1

The following supplement accompanies the article

Positive correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation and violent conflicts in Europe

Harry F. Lee1,*, David D. Zhang1, Peter Brecke2, Jie Fei3

1Department of Geography and International Centre for China Development Study, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR

2Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0610, USA

3Institute of Chinese Historical Geography, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China

*Email: harrylee@hku.hk

Climate Research 56: 1–10 (2013)

Supplement. List of violent conflicts in Europe, 1400–1995, and sources used England (Henry IV vs. Richard II), 1400 Mongols (Timur)–Georgia, 1400 Mongols (Timur)–Turkey, 1400 England–Scotland, 1400–02 Hungary, 1401 Emperor (Rupert)–Milan, 1401–02 Russia–Lithuania, 1401–04 Mongols (Timur)–Turkey (Ottomans), 1402 Mongols (Timur)–Rhodes (Knights of) (Smyrna), 1402 Scotland–England, 1402–03 Naples–Hungary, 1402–03 England (Wales, w/ intervention by France), 1402–09 Milan (succession, w/ intervention by Venice), 1402–12 Spain–Canary Islands, 1402–22 England, 1403 Venice–Genoa, 1403 France (Jews), 1403 Mongols (Timur)–Georgia, 1403 Appenzell, Swiss Confederation–Abbey of St. Gall, Austria, Germany, 1403–11 Turkey, 1403–13 Swiss Confederation–Savoy, 1403–16 Venice–Padua, Verona, Vicenze, 1404–05 Swiss Confederation–Austria, 1404–08 Denmark–Holstein, Hanse towns (from 1426), 1404–35 England (York & Nottingham), 1405 Lithuania–Russia, 1405 Hungary (Sigismund)–Bosnia (Waldenses), 1405 France (Burgundian civil war), 1405–07 Naples–pope, Anjou, Florence, Siena, emperor, 1405–12

2

Florence–Pisa, 1406 France–England (Normandy), 1406 Muscovy–Poland, Lithuania, 1406–08 Muscovy–Volga, Tartars, 1406–08 Hungary (Sigismund)–Bosnia, 1406–09 Castile–Granada, 1406–10 Hungary (Sigismund)–Bosnia (Waldenses), 1407 Naples (succession), 1407–12 Holland, 1407–27 England, 1408 Tartars–Muscovy, 1408 Moguls–Novgorod, 1408 France (Burgundian civil war), 1408–10 France (Genoa), 1409 Hungary (Sigismund)–Venice, 1409 (Poland–Lithuania)–Teutonic Order, 1409–11 Aragon (Catalonia), 1409–13 Norway, Sweden, Denmark–Holstein, Hanseatic League, 1409–35 Aragon (Spain), 1410 Sicily (succession), 1410–12 Emperor (Sigismund)–Venice, 1411–12 France (w/ intervention by England), 1411–13 England–France (Normandy, Bordeaux), 1412 Brandenburg, 1412–25 Milan–Lombard cities, Genoa, 1412–20 England, 1413 France (Paris), 1413–14 Naples–Pope, 1413–14 Turkey–Wallachia, Bosnia, Hungary, Venice, Serbia, 1413–21 (Poland–Lithuania)–Teutonic Order, 1413–22 Spain (Jews), 1414 Emperor, Swiss Confederation–Austria (Aargau), 1415 France (Burgundy), 1415–35 England–France, 1415–44 Tartars–Muscovy, 1416 Venice–Turkey, 1416 Burgundy (civil disturbance), 1418 Portugal–Madeira, 1418 Sweden, Norway–Muscovy (Novgorod), 1419 Emperor (Sigismund)–Venice, 1419–31 Bohemia (Hussites, w/ intervention by Germany & others), 1419–34 Genoa–Aragon, 1420 Naples (succession, Anjou & Aragon), 1420–24 Pope–Papal States, 1420–26 Genoa–Milan, 1421 Turkey (succession), 1421 Turkey–Byzantium, 1422 Swiss Confederation–Milan, 1422–26 Bohemia, 1423–24 Milan–Florence, Venice (from 1425), 1423–26 Egypt–Cyprus, 1424–26 Portugal–Canary Islands, 1425 Turkey, 1425 Muscovy (succession), 1425–40 Novgorod, Pskov–Lithuania, 1426–28 Milan–Florence, Venice, 1427–28 Turkey–Serbia, Greece, Hungary, 1429–40 Turkey–Venice, 1430

