Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
POST WORLD WAR II
PRESIDENT TRUMAN, EISENHOWER AND
KENNEDY
AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
• 60- 90 MILLION DEAD, ESTIMATED 20-30 MILLION IN RUSSIA.
• Europe from Britain to Russia destroyed.• Many of the great cities of the world destroyed—London,
Paris, Berlin, Rome, Warsaw, Leningrad, and Tokyo.• Millions displaced.• Agriculture disrupted.• US and the USSR the 2 great powers left standing—which
ushered in the COLD WAR Period.
• INNOVATIONS OF WW2• ATOMIC BOMB—LED TO A NUCLEAR ARMS RACE AFTER THE WAR BETWEEN
US AND SOVIET UNION.• PEACEFUL USE OF NUCLEAR POWER.• RADAR, SONAR, MICRO-WAVE TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTERS, ANTIBIOTICS,
OIL PIPELINES, SYNTHETIC RUBBER, TRANSISTOR RADIOS, TV, X-RAY TECHNOLOGY, BAZOOKA, JET PROPULSION AND ROCKET SCIENCE
GERMAN OCCUPATION ZONES
GREAT BRITAIN
FRANCE UNITED STATES
USSR
COLD WAR• COLD WAR STARTED WHEN SOVIET TROOPS AND THE SOVIET
GOVERNMENT FAILED TO LIVE UP TO THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE.—POLAND, HUNGARY, EAST GERMANY, RUMANIA, BULGARIA
• EASTERN EUROPE BECAME COMMUNIST.—SOVIET SATELLITE NATIONS—BUFFER BETWEEN THE “WEST” AND THE USSR.
• TRUMAN’S FOREIGN POLICY—”CONTAINMENT” AKA THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE WAS ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AID TO STOP THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM.
– ”IRON CURTAIN”• -- FIRST USED IN TURKEY AND GREECE
– MARSHALL PLAN 1947 $13 BILLION AID TO 16 WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
– SEC. OF STATE GEORGE MARSHALL (WON NOBEL PEACE PRIZE IN 1953.)
• RESULTED IN A DIVIDED GERMANY AND BERLIN. EAST AND WEST.
• 1948—BERLIN AIRLIFT—USSR BLOCKADED TRUCK AND RAIL ACCESS TO BERLIN FOR 327 DAYS.
• FORMATION OF NATO IN 1949 (12 COUNTRIES) [NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION]
• SOVIETS RESPONDED WITHT THE WARSAW PACT.
RED SCARE AND KOREA
• 1948 TRUMAN WINS ELECTION• “FAIR DEAL” PROGRAM—GI Bill, desegregated the military, created the CIA
and National Security Council• 1949—NEW RED SCARE—
– 1948 HUAC Investigations– 1948-1949 ALGER HISS case– 1949– Dennis v. US, 1949.– Communist conspiracy case– 1949– USSR detonates their 1st atomic bomb– 1949– Congress overrides Truman’s veto of McCarran Internal Security Act
• -- 1949 CHINA BECAME COMMUNIST—MAO ZEDONG DEFEATED PRO-WEST FORCES LED BY CHIANG KAI-SHEK.
• CHIANG KAI-SHEK’S FORCES FLED TO TAIWAN. 1950-- McCARTHY HEARINGS BEGIN– 1951-- Rosenberg Trial
• KOREAN WAR
• POST-WW2 KOREA DIVIDED AT 38TH PARALLEL.• 1950—NORTH KOREA ATTACKED SOUTH KOREA• UN POLICE ACTION—GEN. DOUGLAS MacARTHUR• UN TROOPS PUSHED NORTH KOREAN FORCES BACK TO THE YALU RIVER.• NOV. 1950—CHINESE TROOPS ATTACKED AMERICANS IN NORTH KOREA• MacARTHUR REQUESTED A NUCLEAR ATTACK ON CHINA.• TRUMAN RELIEVED MacARTHUR OF COMMAND• KOREA STALEMATED– JULY 27, 1953 TRUCE SIGNED• 1991 NON-AGGRESSION TREATY NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA
• -
THE MIDDLE EAST• THE FOUNDING OF ISRAEL
• The Holocaust led to the creation of a Jewish homeland. (It had been promised at the end of WW1 by England.)
• Post WW2 100,000s of Jews from Europe migrated to Palestine.
• 1947 a civil war broke out -- Jewish settlers and Palestinians. The Jews won. In 1948 Israel -- UN recognized their independence. – May 14, 1948.
