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Project Study on the Topic “ORGANIZATIONAL STUDY”

Cotton Spinning

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Page 1: Cotton Spinning

Project Study on the Topic

“ORGANIZATIONAL STUDY”

Page 2: Cotton Spinning

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I thank GOD for giving me strength to finish this project successfully.

My sincere thanks to My Honourable Founder and Chairman, Dr. PACHAMUTHU, for his

sincere Endeavour in educating us in his premier institution.

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to our beloved Dean, for his help and encouragement in

successful completion of this project.

I wish to convey my thanks and gratitude to my Head of the Department, Dr. NAGESH,

Department of Master of Business Administration, for his support and by providing me ample

time to complete my project.

Indeed, I owe everything in this endeavour to my guide Mrs. GAYATHRI, whose illuminating

guidance helped me to complete my work successfully.

I wish to express my thanks to Mr. K.M. HAMEED SULTAN, The managing director of

MANNAN COTTON SPINNING MILL LTD, for providing me the opportunity to work in their

organisation.

I greatest gratitude to Mr. SHARFUDEEN, the DGM of industry who helped me as a guide in

training, educating me about the company and also for all the aspects of my project preparation

and I also express my thanks to all other members and staffs of the above company.

Last, but not the least, I thank once and all those who have rendered their assistance either

directly or indirectly in making this project a successful one.

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ABSTRACT

This Report is about an Organizational Study, which is based on the Summer Internship

undergone by the student of MBA of SRM University. This report consists of practical exposure

and study about various aspects which are prevailing in an organisation. The study comprises

about all the departments activities and practical knowledge about the process, structure, culture,

key areas etc. The organizational study is done as a part of summer internship training

programme at Mannan Cotton Spinning Mill Pvt Ltd situated in Abiramam, Ramanathapuram

District. The study in this organisation mainly concentrates on all the aspects of Production and

operation and Marketing of the cotton yarns. This enables to understand the organisational

structure. To understand the functions of the key departments of the company. To understand the

process of all the departments of the organization To identify the major highlights in the

organizational study.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUND

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.6 LIMITATIONS

CHAPTER 2 ORANISATION STRUCTURE2.1 ABOUT THE COMPANY

2.2 OPERATIONS

2.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO

2.4 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 3 OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSION3.1 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS

3.2 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

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CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 BACKGROUND

The glorious Indian industrial past was related with cotton and silk goods, jewels, embroideries

etc. After independence, large scale industries especially in consumer goods like cotton textiles, jute

and sugar had registered significant growth. Large scale industries are those which require huge capital

investment and long growing period.

Among all the subsectors of the textile industry, spinning is perhaps the most modernized

segment. Production in fiscal 2008-09 (April-March) was 3,049 million kg, of which 2,205 million kg

was pure cotton yarn and the rest was synthetics and blends, such as polyester/viscose; polyester/cotton

and spun acrylics. The industry exported about 540 million kg of cotton yarn and about 100 million kg

of blended yarn, which together works out to about a fifth of the total output.

The spinning industry grew at a very rapid pace in the first half of the nineties. Thereafter

growth slowed to some extent but through the nineties, India has installed nearly 15 million spindles.

Large scale industrial sector is one of those sector that paved the way for economic growth in a

country like India cotton industry is a major large scale industry and contributed one fifth or 20% of

the total industrial output of the country.

The cotton textile industry has three main divisions. They are:-

1) The mill industry producing yarn & cloths

2) The power loom factories producing clothes from mill made yarn

3) Widely dispersed handloom units producing cloth both from mill made and hand spun yarn.

The present study of an organization like MANNAN COTTON SPINNING MILL LTD,

one of the leading cotton spinning unit in Ramanathapuram District, is an eye opener to the various

obstacles being faced and the future prospect of industry.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES

The project apart from a brief overall review of the organization, referring the general

activities of both the managerial and non-managerial level of the organization. The main issue of

concern related to the practical difficulties and management practices carried out during the

entire process of the production of the product and also the organizational behavior towards

various issues arising during the production activities are concentrated in this study. The other

aspects of the study is enlisted below.

To study in detail the entire structure and functioning of the company.

