Post Civil War YearsPost Civil War Years

Unit 6Unit 6

The student will identify legal, political, and

social dimension of Reconstruction.

a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction.

b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves and provide advanced education (e.g., Morehouse College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau.

c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments.

d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction.

e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction

The student will describe the growth of big business The student will describe the growth of big business and technological innovations after Reconstructionand technological innovations after Reconstruction

a. Explain the impact of the railroads on other industries, such as steel, and on the organization of big business.

b. Describe the impact of the railroads in the development of the West; include the transcontinental railroad, and the use of Chinese labor.

c. Identify John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company and the rise of trusts and monopolies

d. Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison; include the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph, and their impact on American life

The student will analyze important The student will analyze important consequences of American industrial growthconsequences of American industrial growth

a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on urban America.

b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers.

c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.

d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example of industrial unrest.

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Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

Lincoln introduced a plan for Lincoln introduced a plan for rebuildingrebuilding rather than punishing the South.rather than punishing the South.

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson became president; he became president; he was a southerner and former slave was a southerner and former slave owner, so he was sympathetic to the owner, so he was sympathetic to the South.South.

He followed his own plan for He followed his own plan for reconstruction reconstruction similarsimilar to Lincoln’s plan to Lincoln’s plan

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Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction Southerners who Southerners who swore allegianceswore allegiance to the to the

Union were pardoned. (Forgiven of any Union were pardoned. (Forgiven of any crimes against the U.S.)crimes against the U.S.)

Former Confederate States could hold Former Confederate States could hold constitutional conventionsconstitutional conventions to set up state to set up state governments.governments.

States had to States had to void secessionvoid secession and ratify the and ratify the Thirteenth AmendmentThirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery, which ended slavery

Once the 13Once the 13thth Amendment was ratified, Amendment was ratified, states could hold states could hold electionselections and be a part of and be a part of the Unionthe Union

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Presidential ReconstructionPresidential Reconstruction

Johnson enacted his plan while Johnson enacted his plan while Congress was Congress was out of sessionout of session..

Southern States enacted Black CodesSouthern States enacted Black Codes Black CodesBlack Codes were laws that limited the were laws that limited the

rights of freed blacks so much that rights of freed blacks so much that they basically kept them as slaves.they basically kept them as slaves.

Congress came into session unhappy!Congress came into session unhappy!

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Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

Congress did not believe Johnson’s Congress did not believe Johnson’s approach did not to enough because approach did not to enough because it did not offer Blacks full citizenshipit did not offer Blacks full citizenship

CongressCongress felt they should be in felt they should be in control of Reconstructioncontrol of Reconstruction

Congress passed the Reconstruction Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867; commonly known as Act of 1867; commonly known as Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

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Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

The southern states were put under The southern states were put under military rule.military rule.

States had to hold new States had to hold new constitutional constitutional conventionsconventions

Southerners who supported the Southerners who supported the confederacy were not allowed to vote confederacy were not allowed to vote (temporarily)(temporarily)

Had to guarantee the Had to guarantee the right to voteright to vote to to African AmericansAfrican Americans

Had to ratify the Had to ratify the 1414thth Amendment Amendment, which , which made African Americans citizensmade African Americans citizens

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Civil War AmendmentsCivil War Amendments

1313thth Amendment Amendment – abolished slavery – abolished slavery in the United Statesin the United States

1414thth Amendment Amendment – defined a citizen; – defined a citizen; guaranteed that no person would be guaranteed that no person would be deprived of life, liberty, or property deprived of life, liberty, or property without due processwithout due process

1515thth Amendment Amendment – no citizen can be – no citizen can be denied the right to vote based on denied the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of race, color, or previous condition of servitudeservitude

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Johnson’s ImpeachmentJohnson’s Impeachment

Congress passed the Congress passed the Tenure of Office Tenure of Office ActAct – to prohibit President from firing – to prohibit President from firing government officialsgovernment officials

Johnson fired the Secretary of War Johnson fired the Secretary of War because he disagreed with him over because he disagreed with him over reconstruction.reconstruction.