• Arab nations of the Middle East did not recognize its independence.
• Conflict is on-going in the Middle East over Israel’s right to exist.
• Israel’s impact the Cold War– US became Allies of Israel and the Soviets supported the Arab nations.
• THE ELECTION OF EISENHOWER 1952
• “IKE” was elected president in 1952 by defeating the Democrat Adlai Stevenson. Ike’s campaign was based on stopping Communism and Soviet aggression.—”New Look” Foreign Policy
• Eisenhower believed in the “Domino Theory”.—John Foster Dulles
• Military aid, both overt and covert– “Brinksmanship”, critics--“MAD”
EXAMPLES OF IKE’S “BRINKMANSHIP”
• 1953—CIA led a revolt against Communist leader in Iran.• 1953– France abandoned Vietnam after losing to Communists at Dien Bien Phu.• 1954– Formosa Crisis• New alliances formed SEATO, ANZUS, CENTO, OAS• 1954– Paris Conference (US, ENG, Fr)• 1955– Geneva Summit Conference• 1956– Hungarian Revolt• 1956– Suez Crisis• 1957 Eisenhower introduced the “Eisenhower Doctrine”– the US would aid any
country in the Middle East in their fight against Communist aggression.• 1958—US sent troops into Lebanon.
• EISENHOWER AND KHRUSHCHEV• Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the USSR after Stalin died in1953.• Eisenhower made an effort to meet with Khrushchev and relations warmed, but
in 1958 the USSR again tried to drive the Allies out of Berlin.• They met in Moscow and Washington– nuclear treaties.• May 1960, US surveillance (spy) plane (U-2) piloted by Col. Gary Powers was
shot down over Russia. US denied it, Russia produced photos of the plane and the captured pilot, US apologized but it hurt US credibility.
• 1960 Khrushchev speaks before UN and says, “He will bury us”.
DOMESTIC ISSUES
• Eisenhower Prosperity—Consumerism, shopping centers, credit cards--1956– McDonalds Corporation started Ray Kroc, San Diego, Cal.
• 1954– McCarthy hearings end.• 1954-56 Beginnings of modern Civil Rights Movement.– Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954.– 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott—Rosa Parks– 1956 “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” published.– 1956 Martin Luther King, Jr. organized the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference (SCLC).
1955– Jonas Salk discovers vaccine for polio.1956– National Highway Act– Interstate highway system.Women in Society—Betty Friedan The Feminine MystiqueReligious Revival—Billy Graham, Norman Vincent Peale,
adding “in God We Trust” to money and “one Nation under God” in the pledge.
EISENHOWER’S 2ND TERM• In 1956 Eisenhower easily won re-election.• Desegregation of Little Rock Central High School—Brown v. Bd.
Of Education• 1957 the “Space Race” begins:
– Oct. 1957 USSR launches 1st satellite—Sputnik I, then Sputnik II
– US response:• Prestige hurt—
– 1. military inferior to Soviets– 2. US incapable of defending itself from Soviet missile
attack • Congress passed the National Defense Education Act• NASA created-- Jan. 1958 US launched Explorer I• Eisenhower warned US of the “military-industrial complex”
ELECTION OF 1960Dem. John F. Kennedy (Mass)--senatorRep. Richard M. Nixon (Calif)– vice-president
TV debates– civil rights Kennedy’s youth, religion and political inexperience v.
Nixon’s conservatism.Kennedy won. Youngest to be elected, 1st Catholic
PRESIDENCIES OF JFK AND LBJ• PRESIDENCY OF JOHN F. KENNEDY: (1961-1963)• FOREIGN POLICY:• 1. “BAY OF PIGS” INVASION:
– A. Fidel Castro - Cuba a Communist country in 1959 and allied it with the USSR
– B. Pres. Eisenhower authorized the CIA to train anti-Castro, ex-Cubans for an invasion of Cuba.
– C. JFK gave the go ahead April 1961, it turned into a humiliating failure.
2. Vienna Summit Conference– Khrushchev labeled JFK as a “child” and weak.
• 3. JFK ordered a build-up of the armed forces.
• 4. Russia completed the Berlin Wall– JFK made “Ich bien Berliner” speech.