To make an analysis of the organization’s performance.

To know the Company Profile

To understand how the key business process are carried out in organizations

To understand about the functioning of each department in detail.

To understand the extent to which management theory matches with actual practices.

1.3 NEED FOR THE STUDY

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This study is basically focused on understanding the practical exposure in the industry and not

for data and information i.e. to experience the firsthand knowledge about how an organization is

being run.

To identify and understand the practical work process followed in an organization.

To understand various practical difficulties faced in an organization and how its solved in a

profitable manner.

To study and prepare an organization chart of an organization and to understand the

functions of the organization at various departments at each level.

To interact with the personnel’s and workers (both external & internal) to find if there are problems

with the process and record the findings.

To undergo a brief study on the following management aspects :

Production and Operation Management.

Marketing of the product.

Human Resource Management.

Accounting and Finance Management.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Good Management Practices and Organizational Functionality is an important factor for

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any Organization to achieve the desired goals and Objectives. This study allows to know about the

overall perspective and performance of COTTON SPINNING MILL Industries in India and a basic

practical study on MANNAN COTTON SPINNING MILL (P) LIMITED, ABIRAMAM,

RAMANATHAPURAM DIST.

As a part of MBA program at the end of 1st semester, I had to carry out a project on an

organization study in order to understand the organization structure and their functions. This create

a handful of opportunity to get the first hand information and understand the functioning of an

organization in the practical world.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In today’s world, business has become more and more competitive and the technology has

changed the nature of business and organization. This study analyses in detail about the functions of

different departments on the basis of which strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats are arrived

at. The findings of this study would give valuable information for improving the overall performance

of the organization. 

1.6 LIMITATION

The busy schedule of the department heads restricted the collection of detailed

information.

Time to time company meetings also restricted the visit to several departments.

The confidentiality restricted the collection of financial accounts.

The information given by the persons may not be complete because of their busy work

schedules

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CHAPTER – 2

ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

2.1 ABOUT THE COMPANYHISTORY OF THE MILLMill addressMANNAN

COTTON SPINNING MILL LTD,1, Veeracholan Road,Abiramam,Ramnathapuram

District,Pin: 623 601,Date of Registration : 21.05.1995Date of Commencement

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: 27.04.1997Area of Operation : Tamil Nadu and

othersSanctioned Spindles : 30,000Installed spindles :

11,000Land area Covered : 0.10 acresAuthorized share Capital : 13.30

croresMANNAN COTTON SPINNING MILL LTD, Ramanathapuram is one of the leading mill

which is manufacturing high quality of yarn, MANNAN COTTON SPINNING MILL LTD, was

promoted in 1997 by old Indian companies Act. which started cotton textile mill in each south

India. In the same year the company started many mill all over south Tamil Nadu.Varatha

Lakshmi Mill Ltd., - Manamadurai1) Ayyappan textile Mill Ltd., - Ramnad

2) Asia cotton Mill Ltd., - Abiramam

In the recent years the MANNAN COTTON SPINNING MILL LTD., for itself in the textile

industry producing diversified various type of yarns.

At present the production capacities of the various mill are

Spindles Rotors

Mannan Cotton spinning mill ltd 11,000

Varatha Lakshmi mill ltd 31,832

Ayyappan Textile mill ltd 24,050 192

Asia cotton mill ltd 7,750

Total 62,932 192

The company produces cotton carded and combed yarn as well as special yarn with

counts ranging from 16s to 100s, the company’s products are well received in the local as well as

international market. The company identified to meet the thrust area in 1987 and strengthened its

manufacturing facilities to meet the international quality requirements for exports. The

company’s export turnover which was Rs. 205 lakhs during 1986-87 has increased steeply over

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the years to Rs. 2091 lakhs during the year 1991- 92. The company exports its products mainly

to U.K.,South Korea, Hong Kong, Italy etc.

ISO CERTIFICATION

Mannan cotton spinning mill (p) ltd has acquired ISO 9001:2002 certification for its produces a

system effective july 1997. Thus for further up gradation has now made the company to go for

higher quality.

