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A period of voiced gloeal fric:on, usually occurring with pre-‐aspira:on (Figure 2) but some:mes on its own (Figure 3):
Figure 2: breathiness followed by pre-‐aspira8on.
Figure 3: breathiness.
Breathiness and pre-aspiration in Aberystwyth English
Michaela Hejná
Previous research into pre-‐aspira:on usually treats breathiness as its necessary component. Thus, pre-‐aspira:on and breathiness tend to be added up in dura:onal analyses [1-‐9], or we do not know if breathiness was measured as part of pre-‐aspira:on [10-‐12], and they are dis:nguished only some:mes [13-‐15], in which case differences in the segmental and social condi:oning are found.
Main quesCon: should they be treated as two components of a single phenomenon?
Hypothesis: they should if 1. they are subject to the same social condi:oning 2. if they both serve the same linguis:c func:on (e.g. enhance a contrast) 3. or the same linguis:c condi:oning.
Introduction -‐ phonological factors: vowel height, backness, length -‐ phone:c variables: F1, F2 -‐ phonologically ambiguous factors: place & manner of ar:cula:on of the post-‐tonic plosive; type of the pre-‐tonic consonant
On the whole, there are more similari:es than differences in the plosive context, especially concerning the phonological and uncertain variables. Most differences are found in the frica:ve and in the unstressed contexts.
Occurrence 1. With plosives, the paeerns are the same except for breathiness being
sensi:ve to phonological vowel backness. 2. With frica:ves, the paeerns are different.
Dura:on 1. The paeerns condi:oned by the phonological variables are the same
except for vowel length, to which only pre-‐aspira:on is sensi:ve. 2. Phone:c height and backness do not condi:on the two either in the same
or in the opposite way, so they do not behave in the same way nor show trade-‐offs.
Speakers
A period of voiceless (primarily) gloeal fric:on in sequences of a sonorant and a voiceless obstruent:
Figure 1: pre-‐aspira8on.
Pre-‐aspira:on can be accompanied with breathiness.
Pre-‐aspira:on and breathiness show similariCes: -‐ their occurrence and dura:on show on the whole the same paeerns in apparent-‐:me -‐ they both enhance the for:s-‐lenis contrast -‐ in the plosive stressed context (mock, mocker), they mostly co-‐occur
However, they also show differences: -‐ their occurrence is not sensi:ve to gender in the same way -‐ in the frica:ve stressed context (moss) and in the unstressed context (frolic), breathiness is obligatory, but pre-‐aspira:on is not
Conclusions: The two should be analysed separately unless it is demonstrated that they are consistently subject to the same condi:oning.
Pre-‐aspira:on and breathiness are not dis:nguished in phonological studies (e.g. [17-‐18]), but it has been suggested that dis:nguishing the two may shed light on the affilia:on debates [16].
We may gain more insight regarding the linguis:c and the social condi:oning of pre-‐aspira:on and breathiness: merging the two may lead to obscuring the paeerns, as also illustrated by [13-‐15].
[1] Helgason, P. (2003) “Faroese preaspiration”. 15th ICPhS, Barcelona. 2517-20. [2] Helgason, P.; Ringen, C. (2008) “Voicing and aspiration in Swedish stops”. Journal of Phonetics 36. 607-28. [3] Karlsson, A. M.; Svantesson, J-O. (2011) “Preaspiration in Mongolian dialects: acoustic properties of contrastive stops”. Paper presented at The 10th Seoul International Altaistic Conference, 125-40. <http://www.sol.lu.se/en/person/AnastasiaKarlsson> [accessed in May 2014]. [4] Morris, J. (2010) “Phonetic variation in Northern Wales: preaspiration”. Proceedings of the Second Summer School of Sociolinguistics. Eds. M. Meyerhoff, C. Adachi, A. Daleszynska & A. Strycharz. University of Edinburgh: Edinburgh. <http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/sssocio/proceedings/Jon.pdf> [accessed in September 2012]. [5] Ringen, C.; van Dommelen, W. A. (2013) “Quantity and laryngeal contrasts in Norwegian”. Journal of Phonetics 41. 479-90. [6] Stevens, M.; Hajek, J. (2004) “Preaspiration in Sienese Italian and its interaction with stress in /VCː/ sequences”. Speech Prosody, Nara. 57-60. [7] Stevens, M.; Hajek, J. (2004c) “Comparing voiced and voiceless geminates in Sienese Italian: what role does preaspiration play?”. Proceedings of the 10th Australian International Conference on Speech Science & Technology. 340-5. [8] Stevens, M. (2010) “How widespread is preaspiration in Italy? A preliminary acoustic phonetic overview”. Lund University Centre for Languages and Literature Phonetics Working Papers 54. / FONETIK 2010, Lund. 97-102. [9] Stevens, M. (2011) “Consonant Length in Italian: Gemination, Degemination and Preaspiration”. Selected Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. 21-32. [10] Helgason, P. (1998) "Preaspiration in Swedish and its implications for historical sound change." FONETIK 1998, Stockholm. 16-19. [11] McRobbie-Utasi, Z. (2003) "Normative preaspiration in Skolt Sami in relation to the distribution of duration in the disyllabic stress-group". Honti-Festschrift. Eds. Z. McRobbie-Utasi & C. So. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Linguistics: Budapest. 291-300. [12] Tronnier, M. (2002) “Preaspiration in Southern Swedish dialects”. FONETIK 2002, Stockholm. / Quartely Progress and Status Report, Department of Speech, Music and Hearing and Centre for Speech Technology. KTH: Stockholm 44. 33-6. [13] Nance, C.; Stuart-Smith, J. (2013) “Pre-aspiration and post-aspiration in Scottish Gaelic stop consonants”. JIPA 43, 2. 129-52. [14] Ní Chasaide, A. (1985) Preaspiration in phonological stop contrasts. PhD thesis, University College of North Wales. [15] Kingston, J. (1990) “Articulatory Binding”. Papers in Laboratory Phonology I. Between the Grammar and the Physics of Speech. Eds. J. Kingston & M. E. Beckman. CUP: Cambridge. 406-34. [16] Lodge, K. (2007) “Timing, segmental status and aspiration in Icelandic”. Transactions of the Philological Society 105, 1. 66-104. [17] Árnason, K. (1986) “The Segmental and Suprasegmental Status of Preaspiration in Modern Icelandic”. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 9, 1. 1-23. [18] Gussmann, E. (2002) Phonology. CUP: Cambridge.
