the water at another of their hatcheries.
Conclusion
OXYL-PRO is a no gap disinfectant, which will effectively ensure industrial sterility in any application to which it is applied. It is equally effective as a water treatment biocide as it is as a surface disinfectant. The ******** Hatchery hope to extend the testing of this product to other areas of their operation.
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Table 1 Results of Tests
Date Location TVC /sq cm Mould /16 sq cm Comments13/09/00 Egg Holding Room 4,000 <10 No salmonella
27/09/00 “ <10 <10
11/10/00 “ <10 <10
13/09/00 Hatch Room 2000 5 Mucor sp identified.
27/09/00 150 <10 No Salmonella
11/10/00 <10 <10
13/09/00 Chick Holding Room <10 <10 No moulds or Salmonella
27/09/00 <10 <10
11/10/00 <10 <10
13/09/00 Central Area – Clear Egg Room
800 2 Penicillium in this sample
27/09/00 <10 <10 No mould or Salmonella
11/10/00 <10 <10
13/09/00 Washroom Side 1 5000 5 Penicillium
27/09/00 50 <10
11/10/00 <10 <10
13/09/00 Chick handling Room
1000 <10 Aspergillussp
27/09/00 40 <10 No moulds or Salmonella detected
11/10/00 <10 <10
13/09/00 Hatch room 2 <10 <10
27/09/00 <10 <10
11/10/00 <10 <10
13/09/00 Setting Room2 <10 <10
27/09/00 <10 <10
11/10/00 <10 <10
13/09/00 Egg Holding Room 400 5 Aspergillus & Scopulariopsis
27/09/00 <10 <10 No moulds or Salmonella detected
11/10/00 <10
13/09/00 Hatchery Vehicle <10 <10
27/09/00 <10 <10
11/10/00 <10 <10
Note Target counts TVC < 50per sq cm, Moulds Absent, Salmonella absent
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SUMMARY OF TRIALS OF OXYL-PRO IN BROILER HOUSE DRINKING WATER
DESCRIPTION
OXYL-PRO has been comprehensively tested as a Broiler house drinking water treatment by one of the foremost poultry groups in the United Kingdom.The trial comprised the treatment of the water supply to four sheds on two broiler houses (each with a 200,000 bird capacity) and was compared with the other 4 sheds where the water remained untreated.
RESULTS
The trial was conducted over a 5 crop cycle in each broiler house demonstrating the following:
• Pullet mortality reduced by 0.45% and cock mortality by 1.2% in OXYL-PRO treated houses.• There was a weight gain in the treated houses equivalent to 0.8 g/day for pullets and 1.4 g/
day for cocks in OXYL-PRO treated Houses• The Food Conversion Ratio (FCR) improved by over 3% in OXYL-PRO treated houses• The EPEF (The European Poultry Efficiency Factor) improved by 6% in OXYL-PRO treated
houses.
Additional information on adding Biocides to Drinking Water in the Poultry Industry
The Poultry Industry is becoming aware that a sterile drinking water supply to the Broiler House encourages chicken growth, reduces stress and allows the development of healthy birds. Sterile water allows vitamins and medicines to be delivered easily to the birds and ensures that there is no possibility of ingress for pathogens and viruses, which could increase mortality.
While the addition of biocides to broiler house drinking water is relatively new in the United Kingdom there is considerable experience elsewhere in Europe, and in other parts of the world.
It is recommended that the entire system providing water to the broiler house is cleaned and disinfected to ensure that biofilm is removed from pipework prior to routine product use as this could block water lines.
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For further information please contact us by any of the following methods
Tel. 01544 267980Fax. 01544 267981
The information contained herein is to the best of our knowledge and belief accurate. However, since the conditions of handling and use are beyond our control, we do not guarantee any results and we are not liable for any damage incurred by following these suggestions. Nothing contained
herein is to be construed as a recommendation for use in violation of any patents or of applicable laws or regulations.