PROJECT COST

A. Land Rs. 0.10

B. Building Rs. 2.82

C. Plant and Machinery Rs. 6.11

D. Electrical fittings Rs. 0.66

E. Furniture fittings Rs. 0.15

F. Office equipment Rs. 0.10

G. Vehicles Rs. 0.20

H. Others Rs. 2.00

I. Working Capital Rs. 1.16

Total Rs. 13.30 Crores

Main objective :

To give employment opportunity to Ramanathapuram (District) and to supply yarn to handloom

weavers at reasonable price.

This mill is produce thick, span yarn and open yarn, the mill products range 100% blended yarn.

This mill has manufacturing unit for the production of 40’s, 42’s, 60’s count cotton yarn.

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FUTURE PLAN

The textile industry is picking up from the latest quarter of 2010 – 11 the company will be able

to show a better performance during the current year. They improve performance show the

company in next year.

1. Machine modernization.

2. Increasing production quality

3. Workers training program.

4. Own power generation planning

UNIT LAYOUT:

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GUIDELINES:

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1. Security Office

2. Godown 1 ( Raw Material )

3. Godown 2 ( Finished goods )

4. Mixing Station

5. Cleaning Station 1 ( Blowing and Carding )

6. Cleaning Station 2 ( Combing and Drawing )

7. Quality centre

8. Simplex Section

9. Cashier

10. Spinning Section

11. Reeling Section

12. Workers Rest Section

13. Canteen

14. Winding Section

15. Toilet

16. Packaging Section

COMPANY ACTIVITIES

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This mill was started by Companies Act 1956 by the mill ltd., in order to give the

employment to rural areas. At present nearly 230 workers including permanent workers are

working in this mill. The main activities of this mill spinning of is yarn production. The mill is

purchasing raw material such as cotton, cotton fiber by taking the above raw materials as input

and produced cotton yarn. After taking production the mill is marketing its yarn of various

leading weaving center’s in India, like Mumbai, Karnataka, Ichalkranji, Bhiwandi and in

TamilNadu, Chennai and Rajapalayam.

LABOUR COMPONENTS

WORKERS:

a) Sanctioned strength : 200

b) Present : 123

c) Apprentice : 10

Total : 133

The actual requirement of the mill is 363 permanent workers for the full production. The

deficit of the workers is managed by appointing casual labors on daily wages. Now the

company has almost 170 casual labors on roll.

STAFF:

Technical staff : 6

Clerical staff : 4

General Manager : 1

Assistant spinning master : 1

Manager : 1

Total : 13

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WORKER STRENGTH:

Shift Male Female Total

Day Shift 15 125 140

Half shift 45 - 45

Full Shift 45 - 45

Total 105 125 230

RECRUITMENT

The mill is being a sick industry; the company has banned direct recruitment, and

appointment of the officers. If the employees are divided into categories A, B, C & D. A & B are

managerial categories and C & D are workers and staff categories. The recruitment in these

categories is done through employment exchanges.

SELECTION

After recruitment, selection is done by ascertaining the qualifications of the candidate

with job requirements. The selection is conducted on the basis of

1. Interview

2. Medical examination

3. Appointment

After selection management will issue a memo, which is sent to the concerned candidate or

worker indicating his/her selection.

PLACEMENT

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Placement is assigning appropriate job to candidates in the organization. After joining the

candidate must fill a bio-data from and an attestation from in his/her own handwriting. The time

keeper will collect the required data relating to the person on the date of joining and keep it on the

service record of the person.

INDUCTION

After placement, the employee is given an induction by which he or she is introduced to the

co-workers, supervisor and exposed to process of production pattern, discipline, standing orders etc

of the mills. Mill does not have a systematic implementation of induction program. The personnel

manager gives necessary instructions and guidelines regarding the work. After this the newly

appointed persons are guided by the head of the section.

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

Training and development becomes important as far as the growth of the company is

concerned. As the mill does not have a separate training department, this function is performed by

personnel and production departments.

WORKING HOURS

Adult workers are not permitted to work more than 9 hours in a day and 48 hours in a

week. Since there is absenteeism in the mill, workers are sometimes asked to work overtime. The

wage given would be the rate of twice his ordinary salary or rate of salary.