Discussion
Aberystwyth
-‐ 18 speakers born & raised in Aberystwyth -‐ most with parents also from mid-‐Wales -‐ L1 Welsh speakers, proficient in English -‐ 12 females, 6 males -‐ 24-‐90 years old
Segmental conditioning
Department of Linguistics and English Language, University of Manchester [email protected]
Defining breathiness
Co-occurrence In the plosive stressed context (mock, mocker), pre-‐aspira:on and breathiness co-‐occur in the vast majority of cases (Figure 6).
Figure 6: occurrence of pre-‐aspira8on and breathiness in the plosive context in stressed syllables per speaker.
In the frica:ve stressed context (moss) and also in the unstressed context (frolic), breathiness is obligatory but pre-‐aspira:on is not (Figure 7):
Figure 7: (on the leD) occurrence of pre-‐aspira8on and breathiness in the frica8ve context in stressed syllables per speaker; (on the right) occurrence of pre-‐aspira8on and breathiness in unstressed syllables per speaker.
In the unstressed context, breathiness is obligatory irrespec:ve of the manner of ar:cula:on, although slightly less frequent in the plosive context (frica:ves: 99%; plosives: 85%). Pre-‐aspira:on is much more frequent in the plosive than the frica:ve context, but does not reach values comparable to breathiness (frica:ves: 12%; plosives: 67.5%).
Defining pre-aspiration
Data Stressed syllables -‐ /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/, /ʊ/, /ʌ/, /aː/, /oː/ combined with /p/, /t/, /k/ in word-‐
finally and word-‐medially (mock, mocker) -‐ /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/, /ʌ/ combined with /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/ word-‐finally (mash) -‐ 3 tokens per word: 1x in isola:on, 2x in a carrier sentence Say ___ once.
Unstressed syllables -‐ disyllables with the second unstressed syllable -‐ /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /ʃ/ word-‐final in the 2nd, unstressed syllable (e.g.
frolic, Philip, sheriff) -‐ 6 tokens per word in a carrier sentence
-‐ 8,400 tokens for the stressed condi:on, 460 for the unstressed one
For:s-‐lenis pairs -‐ 998 lenis tokens corresponding to 998 for:s tokens differing only in the
plosive in ques:on
Social conditioning In apparent-‐:me, pre-‐aspira:on and breathiness occurrence show a very similar paeern. Pre-‐aspira:on and breathiness dura:ons show the same paeern, but breathiness is more variable across the individual.
Figure 4: (on the leD) pre-‐aspira8on and breathiness occurrence in apparent-‐8me; (on the right) pre-‐aspira8on and breathiness dura8on in apparent-‐8me.
However, only pre-‐aspira:on occurrence is sensi:ve to gender: the young the male speakers, the more frequent the pre-‐aspira:on:
Figure 5: pre-aspiration occurrence in apparent-time across gender.
70 100 130 160 190 220 250 280
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Freq
uenc
y of
occ
urre
nce
Age
Age and breathiness & pre-aspiration occurrence
"pre-aspiration" "breathiness" Linear("pre-aspiration") Linear("breathiness")
2 2.5
3 3.5
4 4.5
5 5.5
6 6.5
7 7.5
8 8.5
9 9.5 10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Dur
atio
n (%
)
Age
Age and breathiness & pre-aspiration duration
"pre-aspiration" "breathiness" Linear("pre-aspiration") Linear("breathiness")
70
100
130
160
190
220
250
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pre-
aspi
ratio
n fr
eque
ncy
Age
Age, gender, and pre-aspiration occurrence
females males Linear(females) Linear(males)
Fortis-lenis contrast Both pre-‐aspira:on and breathiness enhance the for:s-‐lenis contrast (based on acous:c evidence). However, whilst pre-‐aspira:on is never found in the lenis series, breathiness is.
Figure 8: (on the leD) occurrence of pre-‐aspira8on and the plosive series per posi8on in word and sentence; (on the right) occurrence of breathiness and the plosive series per posi8on in word and sentence.
References