• 5. “The Cuban Missile Crisis”– Oct. 1962– A. US U-2 planes photographed Soviet offensive missiles on
Cuba.– B. JFK (using the Monroe Doctrine) authorized a naval
blockade of Cuba.– C. For 13 days the world was on the brink of nuclear war.– D. It was Khrushchev that ultimately backed down.– E. As a result in 1963 US-USSR signed a comprehensive test-
ban treaty and installed the “hot-line” between the Kremlin and the WH.
THE KENNEDY YEARS
• YOUTH CULTURE• Due to the prosperity of the 1950s teenagers viewed life differently.• Became materialistic– movies, records, radios—• Mo Town, Elvis Presley, The Beatles and the “British Invasion”.• Led to the “counterculture” of the hippie movement for cultural
change.• THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
• Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, 1964.• James Meredith– Univ. of Mississippi• Gov. George Wallace standing in the doorway Univ. of Alabama• Sit-Ins and Freedom Rides:• Feb. 1960– Greensboro, NC Woolworth’s.• April 1960– Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
created.• 1961– CORE founded (Congress of Racial Equality)– earlier the S. Ct.
ruled segregation illegal in bus stations used for interstate travel.• CORE tested that decision with “Freedom Rides”– peaceful until the
“riders” reached Anniston, Ala. and Jackson, Miss.
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT CONTINUED 1961-1963• 1963 BIRMINGHAM POLICE RIOT• 1963 JFK DELIVERS “CIVIL RIGHTS” SPEECH-MORAL ISSUE• AUG. 1963 “MARCH ON WASHINGTON” “I have a dream…”
• CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AND SUPREME COURT DECISIONS:
• 1961– 23 AMENDMENT RATIFIED– CITIZENS OF DC HAVE RIGHT TO VOTE IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS.
• JUDICIAL ACTIVISM “WARREN COURT”• ENGEL V. VITALE, 1962. NO PRAYER IN SCHOOL• GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT, 1963. RIGHT TO AN ATTORNEY• MAPP V. OHIO, 1963. NO GENERAL SEARCH WARRANTS• MIRANDA V. ARIZONA, 1963. RIGHTS HAVE TO BE UNDERSTOOD• REYNOLDS V. SIMS, 1964. “ONE MAN, ONE VOTE”• LOVING V. VIRGINIA, 1965 BANS ON INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE OUTLAWED.• ROE V. WADE, 1965 (1973). ALLOWED ABORTION 1ST TRIMESTER
• OTHER DOMESTIC POLICIES:• 1961-1963 US GOES OFF THE SILVER STANDARD– “FIAT”
MONEY.• “NEW FRONTIER” PROGRAMS ENACTED:
– MINIMUM WAGE INCREASED TO $1.25/HR.– MANPOWER RETRAINING ACT PASSED.– AREA REDEVELOPMENT ACT PASSED
SPACE RACE CONTINUES
• JFK promises that by the end of the 1960s the US will put a man on the moon.
• JAN 1961– US LAUNCHES A CHIMPANZEE INTO SPACE.. 6.5 MINUTE FLIGHT.
• APRIL 1961– RUSSIAN COSMONAUT YURI GAGARIN MAKES FIRST MANNED SPACE FLIGHT– 1 ORBIT.
• MAY 1961– US ASTRONAUT ALAN SHEPARD MAKES AMERICA’S FIRST SPACE FLIGHT– SUBORBITAL—PROJECT MERCURY.
• FEB. 1962—ASTRONAUT JOHN GLENN 3 ORBIT FLIGHT
• PEACE CORPS CREATED• AMERICAN BUILD-UP IN LAOS AND VIET NAM
• NOV. 1963 JOHN KENNEDY ASSASSINATED• DALLAS, TEXAS• LEE HARVEY OSWALD• JACK RUBY• LYNDON B. JOHNSON-- PRESIDENT
LBJ’S ADMINISTRATION 1963-1965• DOMESTIC ISSUES
1. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT:– 1964– FREEDOM SUMMER– BLACK VOTER REGISTRATION
DRIVE IN MISSISSIPPI.– JUNE- 3 CIVIL RIGHTS WORKERS BEATEN AND KILLED BY KKK, 21 ACCUSED, ONE OF WHICH WAS THE LOCAL SHERIFF. ALL WHITE JURY FOUND THEM NOT GUILTY.
– 1964– 24TH AMENDMENT– OUTLAWED POLL TAXES (LATER COURT DECISIONS USED THIS AMENDMENT TO OUTLAW LITERACY TESTS AND GRANDFATHER CLAUSES), RESTORED THE 15TH AMENDMENT.