SHIFT TIMING

There are three shifts and general shifts for the workers STL. The timings of the shift are.

I. Shift : 7 a.m. to 3 p.m.

General Shift : 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.

II. Shift : 3 p.m. to 11 p.m.

III. Shift : 11 p.m. to 7 p.m.

HOLIDAYS

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The workers are not allowed to work in the unit on the first day of week unless he has or

will have a holiday or one of the three days immediately before or after the day.

INTERVAL FOR REST

The period of work in the factory is fixed that no period shall exceed before he has an

interval for the rest of at least ½ hour.

PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT

No child who has not attained or completed his fourteen years is allowed to work in the

unit.

CANTEEN

The canteen provides employees with good food in a subsidized rate. The canteen is

managed by a co operative society. Registered as such, society may include in the charges to the

made food stuffs served as up to 5% on its working capital employed in the running of the canteen.

The charge per portion of the food stuff, beverage and any other item served in the canteen shall be

conspicuously displayed in the canteen.

SECURITY OFFICE

The smooth functioning of the mill has direct connection to the security of the company.

The main objective of the security in this mill is the protection of:

1. Personnel

2. Information

3. Materials

4. Attendance leaves

The mill is protected by a boundary wall, with a sigle entrance . the security office

is near the entrance with 24 hrs working condition. The security section consists of security

inspector and under him one head security guard and two security guard in shift.

The security office is responsible for the safety of the mill, its properties and raw materials and

finished goods. They also look after the transport of materials both inward & outward. They

verify the incoming materials with the bill similarly the outgoing. The vehicles and the materials

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are controlled by pass system and checked clearly. Identity card is provided to the workers;

belongings are checked or searched while going out.

The security section has to keep certain records including:

Goods movement in & out register.

Vehicles movement in & out register

Visitor’s resistors, which includes name, purpose of visit, time of visit.

2.2 OPERATIONS

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Production department function directly under the factory manager. It consists of factory

engineering department and stores department.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

PRODUCTION CHART

i. MIXING

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At the first stage of production process hand stock mixing is done. The bales are taken in

the ratio of 70:30, ie 70% polyester & 30% of cotton. The bales are arranged as layer by layer.

The process is done in a special room called mixing room, which is in a lower tempter than that

of the normal room temperature.

ii. BLOWING

The raw cotton received from the godown is opened and cleaned in the blow room to

remove its impurities. For this purpose machines named Trutzchler and Lekshmi Reiter’s are

installed, which mixes the cotton and is them converted into regular shells called lap by the blow

room machinery. A colour is added to identify the polyester failure.

Machines using here are BO-1200, MFC , MPM-8, ASTA-800, CVT1-1600, LVSA-B.

MPM-8 receives cotton from MFC at 100% and supplied to ASTA at 20%. The CVT1 Machine

runs at a speed of 690 rpm. The minimum speed is 570rpm and maximum is 1000rpm.

iii. CARDING

This process separates the cotton fibers from impurities and removed short and immature

fibers. The carding engine delivers cotton on a filling web which is collected together to form a

loose rope of fibers called ‘Silver’. These silver as a product is stored in cans. These silvers are

collected in coir cans. Carding machine used here is ‘Lekshmi Rieter . There are 35 semi high

production carding machines and 7 high production carding machines. Machines using here is

FBK-553, DK 800, KHL 600 and Lekshmi Rieter.

iv. COMBER

Objective of the comber is to remove short fibers, lambs and impurities present in card

silver. When the silver is passed through the comber machine, the short fibers are unmoved and

thus larger staple length can be obtained. Comber functions as to remove fiber hook and

parallelize the fiber, to bring about fiber to fiber separation and to remove short fibers.

v. DRAWING

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The ‘silver’ lacks uniformity and so silvers are processed in the drawing frame. Here the

silvers are made uniform in thickness by doubling process and fiber gets drawn straightened by

drafting process. Hence both doubling process and drafting process are taken places. Doubling is

done to improve the uniformity of the fiber, parallelization of the fiber is achieved through

drafting ie, without breaking continuity.