Congress accused Johnson of violating Congress accused Johnson of violating the law and voted tothe law and voted to impeach impeach him him

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Johnson’s ImpeachmentJohnson’s Impeachment

The Senate failed to convict Johnson The Senate failed to convict Johnson by by one voteone vote

This would have set a This would have set a dangerous dangerous precedentprecedent for Congress to impeach a for Congress to impeach a president over political differences.president over political differences.

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Farming and the Freedman’s Farming and the Freedman’s BureauBureau

Former slaves turned to sharecropping in Former slaves turned to sharecropping in order to survive.order to survive.

SharecroppingSharecropping – a family farmed a portion – a family farmed a portion of a white landowners property in return of a white landowners property in return for housing and a share of the crop.for housing and a share of the crop.

Sharecroppers who worked for an honest Sharecroppers who worked for an honest landowner advanced to tenant farming.landowner advanced to tenant farming.

Tenant Farming-Tenant Farming- farmer paid rent to farm farmer paid rent to farm the land and kept the profits from his crop.the land and kept the profits from his crop.

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Farming and the Freedman’s Farming and the Freedman’s BureauBureau

Both the tenant farmers and Both the tenant farmers and sharecroppers were sharecroppers were at the mercy of at the mercy of the landowner.the landowner.

Both systems were designed to keep Both systems were designed to keep African Americans working white-African Americans working white-owned land.owned land.

In an effort to help the freed slaves, In an effort to help the freed slaves, Congress created the Congress created the Freedman’s Freedman’s BureauBureau

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Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau

The first federal relief agency in U.S. The first federal relief agency in U.S. history.history.

Provided Provided clothes, medical attention, clothes, medical attention, food, education, and in some cases food, education, and in some cases land.land.

It ended in 1869, but it did help It ended in 1869, but it did help many slaves many slaves transition to freedomtransition to freedom throughout the south.throughout the south.

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Education and the ChurchEducation and the Church

The desire for freedom and the need for The desire for freedom and the need for community support led to the rise of community support led to the rise of African American ChurchesAfrican American Churches..

Churches became the center of African Churches became the center of African American American socialsocial and and political political life.life.

African American African American ministersministers came to be came to be seen not only as spiritual shepherds but seen not only as spiritual shepherds but as as political/ social leaderspolitical/ social leaders as well as well

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Morehouse CollegeMorehouse College

1867, group formed a school to train 1867, group formed a school to train African American men to beAfrican American men to be ministers ministers and and teachers.teachers.

Eventually became the Eventually became the Atlanta Baptist Atlanta Baptist SeminarySeminary and later Atlanta Baptist and later Atlanta Baptist CollegeCollege

1913 the name was changed to 1913 the name was changed to Morehouse CollegeMorehouse College; one of the most ; one of the most prestigious colleges in the nationprestigious colleges in the nation

Known as the Known as the “Black Harvard”“Black Harvard”

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White ResistanceWhite Resistance

Under Radical Reconstruction, Under Radical Reconstruction, black codesblack codes lost much of their power.lost much of their power.

WhitesWhites resisted resisted giving blacks giving blacks equal rightsequal rights and some resorted to violenceand some resorted to violence

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan was the most notorious group. was the most notorious group. Klan practiced Klan practiced lynchingslynchings and other acts of and other acts of

violenceviolence Some of their goals have changed but the Some of their goals have changed but the

Klan still exists todayKlan still exists today

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White ResistanceWhite Resistance

Southerners grew bitter towards the Union Southerners grew bitter towards the Union and those who and those who profited from Reconstructionprofited from Reconstruction

CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers were seen as people taking were seen as people taking advantage of southern suffering to make advantage of southern suffering to make money.money.

They carried bags made of carpet like They carried bags made of carpet like material – thus the name.material – thus the name.

ScalawagsScalawags were southerners who supported were southerners who supported reconstruction – this group was targeted for reconstruction – this group was targeted for persecution by groups like the KKKpersecution by groups like the KKK

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The End of ReconstructionThe End of Reconstruction

Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the Reconstruction ended in 1877 with the election of election of Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes..

African American lost the small gains African American lost the small gains they had made during reconstruction.they had made during reconstruction.