– 2. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964– PROHIBITED ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN
PRIVATE BUSINESS AND PUBLIC FACILITIES.– ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES TO SPEED UP SCHOOL
INTEGRATION.– CREATED THE EEOC (EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
COMMISSION.– 3. WAR ON POVERTY
– INCOME TAXES REDUCED.– JOB CORPS AND VISTA CREATED.– OFFICE OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY CREATED
LBJ’s PRESIDENCY FOREIGN AFFAIRS/ELECTION
SPACE RACE:
•1964– USSR PUTS 3 MAN CAPSULE --1ST SPACE WALK.
INTERNATIONAL EVENTS:
•PANAMA BROKE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS--THEY DEMANDED A NEW CANAL TREATY.
•VIET NAM WAR EXPANDED:
– AUG. 1964 GULF OF TONKIN INCIDENT
– CONGRESS PASSED GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION:
– LBJ ORDERED THE WIDESPREAD BOMBING OF N. VIET NAM.
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 1964:
CANDIDATES:
– REPUB– BARRY GOLDWATER
– DEMS– LYNDON JOHNSON
•ISSUES:
– SOCIAL SPENDING
– VIETNAM
– GOLDWATER’S EXTREMISM
•RESULTS AND IMPORTANCE
LBJ’s 2ND TERM 1965-1969
• DOMESTIC POLICIES:• “GREAT SOCIETY” (1965)
• 1. MEDICARE ESTABLISHED– MEDICAL CARE FOR THE ELDERLY 65 AND OVER.
• 2. MEDICAID ESTABLISHED– MEDICAL ASSISTANCE TO LOW INCOME PEOPLE.
• 3. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES CREATED– PROMOTE CULTURAL AWARENESS AND ACTIVITIES
• 4. IMMIGRATION QUOTA ELIMINATED.
• 5. FEDERAL BLOCK GRANTS TO PUBLIC AND PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES– BASED ON THE NUMBER OF NEEDY STUDENTS.
• 6. HOUSING ACT OF 1965– URBAN RENEWAL PROJECTS, RENT SUBSIDIES
• RESULTS:• 1. INFLATION INCREASED• 2. DEFICIT INCREASED• 3. BOOSTED THE ECONOMY
2ND TERM CONTINUED
• 1965 25TH AMENDMENT RATIFIED:– PRESIDENT COULD APPOINT, WITH SENATE APPROVAL, A NEW VICE PRESIDENT IF
THERE WAS A VACANCY.
– DEFINED PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY
– ALLOWED VP TO BECOME “ACTING” PRESIDENT IN THE EVENT THE PRESIDENT BECOMES DISABLED.
• CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT:• 1965 SELMA, ALABAMA VOTER REGISTRATION DRIVE/ MLK
• “COURT-ORDERED” BUSING TO ACHIEVE INTEGRATION.• 1967– THURGOOD MARSHALL APPOINTED TO THE SUPREME COURT.• MILITANT ORGANIZATIONS CREATED:
– BLACK MUSLIMS, BLACK PANTHERS
– BLACK POWER MOVEMENT– STOKELY CARMICHAEL OF SNCC.
URBAN GUERRILA WARFARE/RIOTS AGAINST WHITE ESTABLISHMENT--1965-1969.
• ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS OF BLACK LEADERS:– 1965– MALCOLM X
– 1966– JAMES MEREDITH (SURVIVED)
– APRIL 4, 1968– MARTIN LUTHER KING– MEMPHIS, JAMES EARL RAY
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT CONTINUED:
• MLK’s ASSASSINATION TRIGGERED MASSIVE RIOTS ALL ACROSS THE USA.• FOLLOWED BY A “WHITE BACKLASH” THAT HURT THE MOVEMENT.• AUG. 1965– FEDERAL VOTING RIGHTS ACT PASSED– FEDERAL VOTER
REGISTRARS SENT TO 16 STATES, MOSTLY IN THE SOUTH.• CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1968:
– OUTLAWED DISCRIMINATION IN THE RENTING, SELLING AND THE BUYING OF PRIVATE PROPERTY.
– INCREASED FUNDING FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSING.