Silver from carding are stretched or down in states by passing them through a drawing

frame. Eight carding silvers are converted into one silver through the drawing frame, and it is

narrower in which fiber have been blended and aligned more closely. Lekshmi Rieter model no

Do63 and Trutzchler, model No. HSR 1000 etc are used here as drawing machines. There are six

such machines.

vi. SIMPLEX

The level of ‘Silver’ determines the quantity of the yarn spin. The silver drawn from the

drawing departments are to be thinned out into a bobbin to suit the yarn to the spin. The process

of converting the silvers is done in the fry frame department. Simplex machines used are model

JINGWEI, JWF-146. The product here is called Rover and it is passed to spinning section.

vii. SPINNING

Spinning frames convert the roving received from simplex machine into yarn of received

count. Here each bowan is converted into 8 corps. Each of the bowan has 2kg. Spinning frame

need24000wts power for working. 29 spinning machines are working in this section and 51

workers at day shift. Spindle capacity of the present machine is 864.

viii. REELING MACHINE

The yarn prepared by the reeling machine is called hank yarn. The hank yarn is for

handlooms only.

ix. WINDING MACHINES

There are eight machines and all are the automatic ones. The machines are known as

autocones.. Each machines have the capacity to produce 120. The machines used are from

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Textool and Brad corner. Machines from Brad corner have the speed of 640ypm. Minimum is 80

and maximum is 720ypm. Autoconer machine have the speed of 1050ypm.

x. PACKING

Cones are packed by using polythene bags of 50 in number and stitched with grows

weight 52 Kg and net weight 50Kg. The product is known by the brand name ’Mohini warp’

100% cotton yarn and has its market mainly in Maharashtra at present.

QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT

There is a statistical quality control department to check the quality of the yarn.

The quality policy of the company reads:-

“To manufacture and supply yarn in conformity with agreed specifications maintaining delivery

schedule to the full satisfaction to its customers.”

The company aims at continual improvement of quality of yarn.

The measures adopted are:-

By adhering to an effective quality management system.

By creating awareness among all the employees about the importance of quality

measurement system.

By creating most congenial and healthy working environment.

The quality department supervises the quality from the blow room to the winding section.

The quality department in order to maintain the quality of cotton which is in bale form, conducts

certain tests:-

The test to find out sample length

Strength test

Fiber fitness test.

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

It is under the production department. It has two section, a workshop and a power house.

An Assist Engineer is the in charge of the department.

The workshop undertakes all the maintaince functions and installations of machinery.

The breakdown of the machines is prevented to an extent through preventive maintaince.

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In this section, there are 11 workers, 5 workers in general shifts and 6 workers in each of the

three shifts.

The Electrical Section include a generator. The Electrical section looks after the power

requirement of the mill. Electricity is obtained from KSEB. There is a separate transformer of

good capacity inside the mill for this purpose. The power supply of the entire mill is regulated by

this department. Also a stand by generating set of capacity is installed and maintained by

department

STORES

The company maintains a store which has a storekeeper who is in charge and under him

there is a Senior assistant and a Junior asst. The store makes use of the bin card system. A code

number is provided for each material. The records are maintained on the basis of Weighted

average method.

The receipt procedure of the stores is as follows:-

1. An indent is prepared by the concerned departments and sent to the stores.

2. After collecting the indents quotations of lowest rate are accepted by a committee

consisting of General Managers, Account managers, and Asst Engineer.

3. after accepting the tenders, purchasing orders are send to concerning parties.

4. Received goods are inspected by concerned departments which are certified by

storekeeper on Good Receipt Inspection Report.

5. There are also some central stores purchase items which are purchased through the

head office.

MARKETING AND SALES DEPARTMENT

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Marketing consists of the strategies and tactics used to identify, create and maintain satisfying

relationships with customers that result in the value for both the customer and the marketer. Every

organization aims to promote its products among the wholesalers through substantial sales orders.

Yarn, which is produced by the mill, is sold through whole sales. The sale is carried out to a

sister concern of the company named as SWATI COTTONS PVT LTD, MAHARASTRA who act as

the main dealer for the cotton yarns produced by the company. SWATI COTTONS PVT LTD carries

out the local sale and export of the goods for the company. Some direct purchases are also being carried

out in the company. If any private parties are interested to buy the yarn for the price specified, that is

informed to the head office and after getting their suggestion to the sales could be made.