Southern States passed Southern States passed “Jim Crow” “Jim Crow” lawslaws that enforced that enforced segregationsegregation

Many states by passed the 15Many states by passed the 15thth amendment by using amendment by using literacy testsliteracy tests and and poll taxespoll taxes as a condition to vote as a condition to vote

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The End of ReconstructionThe End of Reconstruction

To allow poor, uneducated whites to vote, To allow poor, uneducated whites to vote, states instituted states instituted “grandfather clauses”“grandfather clauses”

These clauses exempted citizens from These clauses exempted citizens from literacy tests and poll taxes if theirliteracy tests and poll taxes if their ancestorsancestors had voted in previous elections had voted in previous elections or had served in the Confederate army or or had served in the Confederate army or navynavy

This eliminated African Americans in This eliminated African Americans in politics and maintained a politics and maintained a ‘solid south’‘solid south’ for for the Democrats for more than a century the Democrats for more than a century

Industrial GrowthIndustrial Growth

Post Civil WarPost Civil War

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Railroads and the WestRailroads and the West

Railroads played a major role in the industrial growth and expansion after the Civil War.

Railroads made life out west possible by allowing farmers and ranchers access to eastern markets and resources.

Railroads also made it easier for people too move west and populate territories.

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad Congress coordinated an effort to build a Congress coordinated an effort to build a

transcontinental railroadtranscontinental railroad.. The The Union PacificUnion Pacific (an eastern company) and (an eastern company) and

the the Central PacificCentral Pacific (a western company) (a western company) joined their tracks in Utah in 1869 with a joined their tracks in Utah in 1869 with a gold spike.gold spike.

The completion of the transcontinental The completion of the transcontinental railroad would not have been possible railroad would not have been possible without thousands ofwithout thousands of Irish Irish and and Chinese Chinese immigrants.immigrants.

Immigrants were often victims of Immigrants were often victims of racismracism and and abuseabuse because of their Asian features, because of their Asian features, cultural differences, and distinct dress.cultural differences, and distinct dress.

Railroads and Big BusinessRailroads and Big Business

Railroads also contributed to the rise Railroads also contributed to the rise of the steel industry and big business.of the steel industry and big business.

1850s, 1850s, Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer developed a developed a new method for making steel known new method for making steel known as the as the Bessemer processBessemer process..

Manufacturers could make steel much Manufacturers could make steel much cheaper than before, so steel became cheaper than before, so steel became more more affordableaffordable..

Railroads and Big BusinessRailroads and Big Business Steel becomes an Steel becomes an integral partintegral part of the nation’s of the nation’s

economyeconomy Buildings could not be built taller – Buildings could not be built taller – skyscrapersskyscrapers Railroads became a Railroads became a practicalpractical and and economicaleconomical

way to ship sizeable products over land.way to ship sizeable products over land. Resources and finished goods could be shipped Resources and finished goods could be shipped

to locations anywhere there was railroads.to locations anywhere there was railroads. Shipping goods and resources in a Shipping goods and resources in a timely timely

mannermanner became a major component of big became a major component of big business. (business. (TIME ZONES)TIME ZONES)

Giants of Big BusinessGiants of Big Business

Some people became rich in developing Some people became rich in developing the railroad industry. Because some did so the railroad industry. Because some did so in a crooked manner, they became known in a crooked manner, they became known as the as the “robber barons”“robber barons”

Robber barons came to be indentified with Robber barons came to be indentified with wealthy entrepreneurswealthy entrepreneurs in other industries. in other industries.

1869, 1869, Cornelius VanderbiltCornelius Vanderbilt extended his extended his New York Central railroad to reach New York Central railroad to reach Chicago; people were able to travel non-Chicago; people were able to travel non-stop stop

Giants of Big BusinessGiants of Big Business

Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie founded U.S. Steel founded U.S. Steel and sold it to and sold it to J.P. MorganJ.P. Morgan for $500 for $500 million.million.

This made Carnegie the This made Carnegie the richest manrichest man in the world at the time. in the world at the time.

Carnegie becomes well known for his Carnegie becomes well known for his charitable workcharitable work and and philanthropicphilanthropic endeavors. endeavors.

Giants of Big BusinessGiants of Big Business

This most important name associated This most important name associated with big business is with big business is John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller..