• FOREIGN AFFAIRS• SPACE RACE:• US TOOK THE LEAD—• MARCH 1965– PROJECT GEMINI (US) INITIATED.• JUNE 1965– AMERICA’S FIRST SPACE WALK. (ED WHITE)• DEC. 1965– 2 GEMINI SPACECRAFT GEMINI 6 AND 7 ARE PLACED INTO ORBIT
AT THE SAME TIME.• NOV. 1966– LUNAR ORBITER II PHOTOGRAPHS ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE
MOON.• JAN. 1967 APOLLO I BURNS ON LAUNCHING PAD– GRISSOM, WHITE AND
CHAFEE KILLED– PROJECT HALTED FOR 1 YEAR.• OCT. 1968– APOLLO 7– AMERICA’S FIRST 3 MAN CAPSULE.
SPACE RACE CONTINUED
• DEC. 1968 APOLLO 8 ORBITED THE MOON.
• JULY 1968 NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION TREATY SIGNED. US, RUSSIA AND 63 OTHER NATIONS.– STOP THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS.
• 1965-1968 VIETNAM
• MAR. 1965– OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER– REGULAR BOMBING RAIDS OF N. VIETNAM.
• POW COUNT RISING.
• DEC. 1965 200,000 TROOPS IN VIET NAM– GEN. WILLIAM WESTMORELAND NAMED GENERAL-IN-CHIEF OF VIET NAM WAR.
VIETNAM WAR CONTINUED• 1967 PUBLIC OPINION BEGINS TO TURN AGAINST THE WAR.
– PROTEST MARCHES, DRAFT CARD BURNINGS DRAFT DODGERS, RESULTING IN SEN. FULBRIGHT CONDUCTING A
SENATE HEARING ON THE CONDUCT OF THE WAR.
• DEC. 1967: TROOP STRENGTH IN VIET NAM 500,000/ DEATHS 30,000.• 1968: VIET NAM BECOMES AMERICA’S LONGEST WAR TO DATE.
– CASUALTIES OVER 100,000.– LBJ TELLS AMERICA “HE SEES THE LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL”
• JAN. 1968: COMMUNISTS LAUNCH “TET OFFENSIVE”– BIGGEST ATTACK OF THE WAR– LBJ IMMEDIATELY ORDERED 200,000 MORE MEN TO VIET NAM– TURNING POINT OF THE WAR
• MAR. 1968 SEN. EUGENE McCARTHY (WISC) V. LBJ IN THE NEW HAMPSHIRE PRIMARY.
• McCARTHY WAS AN ANTI-WAR CANDIDATE.• MAR. JOHNSON ANNOUNCED THAT HE WOULD NOT SEEK RE-
ELECTION.– DE-ESCALATE THE WAR, GRADUAL TROOP REDUCTION, CUT BACK ON THE
BOMBING
• MAR. 6, 1968: SEN. ROBERT KENNEDY (NY) ANNOUNCED HIS CANDIDACY FOR THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINATION FOR PRESIDENT.
• JUNE 5, 1968: ROBERT KENNEDY KILLED AFTER WINNING THE CALIFORNIA PRIMARY. SIRHAN SIRHAN
• APRIL 1968– US SPY SHIP THE USS PUEBLO CAPTURED OFF COAST OF N. KOREA. 83 MEN TAKEN PRISONER, HELD AND TORTURED FOR NEXT 11 MONTHS.
• RELEASED WHEN US APOLOGIZED FOR SPYING.
• JUNE 1968 “SIX DAY WAR”• ISRAEL LAUNCHED SURPRISE ATTACK ON ALL ITS SURROUNDING
COUNTRIES.– ISRAEL CAPTURED THE WEST BANK OF THE JORDAN, JERUSALEM, AND
THE SINAI PENINSULA.– ISRAEL’S SUCCESS MADE AMERICA’S LACK OF SUCCESS IN VIET NAM
LOOK BAD.• AUG. 1968– USSR INVADED CZECHOSLOVAKIA TO STOP THE REFORMS OF
ALEXANDER DUBCEK—NO US AID.• ELECTION OF 1968• NOV. 1968 RICHARD NIXON DEFEATS DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGER HUBERT
HUMPHREY AND AMERICAN INDEPENDENT PARTY CANDIDATE GEORGE WALLACE FOR THE PRESIDENCY.
• NIXON: END THE WAR (SECRET PLAN), SLOW DOWN THE PACE OF CIVIL RIGHTS REDUCE SPENDING
• HUMPHREY: (CHAOS AND RIOTING AT CHICAGO CONVENTION) • CONTINUE LBJ’S WAR AIMS, CONTINUE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS• WALLACE: INTERPOSITION AND SEGREGATION
• NIXON WON BY CARRYING MOST OF THE SOUTHERN STATES– TURNING POINT POLITICALLY, SOUTH HAS CONSISTENTLY VOTED REPUBLICAN SINCE.