The mill is under the loss for the past six years as that of the other competitors. The textile

industry itself is ailing due to the current and trend of high raw material price and considerably low

price for the finished products. A policy that could be implemented for the profit making is to increase

export.

SALES POLICY

The success and failure of a business depends upon its various sales polices for the selling

operation. The market division gives information regarding the design of various policies. Now at

present the company has no policy.

COMPETITORS

The mill is facing a high competition in the market. The product of the mill lost its market

due to poor quality. Some of the competitors are:-

1. Muragan Mills, Coimbatore

2. Kannur Spinnig mill, Kannur

3. Alagappa textiles mills, Trichy

4. Kerala Leksmi mill, Trichy

2.3 PRODUCT PORTFOLIO

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MANNAN COTTON SPINNIG MILL PVT LTD produces thick yarns of two types which are as

follows

1. Span yarn.

2. Open yarn.

The mill products range 100% blended yarn.

This manufacturing unit produces yarns which acts as a fine raw material for Textile industries

for the production of clothing materials.

The yarn types varies according to the requirement of the buyer and the type of cloth to be

produced.

The type of yarn is described as count which is the increase in count gradually increases the

softness of the garments to be manufactured in Textile industry.

The various types of counts manufactured are as follows:

40’s count cotton yarn.

42’s count cotton yarn.

60’s count cotton yarn.

2.4 ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

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The management system of the organization is well organized and divided into various

departments as enlisted below.

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE

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CHAPTER – 3

OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSION

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3.1 MAJOR OBSERVATIONS

The following are the major observations made from the organizational study.

The company has a strong management team which greatly influences the improved

performance of the organization over the years.

The organization mainly suffers a drastic dropped down of its production activity on two

aspects,

o Scarcity of labor availability.

o Fluctuation in power supply.

The major problem is the labor availability which has gone down drastically over the past

5 years which is due to the Governments scheme on 100days working which has drawn

majority of the labor population which in turn reduced the work force availability for the

production process.

The second most problem faced by the organization is the unstable and fluctuating power

supply in that region. Power acts as the main source of a production process. The

fluctuating power supply has decreased the production capacity of organization which

makes it unsuitable to fulfill the companies per day production requirement.

These problems have caused the company to reduce its work shifts from 3 shift per day to

2 shift per day.

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3.2 CONCLUSION

The organizational study under taken gives an insight in to the function of the MANNAN

COTTON SPINNING MILL. The structure of the mill is well planned and organized. The

management is having a good control in the day to day functioning of the company. However it is

not in position to control the workers absenteeism. Due to various reason there is more of labor

problem due to the 100 days work scheme by the state government which affects greatly on the

production capacity of the company. And also the fluctuation of power supply greatly affects the

production process. The modernization program of introducing automated machineries and power

generators will be an answer to these problems.

The financial position is also not sound due to the loss incurring by the mill. The

modernization programme will be an answer to this problem also to some extent, the quality

improvement if undertaken will boost the export and their by improve the financial position.

The study has helped extensively to understand the various function and problem being faced

by a manufacturing company.

REFERENCES

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BOOKS:

1. Article: India today: The spinning industry, September 1, 2000

2. Principles of Yarn Production, Burkhard Wulfhorst, Thomas Gries.

3. Selecting Cotton Bales by Spinning Consistency Index, Abhijt Majumdar, Prabal Kumar.

4. Human Resource Management, K. Aswathappa, Himalaya Publication, 2003.

5. Marketing Management, by Philip Kotler, 13th Revised Edition, Pearson Education.

6. Production and Operation Management, : K.Aswathappa and K.Shridhara Bhat

WEB:

1. http://www.textileinfo.com

2. http://yarnspinning.co.cc

3. http://www.nuspin.nustreet.com

4. http://cotcorp.gov.in/production.asp

5. http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/iw/2001/01/28/stories/0528e051.htm

6. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/shortagequality-cotton-revisits-yarn-

industry/219276/

7. www.fibre2fashion.com/news/textile-news/index.aspx