He founded He founded Standard Oil CompanyStandard Oil Company, , which was the nations’ first trustwhich was the nations’ first trust

Trust Trust unite different companies into one unite different companies into one system.system.

Trust exists to destroy competition and Trust exists to destroy competition and create create monopoliesmonopolies (a market in which (a market in which there is only one supplier of a product)there is only one supplier of a product)

John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller

He was able to He was able to dictate pricesdictate prices, , eliminate competitioneliminate competition and and controlcontrol the the U.S. oil industry.U.S. oil industry.

He used He used vertical integrationvertical integration: a : a business strategy in which one business strategy in which one corporation owns not only the corporation owns not only the company that produces the finished company that produces the finished product, but also the companies that product, but also the companies that provide the materials needed for provide the materials needed for production.production.

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Thomas EdisonThomas Edison

1919thth Century saw many inventions Century saw many inventions introduced to American.introduced to American.

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison was the most was the most impactful inventor of the time.impactful inventor of the time.

1877, he invented the1877, he invented the phonograph phonograph, , later the later the motion picture cameramotion picture camera..

His most important was the His most important was the electric electric light bulb.light bulb.

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison

Before Electric light bulbs, people were Before Electric light bulbs, people were limited limited to working only to working only daylight hoursdaylight hours or or by dim candle/oil lamp lightby dim candle/oil lamp light

People could do more work after dark in People could do more work after dark in factories, offices, and homes.factories, offices, and homes.

He also came up with the idea of He also came up with the idea of central central power companiespower companies to provide electrical to provide electrical power to customerspower to customers

His company, founded in 1882, His company, founded in 1882, Con-Edison Con-Edison still supplies electricity to still supplies electricity to New York City New York City

Western GrowthWestern Growth

Reasons for Moving WestReasons for Moving West

In the years leading up to and following In the years leading up to and following the Civil War, settlers moved west, the Civil War, settlers moved west, causing a population boom.causing a population boom.

Some went west for Some went west for religious reasonsreligious reasons to to spread the news of Jesus Christ to the spread the news of Jesus Christ to the Indians.Indians.

The The Mormons Mormons moved west to escape moved west to escape Religious persecutionReligious persecution and founded and founded UtahUtah

Reasons for Moving WestReasons for Moving West

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849 led to early led to early statehood for Californiastatehood for California

Available landAvailable land also drew people west also drew people west Congress opened up more land for Congress opened up more land for

settlement in 1889settlement in 1889

Oklahoma Land RushOklahoma Land Rush

50,000 people gathered at the Oklahoma 50,000 people gathered at the Oklahoma border waiting for a gun shot to announce border waiting for a gun shot to announce the opening.the opening.

Featured people on horseback, bicycles, in Featured people on horseback, bicycles, in wagons, and on foot all surging forward to wagons, and on foot all surging forward to stake their claimstake their claim

Some jumped the gun to get ahead and Some jumped the gun to get ahead and get there get there “sooner”“sooner”

Hence Oklahoma is nicknamed the Hence Oklahoma is nicknamed the Sooner Sooner state.state.

Farming, Ranching, and Farming, Ranching, and MiningMining

Settlers in the west had toSettlers in the west had to adapt adapt to to terrain different from the East.terrain different from the East.

Lacking wood, settlers had to build Lacking wood, settlers had to build and live in and live in sod housessod houses; sod was very ; sod was very strong and durable.strong and durable.

Many Many technological advancestechnological advances made made western farming possible; western farming possible;

Technological AdvancesTechnological Advances

John DeereJohn Deere designed the first steel plow designed the first steel plow that enabled farmers to plant crops in the that enabled farmers to plant crops in the prairie sod.prairie sod.

Wind MillsWind Mills allowed settlers to pump water allowed settlers to pump water from 100 feet deep wells.from 100 feet deep wells.

Barbed wireBarbed wire allowed ranchers to fence in allowed ranchers to fence in their land for cattle cheaply.their land for cattle cheaply.

RailroadsRailroads created a way for farmers to created a way for farmers to import import needed equipment andneeded equipment and export export their their products to other parts of the nation.products to other parts of the nation.