THE NIXON,FORD AND CARTER YEARS
1969-1974, 1973-1981
DETENTE• NIXON AND HIS AIDE HENRY KISSINGER STARTED A POLICY WITH THE
SOVIET UNION AND CHINA—DÉTENTE.• USED DIPLOMACY NOT THREATS.• RECOGNIZED COMMUNIST CHINA.• MEETINGS WITH SOVIET PREMIER LEONID BREZHNIV AND THE CHINESE
LEADER MAO TSE-TUNG.• 1972—SALT I AGREEMENT.• VIET NAM WAR ENDED PARIS PEACE ACCORDS JANUARY 1973.
“KISSINGER’S SHUTTLE DIPLOMACY”– US WITHDRAW TROOPS 60 DAYS– RELEASE OF POWs– END ACTION IN LAOS AND CAMBODIA.– VIET NAM SEPARATED AT 17TH PARALLEL
• NIXON’S DOMESTIC POLICIES:• “NEW FEDERALISM”– RETURN SOME FEDERAL POWER TO THE STATES.• - SLOW-DOWN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.• -MAKE CONSERVATIVE APPOINTMENTS TO SUP.
COURT.• SCHOOL BUSING CASE SWANN V. CHARLOTTE-MECKENBURG
BD. OF EDUC.• “STAGFLATION”—INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT INCREASED
TOGETHER.• -USED PRICE AND WAGE CONTROLS AND ASKED FED TO INCREASE
DISCOUNT RATE.
NIXON YEARS CONTINUED• DOMESTIC ISSUES:
• THE OIL EMBARGO AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION:– IN RESPONSE TO US SUPPORT FOR ISRAEL DURING THE “YOM KIPPUR
WAR” 1973 OPEC IMPOSED AN OIL EMBARGO.
• CONGRESS PASSED THE CLEAN AIR AND WATER ACT AND NIXON CREATED THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. (INFLUENCED BY RACHEL CARSON’S SILENT SPRING.
• WATERGATE SCANDAL- CENTERED AROUND THE WIRETAPPING AND BREAK-IN OF THE DEMOCRATIC HQs AT THE WATERGATE HOTEL. (1972).
• KEY NAMES: JOHN DEAN, JOHN EHRLICHMAN, H.R. HALDEMAN, “DEEP THROAT”, SAM ERVIN, BOB WOODWARD AND CARL BERNSTEIN.
• AUGUST 1974 NIXON RESIGNED. VP GERALD FORD (25TH AMENDMENT) BECAME PRESIDENT.
• FORD PARDONED NIXON. FORD APPOINTED NELSON ROCKEFELLER VP.
•
FORD AND CARTER• GERALD FORD (R) 1974-1977:
FORD’S PARDON OF NIXON DOOMED HIS PRESIDENCY FROM THE OUTSET. “STAGFLATION” CONTINUED. WIN BUTTONS. VOLUNTARY ACTIONS—SAVE $,
CONSERVE FUEL, PLANT GARDENS. FAILED.HELSINKI ACCORDS—HUMAN RIGHTS, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, RESPECT
NATIONAL BORDERS.EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT DEFEATED—OPPOSITION LED BY PHYLLIS SCHAFLY.
JAMES EARL CARTER (D) 1977-1981:
EX-GOVERNOR OF GA., RAN AS A “WASHINGTON” OUTSIDER.CAMP DAVID ACCORDS- ANWAR SADAT, MENACHEM BEGIN—1978 PEACE
TREATY BETWEEN ISRAEL AND EGYPT.ENDED DÉTENTE WHEN USSR INVADED AFGHANISTAN. GRAIN EMBARGO,
OYMPIC BOYCOTT 1980. IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS 1979-1981:REVOLUTION OVERTHREW PRO-AMERICAN SHAH IN 1979. US ALLOWED SHAH
TO GET MEDICAL TREATMENT IN US. IN RESPONSE THE AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI, ANTI-AMERICAN LEADER ALLOWED A MOB TO STORM US EMBASSY AND TAKE THE STAFF HOSTAGE. CARTER ATTEMPTED MILOITARY RESCUE, IT FAILED. CRISIS ENDED WHEN SHAH DIED AND REAGAN WAS INAUGURATED IN JAN. 1981.