3

Liege (w/ intervention by Burgundy), 1430 Castile–Granada (Moors), 1430–31 Florence, Venice–Lucca, Milan, 1430–33 Turkey–Albania, Kraina, Wallachia, 1431 Anjou–Lorraine, 1431 Poland–Lithuanian Russia (Volynia), 1431 Lithuanian Russia, 1433–39 Galicia–Muscovy, 1433–52 Teutonic Order–(Poland–Lithuania), 1434–35 Denmark (peasants in Sweden & Norway), 1434–39 Milan, emperor–Florence, Venice, pope, 1434–41 Naples (succession, Anjou & Aragon, w/ intervention by Genoa & pope), 1435–42 Genoa–Aragon, 1435–42 Burgundy (Ghent & Bruges), 1436–40 Swiss Confederation (Zurich), 1436–50 Hungary (peasants), 1437 Hungary–Turkey, 1437–38 Golden Horde–Russia, 1437–39 Bohemia (succession), 1438–39 France (nobles), 1440 Hungary (succession), 1440–42 Castile (nobles), 1441–50 Emperor–Swiss Confederation, 1442–46 Sforza, Venice, Florence–pope, Naples, Milan, 1442–47 Hungary, (Poland–Lithuania), pope–Turkey, 1442–48 France (Armagnac), 1443 Saxony (Wettin family dispute), 1443–51 Turkey–Venice, 1443–53 Albanians–Turkey, 1443–61 France–Swiss, 1444 Turkey–Greece–Hungary (Bulgaria), 1444 Golden Horde–Russia, 1444–45 Muscovy–Lithuania, 1445 Sweden, Norway–Muscovy (Novgorod), 1446 Muscovy (Novgorod)–Ugrians, 1446 Turkey–Morea (Greece), 1446 Hungary–emperor (Austria), 1446 Cologne–Westphalian towns, 1446–48 Muscovy (succession), 1446–54 Muscovy–Tartars, 1447 Milan (succession, w/ intervention by Venice, Naples), 1447–50 Albania–Turkey, 1448 Bohemia (religious), 1448–51 Burgundy (Ghent), 1448–53 Hungary–Turkey (Serbia), 1449 Brandenburg–Franconian towns, 1449–50 Tartars–Muscovy, 1449–51 Navarre (succession), 1449–52 England–France, 1449–53 England (Cade's rebellion), 1450 Albania–Turkey, 1450 Muscovy (Shemyaka), 1450–53 Austria, 1451 Hungary, 1451 Denmark (Sweden, Norway), 1451–57 Byzantium (Constantinople), 1452 Turkey–Byzantium, 1452–53 Burgundy–Ghent, 1452–53

4

Milan, Genoa, Florence, Bologna, Mantua–Venice, Naples, Siena, 1452–54 Turkey–Hungary, 1454–56 Turkey–Serbia, 1454–59 Prussian League, (Poland–Lithuania)–Teutonic Order, 1454–66 England, 1455 Turkey–Rhodes (Ionic Knights), 1455 Muscovy–Novgorod, 1455–56 Castile–Granada, 1455–57 Muscovy–Tatars, 1455–61 England (dynastic, nobles), 1455–85 Turkey–Athens, Morea, Trebizond, Greek islands, 1456–61 Muscovy (Viatka), 1458–59 Bohemia–Moravia, Silesia, Lausits, 1458–60 Germany, 1458–63 Denmark–Holstein, 1459–60 England, 1459–61 Turkey–Bosnia, 1459–63 Turkey–Wallachia, 1459–67 Naples (succession, Anjou & Aragon), 1460–64 France, (Genoa), 1461 Emperor–Hungary, 1461–62 Scotland–England, 1461–63 Aragon (Catalonia), 1461–72 Emperor–Bohemia, 1462 Hungary–Turkey, 1462–64 Denmark–Russia, 1463 Sweden–Russia, 1463 Denmark–Sweden (Scania), 1463–65 Persia–Turkey, 1463–70 Turkey–Albania, 1463–78 Venice, Albania, Moldova, Genoa–Turkey, 1463–66 England, 1464 Denmark (Sweden, peasants), 1464 Cyprus–Genoa, 1464 Milan–Genoa, 1464 Russia–Pskov, 1464–65 Russia–Tartars, 1465 France (nobles, w/ intervention by Burgundy, Brittany), 1465–66 Turkey–Karaman, 1465–66 Bohemia (religion, w/ intervention by Hungary), 1465–67 Liege (w/ intervention by Burgundy), 1465–68 Brandenburg–Pomerania, 1465–72 Burgundy (Ghent), 1467 Florence (w/ intervention by Venice), 1467–68 Swiss Confederation–Tyrol, 1467–68 Muscovy–Kazan Tartars, 1467–69 Denmark–Sweden, 1467–71 Castile (succession), 1467–74 France–Burgundy, 1468 France–Brittany, 1468 Hungary–Bohemia, emperor, (Poland–Lithuania), 1468–69 England–Hanseatic League, Denmark, 1468–74 England, 1469–71 Emperor–Turkey, 1469–75 Turkey–Karaman, 1470 Denmark (Sweden), 1470–71 Turkey (Anatolia), 1470–74 Hungary–Bohemia, 1470–78