Cattle RanchingCattle Ranching Texas settlers learned Texas settlers learned ranching techniquesranching techniques

from the Mexicans who lived there; from the Mexicans who lived there; herding and driving cattle to market.herding and driving cattle to market.

Texans also copied their dress and culture- Texans also copied their dress and culture- cowboy hatscowboy hats and and chapschaps

Rise of cattle ranching contributed to the Rise of cattle ranching contributed to the slaughter slaughter of theof the buffalo buffalo that competed for that competed for grazing areas.grazing areas.

““CowtownsCowtowns” popped up along the rail lines ” popped up along the rail lines for shipping cattle back east; Cowboys for shipping cattle back east; Cowboys became legendarybecame legendary

Mining IndustryMining Industry

MiningMining became important as discoveries became important as discoveries of gold like those in California meant of gold like those in California meant people could attempt to make a fortune.people could attempt to make a fortune.

Mining camps and towns had a Mining camps and towns had a reputation of being reputation of being wildwild and full of and full of vice vice (gambling, drinking, prostitution)(gambling, drinking, prostitution)

Big corporationsBig corporations moved in and the moved in and the number of independent miners declined number of independent miners declined over time.over time.

Impact on Impact on Native AmericansNative Americans

Buffalo and ReservationsBuffalo and Reservations

As more settlers moved west, Native As more settlers moved west, Native Americans continued to feel the Americans continued to feel the impact.impact.

They used the buffalo for They used the buffalo for food, food, clothing, and shelter.clothing, and shelter.

Settlers and trappers killed Settlers and trappers killed great great numbersnumbers of buffalo, and by 1889 only of buffalo, and by 1889 only 1,0001,000 were left on the Continent. were left on the Continent.

Plains Indians could no longer Plains Indians could no longer continue their continue their way of lifeway of life..

Buffalo and ReservationsBuffalo and Reservations

Many Native Americans were forced to Many Native Americans were forced to relocate to reservations.relocate to reservations.

Reservations are parcels of land set aside by Reservations are parcels of land set aside by the federal government for Native Americans.the federal government for Native Americans.

They would be forcibly removed every time They would be forcibly removed every time gold was discovered or whites wanted the gold was discovered or whites wanted the land.land.

They became resentful and wars broke out They became resentful and wars broke out which killed large numbers of Native which killed large numbers of Native Americans.Americans.

Violent ConfrontationsViolent Confrontations

1861, 1861, Cheyenne warriorsCheyenne warriors angry that the angry that the US had forced them off their land US had forced them off their land launched several raids on camps and launched several raids on camps and local towns.local towns.

US forces surprised 500 Cheyenne at US forces surprised 500 Cheyenne at Sand Creek killing Sand Creek killing 270 Indians270 Indians, mostly , mostly womewomen and n and children.children.

Many were outraged and under the Many were outraged and under the leadership of leadership of Red CloudRed Cloud and and Crazy HorseCrazy Horse, , the Sioux rose upthe Sioux rose up

Battle of Little BighornBattle of Little Bighorn In 1876, In 1876, General George CusterGeneral George Custer attempted to attempted to

surprise and defeat the Sioux at the Battle of surprise and defeat the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn.Little Bighorn.

Custer Custer underestimatedunderestimated the size of the the size of the enemy’s forces.enemy’s forces.

The Sioux quickly surrounded the U.S. troops, The Sioux quickly surrounded the U.S. troops, killing Custerkilling Custer and more than 200 of his men. and more than 200 of his men.

This became known as This became known as “Custer’s Last Stand”“Custer’s Last Stand” By 1877, both the Sioux and Cheyenne had By 1877, both the Sioux and Cheyenne had

surrenderedsurrendered and were and were relocatedrelocated to to reservations.reservations.

Wounded KneeWounded Knee

The last notable armed conflict The last notable armed conflict between U.S. Troops and Native between U.S. Troops and Native Americans occurred in 1890 at Americans occurred in 1890 at Wounded Knee, S.DWounded Knee, S.D....

The Sioux had developed a ritual The Sioux had developed a ritual called the called the Ghost DanceGhost Dance that they that they believed would believed would bring back the buffalo, bring back the buffalo, return the Natives to their land, and return the Natives to their land, and banish the white man from the earth.banish the white man from the earth.

