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Potential Implications of Potential Implications of PHEV’s on the scheduling of PHEV’s on the scheduling of
Electric Generation Electric Generation Spinning ReserveSpinning Reserve
Bruce WollenbergBruce Wollenberg
Some basics of power system Some basics of power system operationoperation
Generation must Generation must equal load plus equal load plus transmission transmission losses (about 5%)losses (about 5%)
GENERATION LOAD
Frequency hightoo much
power delivered over tie lines
Load + losses + Interchange
GENERATION vs. LOAD BALANCE
Frequency lowtoo little
power delivered over tie lines
Some basics of power system Some basics of power system operationoperation
What happens if a What happens if a generator fails?generator fails? When load is greater When load is greater
than generation the than generation the system slows downsystem slows down
If nothing is done the If nothing is done the system shuts down system shuts down completelycompletely
GENERATION LOAD
Frequency hightoo much
power delivered over tie lines
Load + losses + Interchange
GENERATION vs. LOAD BALANCE
Frequency lowtoo little
power delivered over tie lines
Some basics of power system Some basics of power system operationoperation
We could remove We could remove load when a load when a generator failsgenerator fails
This has been This has been proposed in Californiaproposed in California Generator lostGenerator lost Remove large water Remove large water
pumping loadspumping loads
GENERATION LOAD
Frequency hightoo much
power delivered over tie lines
Load + losses + Interchange
GENERATION vs. LOAD BALANCE
Frequency lowtoo little
power delivered over tie lines
Concept of Spinning ReserveConcept of Spinning Reserve
Enough generators are not loaded to Enough generators are not loaded to 100%100%
Loss of a generator can be made up with Loss of a generator can be made up with remaining generatorsremaining generators
No load lostNo load lost
Spinning reserveSpinning reserve
Reserve
Spinning reserveSpinning reserve
Spinning reserveSpinning reserve
Spinning ReserveSpinning Reserve
Spinning Reserve costs moneySpinning Reserve costs money
Generation companies must be paid toGeneration companies must be paid toRun more generators than necessaryRun more generators than necessaryLower output on some generators to provide Lower output on some generators to provide
reservereserveStandard electric operation practice is to Standard electric operation practice is to
supply sufficient reserve to withstand loss supply sufficient reserve to withstand loss of the largest generator and the second of the largest generator and the second largest generatorlargest generator
Unique possible contribution of Unique possible contribution of PHEV’sPHEV’s
Assume that when the PHEV is plugged in Assume that when the PHEV is plugged in there is also a data connection made to there is also a data connection made to the on board computer in the carthe on board computer in the car
Assume that future parking garages Assume that future parking garages provide for electrical/data connections for provide for electrical/data connections for PHEV’s during the daytime hoursPHEV’s during the daytime hours
Control signals can be sent to cars to stop Control signals can be sent to cars to stop charging, to generate off the car’s battery, charging, to generate off the car’s battery, to generate using the car’s engineto generate using the car’s engine
PHEV’s actions in emergencyPHEV’s actions in emergencyPOWER FLOWCharging
Step 1: stopcharging
Step 2: Generate fromBattery
Step 2: Generate fromCar engine
POWER FLOW
POWER FLOW
NumbersNumbers
Assume 100,000 PHEV’s Assume 100,000 PHEV’s Assume only 5 kW charging or generating Assume only 5 kW charging or generating
per vehicleper vehicleTotal when stopping charging 500 MW Total when stopping charging 500 MW
(Mega watts)(Mega watts)Total additional if generating 500 MWTotal additional if generating 500 MW
Extra CostsExtra Costs
Power Electronics to take car battery Power Electronics to take car battery voltage and convert to 120/240 VACvoltage and convert to 120/240 VAC
Power/data connections in parking Power/data connections in parking garagesgarages
Addition of data connection to power Addition of data connection to power connection in homesconnection in homes
The ideal marriage?The ideal marriage?