5

England (Kent), 1471 France–Burgundy, 1471–72 Teutonic Order–(Poland–Lithuania), 1471–75 Muscovy–Novgorod, 1471–75 Hungary–Poland, 1471–78 Kazan Tartars–Muscovy, 1472 Muscovy–Perm, 1472 Burgundy–Gelderland, 1472–73 France–Aragon (Cerdagne & Roussillon), 1472–75 France (Guyenne), 1473 Burgundy–Cologne, 1474 Turkey–Karaman, 1474 Turkey–Albania, 1474 Burgundy, Savoy–Swiss confederation, Tyrol, Lorraine, France, 1475–77 England–France, 1475 Hungary–Turkey, 1475 Turkey–Moldavia, 1475–76 Turkey–Crimea, 1475–76 Castile (succession, w/ intervention by Portugal), 1475–79 Spain–Portugal, 1476–79 Milan (Genoa), 1476–79 Swiss Confederation (Zurich, Lucerne & Berne), 1477 Hungary–Austria, 1477–78 Muscovy, Pskov, Tver–Novgorod, 1477–78 France–Burgundy, Austria, 1477–79 Austria (Netherlands), 1477–92 Austria (Carinthian peasants), 1478 Muscovy–Kazan Tartars, 1478 Swiss Confederation–Milan, 1478–79 Turkey–Albania, Ionian islands, 1478–79 Kazan Tartars–Crimean Tartars, 1478–79 Pope, Naples, Siena–Florence (aided by Milan & Venice), 1478–80 Muscovy–Lithuania, 1478–89 Muscovy–Novgorod, 1479 Turkey–Hungary, 1479–81 Turkey–Herzigovina, 1479–83 Spain–Morocco, 1480 Turkey–Rhodes, 1480 England–Scotland, 1480 Muscovy–Kazan Tartars, 1480 Turkey–Naples (Otranto), 1480–81 Muscovy–Teutonic (Livonian) Order, 1480–83 Hungary–emperor, 1480–91 Naples, 1481 Turkey (succession), 1481–82 Turkey–Hungary, 1481–83 Spain–Granada (Moors), 1481–92 Crimean Tartars–(Poland–Lithuania), 1482 England–Scotland, 1482–84 Venice, pope–Ferrara (aided by Milan, Naples & Florence,), 1482–84 England, 1483 Burgundy (Utrecht, Ghent), 1483–85 Muscovy–Tver, 1484–85 Turkey, Tartars–Moldavia, (Poland–Lithuania), 1484–89 Naples (nobles, w/ intervention by pope & Venice), 1485 England (dynastic), 1485 Savoy–Saluzzo, 1485–87 France (Orleans, Brittany), 1485–91