Wounded KneeWounded Knee

U.S. forces believed that U.S. forces believed that Sitting BullSitting Bull was using the Ghost Dance to incite was using the Ghost Dance to incite an uprising, so they sent in the army an uprising, so they sent in the army to arrest him.to arrest him.

A A gunfightgunfight broke out killing 14 broke out killing 14 including Sitting Bullincluding Sitting Bull

They eventually killed They eventually killed 150 unarmed150 unarmed Native American men, women, and Native American men, women, and children.children.

Urban Growth Urban Growth and and

Immigration Immigration

Urban GrowthUrban Growth

From the end of the Civil war to the From the end of the Civil war to the turn of the 20turn of the 20thth century, the size of century, the size of U.S. cities U.S. cities increased rapidlyincreased rapidly..

When cities increase in size it is called When cities increase in size it is called urban growthurban growth..

Western cities grew from nothing as Western cities grew from nothing as railroads took hold.railroads took hold.

Eastern cities grew as a result of Eastern cities grew as a result of industrialization industrialization and the jobs it and the jobs it created.created.

ImmigrationImmigration

The late 19The late 19thth century also saw a century also saw a dramatic increase in dramatic increase in immigrationimmigration to to the U.S. the U.S.

In the In the easteast, most new arrivals came , most new arrivals came from from Europe,Europe, while on the while on the westwest coast, coast, many came from many came from China.China.

IndustrializationIndustrialization in the east and in the east and building railroadsbuilding railroads in the west caused in the west caused the influx of many immigrants.the influx of many immigrants.

Ellis IslandEllis Island

To handle the large number of immigrants To handle the large number of immigrants coming to American, the government coming to American, the government opened opened Ellis IslandEllis Island..

A tiny island near the Statue of Liberty in A tiny island near the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor.New York Harbor.

All the nationalities that came created the All the nationalities that came created the American American “melting pot”“melting pot”

Most kept their traditional ways and Most kept their traditional ways and society experienced a society experienced a cultural pluralismcultural pluralism – – (presence of many different cultures within (presence of many different cultures within one society)one society)

Problems with ImmigrationProblems with Immigration

Immigration provide much Immigration provide much needed needed laborlabor for the nation’s factories. for the nation’s factories.

Many US citizens felt that they Many US citizens felt that they took took away jobsaway jobs from Americans. from Americans.

They tended to live in their own They tended to live in their own neighborhoods or neighborhoods or ethnic ghettosethnic ghettos where they kept their culture and where they kept their culture and language. language.

Problems with Immigration Problems with Immigration Religious differencesReligious differences were also a source of were also a source of

tension – most Americans were protestant tension – most Americans were protestant while immigrants were Catholicwhile immigrants were Catholic

Before the Civil war, immigrants came Before the Civil war, immigrants came from from Western EuropeWestern Europe – people with similar – people with similar characteristics – White and protestantcharacteristics – White and protestant

After the Civil War- immigrants came from After the Civil War- immigrants came from Eastern and southern EuropeEastern and southern Europe – places like – places like Poland, Italy and RussiaPoland, Italy and Russia

There were huge ethnic differences which There were huge ethnic differences which lead to an increase in lead to an increase in NativismNativism

NativismNativism

As feelings of As feelings of Nativism (opposing Nativism (opposing immigration)immigration) grew, anti-immigrant grew, anti-immigrant groups began to form.groups began to form.

The Government passed anti-immigrant The Government passed anti-immigrant legislation restricting immigrationlegislation restricting immigration

Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act of 1882 of 1882 prohibited Chinese immigrants from prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally coming to the U.S and was not legally coming to the U.S and was not repealed until 1943.repealed until 1943.

Living and Working Living and Working ConditionsConditions

Industrialization produced many Industrialization produced many problems in the cities.problems in the cities.

The entire family; men, women, and The entire family; men, women, and children tended to work in the children tended to work in the factories 12 hours per day to make factories 12 hours per day to make ends meet.ends meet.