6

England, 1486 France–Emperor, 1486–89 Spain–Morocco, 1487 England, 1487 Muscovy–Kazan Tartars, 1487 Golden Horde–(Poland–Lithuania), 1487–91 Scotland, 1488 Brittany, England–France, 1488–92 Burgundy, Emperor–Flanders (Ghent, Bruges, Cleves, aided by France), 1488–93 Muscovy–Vyatka, 1489 Muscovy–(Poland–Lithuania), 1489–90 Spain–Morocco, 1490 Bohemia–Poland, 1490–91 Turkey–Bohemia, Hungary, emperor, 1490–95 Crimean Tartars–Kazan Tartars, 1491–1502 France (Brittany), 1492 Spain (Jews in Aragon & Castile), 1492 Emperor–France, 1492–93 Turkey–Dalmatia, Croatia, 1492–93 Muscovy–Lithuania, 1492–94 England (Ireland), 1493–96 Spain–Canary Islands (Tenerife), 1493–96 Denmark–Sweden, 1493–97 Burgundy (Gelderland), 1494 France–Naples, 1494–95 Muscovy–Sweden, 1495–97 Hungary–France, 1495–97 England, 1495–97 Pope, Spain, emperor, Venice, Milan–France, 1495–98 Florence–Pisa, 1495–1509 Portugal (Jews), 1496 Muscovy–Kazan Tartars, 1496–97 Scotland–England, 1496–97 Spain–Morocco, 1497 England (Cornwall), 1497 (Poland–Lithuania)–Moldavia, 1497–98 (Poland–Lithuania)–Turkey, Tartars (Wallachia), 1497–99 Turkey–Galicia, Ruthenia (Russia), 1498 Turkey–Venice, 1498–1503 Swiss Confederation, Grisons–Tyrol, Swabian League, emperor, 1499 Spain (Moors), 1499–1500 France, Venice–Milan, emperor, 1499–1500 Turkey–Montenegro, Hungary, pope, 1499–1503 Denmark–Golschtein (Ditmarshes), 1500 France, Spain–Milan, Naples, 1500–02 Muscovy, Tartars–(Poland–Lithuania), Livonian Order, 1500–03 Spain (Morisco), 1501 Poland–Moldavia, 1501–06 Popes–Tuscany, Romagna, 1501–08 Denmark–Sweden, Norway, Hanseatic cities (Lubeck), 1501–13 Crimean Tartars–Kazan Tartars, 1502 Spain–France (Naples), 1502–04 Palatinate–Bavaria, Swabian League, emperor, 1503–04 Russia–Livonian Order, 1503–09 Burgundy–Castile (Gelderland), 1505 Kazan Tartars–Novgorod, 1505 Poland–Crimean Tartars, 1506 Crimean Tartars–Lithuania, Cossacks, 1506

7

Muscovy–Kazan Tartars, 1506–07 Emperor–(Bohemia–Hungary), 1506–07 France (Genoa), 1507 Crimean Tartars–Muscovy, 1507 (Poland–Lithuania)–Muscovy, 1507–08 Pope, Spain, France, emperor, Mantua–Venice, 1508–10 Turkey, Egypt–Knights of Malta, 1509 Spain (Moors), 1509–11 Poland–Tatars, 1510 Muscovy–Pskov, 1510 Turkey (succession), 1511–12 Pope, Spain, Venice, Swiss Con, emperor, England–France, Scotland, Florence, 1511–14 Crimean Tartars–Muscovy, Cossacks, 1512 Crimean Tartars–Poland, 1512 Spain (aided by England)–Navarre, 1512 Muscovy, Teutonic Order–(Poland–Lithuania), 1512–14 Austria–Turkey, 1512–19 Scotland–England, 1513 Turkey (succession), 1513 Germany (Black Forest, Wuerttemberg), 1513–14 Hungary (peasants), 1514 Austria (Styrian peasants), 1515 Austria (peasants), 1515 France, Venice–Milan, Swiss Confederation, emperor, pope, 1515–16 Burgundy (Gelderland), 1515–17 Muscovy–Crimean Tartars, 1515–23 Navarre–Spain, 1516 Poland–Crimean Tartars, 1516 Sweden, 1516–17 Spain (Sicily), 1516–17 Turkey (Shias), 1518 Denmark–Sweden, 1518–20 Swabian League–Wuerttemberg, 1519 Poland–Crimean Tartars, 1519 (Poland–Lithuania)–Teutonic Order, 1519–20 Spain (Barcelona), 1519–22 (Poland–Lithuania)–Muscovy, 1519–22 Gildesgeim, Luneburg–Kalenberg, Minden, 1519–23 Sweden–Kalmar (Denmark), 1520–23 Spain (Castile & Valencia), 1520–23 Crimean & Kazan Tartars, Cossacks–Muscovy, 1521 Spain (Majorca), 1521 France, Navarre–emperor, Spain, England, Italian states (from 1523), pope, 1521–25 Turkey–Hungary, 1521–26 Turkey–Knights of St. John (Rhodes), 1522 England–Scotland, France, 1522–23 Trier, Hesse, Palatinate–(imperial knights), 1522–23 Denmark–Holstein, Lubeck, 1522–24 Netherlands (Friesland), 1522–24 Russia–Kazan & Crimean Tatars, 1523–24 German states (peasants in Saxony), 1524–25 Tyrol (peasants), 1525 Sweden, 1525–27 Papal States (Colonna revolt), 1526 Turkey (Cilicia) (Turkomans), 1526 Pope, Venice, Florence–emperor, Spain 1526–28 Hungary (w/ Turkish & German intervention), 1526–28 Poland–Crimean Tartars, 1526–28