Child labor was common, children as Child labor was common, children as young as five, young as five,

Living and Working Living and Working ConditionsConditions

Working ConditionsWorking Conditions were often were often difficult; the work was monotonous, difficult; the work was monotonous, long hours for low pay and often long hours for low pay and often dangerous.dangerous.

SweatshopsSweatshops were makeshift factories were makeshift factories set up by private contractors to help set up by private contractors to help main factory meet production goals.main factory meet production goals.

Sweatshops were Sweatshops were poorly lit, poorly poorly lit, poorly ventilated, and unsafeventilated, and unsafe

Living and Working Living and Working ConditionsConditions

Living conditions were often hard as well. Living conditions were often hard as well. Urban slumsUrban slums (poor, inner-city (poor, inner-city

neighborhoods) consisting of neighborhoods) consisting of tenementstenements.. Tenements were Tenements were overcrowded apartmentsovercrowded apartments

that housed several families of immigrantsthat housed several families of immigrants Overcrowded, these slums often had Overcrowded, these slums often had open open

sewerssewers that attracted rats and other that attracted rats and other disease-spreading pestsdisease-spreading pests

The Rise of Labor The Rise of Labor UnionsUnions

Samuel Gompers and the Samuel Gompers and the AFLAFL

Out of the challenging working and Out of the challenging working and living conditions that faced industrial living conditions that faced industrial workers arose labor unions.workers arose labor unions.

UnionsUnions are organizations formed to are organizations formed to protect the interests of its members.protect the interests of its members.

The most influential of the era was The most influential of the era was the the American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) led by (AFL) led by Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

American Federation of American Federation of LaborLabor

The AFL used the economic pressures The AFL used the economic pressures of of strikes strikes (refusal of employees to (refusal of employees to work until employers meet certain work until employers meet certain demands) and demands) and boycottsboycotts (refusal to buy (refusal to buy or pay for certain products of services)or pay for certain products of services)

The AFL also believed in The AFL also believed in collective collective bargaining.bargaining.

Collective bargaining is a process Collective bargaining is a process through which employees through which employees negotiate as negotiate as a groupa group..

American Federation of American Federation of LaborLabor

To increase their ability to negotiate To increase their ability to negotiate with business owners, the AFL with business owners, the AFL pressed for pressed for closed shop workplacesclosed shop workplaces in which employers could only hire in which employers could only hire union members. union members.

Closed shops Closed shops forced employersforced employers to to deal with the union because they deal with the union because they could not look elsewhere for workers.could not look elsewhere for workers.

Strikes and ConfrontationsStrikes and Confrontations

Employers Employers hatedhated the unions and often the unions and often took measures against them.took measures against them.

They threatened to They threatened to fire employeesfire employees who joined unions or forced them to who joined unions or forced them to sign contractssign contracts agreeing not to join agreeing not to join such groups.such groups.

Courts would issue Courts would issue injunctionsinjunctions declaring strikes illegal; even the declaring strikes illegal; even the president would president would send in troopssend in troops to stop to stop a strike.a strike.

Pullman StrikePullman Strike

The most drastic strike of the era was The most drastic strike of the era was the the Pullman strikePullman strike in 1894. in 1894.

The Pullman car company had laid off The Pullman car company had laid off workers and the union protested to workers and the union protested to George PullmanGeorge Pullman the owner. He the owner. He responded by firing the union responded by firing the union representatives.representatives.

The union went of strike in protest, so The union went of strike in protest, so Pullman Pullman closed the plantclosed the plant instead of instead of negotiating.negotiating.

Pullman StrikePullman Strike

Led by Led by Eugene DebsEugene Debs, the American , the American Railway Union called for a boycott of Railway Union called for a boycott of Pullman Cars nationwide. Pullman Cars nationwide.

120,000 120,000 workers rallied to the strike, workers rallied to the strike, because the strike affected the deliver of because the strike affected the deliver of the the U.S. mailU.S. mail, the federal government , the federal government issued an injunctionissued an injunction and the President sent and the President sent in troops to make sure it was enforced.in troops to make sure it was enforced.

Within days, the strike was over and Within days, the strike was over and set a set a precedentprecedent of Employers using the court to of Employers using the court to stop strikes.stop strikes.