8

Turkey (Karaman) (Mamelukes), 1526–28 France, Venice, England, Genoa (till June 1528)–emperor, Spain, Genoa, 1526–30 Spain (Brussels, Gelderland), 1527 Crimean Tartars–Muscovy, 1527–29 Florence–pope, emperor, 1527–30 Poland–Moldavia, 1527–31 Hungary (succession), 1527–38 Sweden, 1529 Switzerland (religious), 1529 Turkey–(Hungary–Bohemia), emperor, Florence, 1529–33 Muscovy–Kazan Tartars, 1530–31 Switzerland (religious), 1531 Sweden, 1531–32 Denmark (succession, w/ intervention by Luebeck & Netherlands), 1531–32 Luebeck, Hansa cities–Sweden, Denmark, 1531–36 Spain (Brussels), 1532 Emperor–(Poland–Lithuania), Moldavia, 1532–33 Emperor–Italy, 1532–33 Scotland–England, 1532–34 Russia–Tatars, 1533 Denmark (succession, w/ intervention by Luebeck & Sweden), 1533–36 Algiers–France, 1534 (Poland–Lithuania) (Khmelnitzky)–Crimean Tartars, 1534 Hesse, protestant German states–Wuerttemberg, 1534 Sweden–Luebeck, 1534–36 England (Ireland), 1534–36 Russia–(Poland–Lithuania), 1534–36 Russia–Tatars, 1535 Russia–Kazan Tatars, 1535 Savoy–Geneva, Berne, 1535–36 France–Savoy, emperor, 1536–37 England (religious), 1536–37 Turkey–emperor, Papal states, 1537–38 Turkey, Algiers–Venice, 1537–39 Turkey, Tatars–Moldavia, 1538 Spain (Ghent), 1539–40 France (massacre of Vaudois protestants), 1540 Emperor–Hungary, 1540–41 Pope–Papal States, Camerino, 1540–45 Russia–Crimean Tartars, 1540–72 Turkey–emperor, Papal states, 1541–44 Saxony, Hesse–Brunswick, 1542 England–Scotland, 1542 Sweden (religious, peasants, w/ intervention by France), 1542–43 France, Cleves, Denmark, Sweden–emperor, 1542–44 England–France, 1544–46 England–Scotland (w/ French involvement), 1544–47 France (massacre of Vaudois protestants), 1545 Emperor, German allies, pope–Protestant German states, Bohemia, 1546–47 Muscovy–Kazan Tatars, 1547 Scotland (w/ French support)–England, 1547–50 France (Bordelais), 1548 France–England, 1548–50 England (Kent, peasant), 1549 England (Devonshire, Catholic), 1549 England (Cornwall), 1549–50 German Protestants–Emperor, 1550–51 Muscovy–Kazan Tartars, 1550–52

9

Pope–Parma, 1551 Turkey–Knights of Malta (Tripoli), 1551–52 Spain, Emperor–France, Saxony, 1551–55 Turkey, Transylvania–emperor, Hungary, 1551–62 Poland (intervention in Wallachia), 1552 German Protestants–Emperor, 1552–53 Kulmbach–Emperor,1553 Florence–Siena, 1553–55 England, 1554 Muscovy–Astrakhan, 1554–56 Muscovy–Sweden, 1554–57 Muscovy–Crimea, 1554–59 Geneva (anti–Calvinist rising), 1555 Poland–Knights of Livonia, 1556–57 Pope (till 1557), France–Emperor, Savoy, 1556–59 Scotland–England, 1557 Muscovy–Teutonic Order, Knights of Livonia, 1557–58 France–England, 1557–59 Muscovy–Lithuania, 1558–61 Muscovy–Sweden, 1558–61 Turkey (succession), 1559 Denmark–Golschtein (Ditmarshes), 1559 Scotland–France (w/ intervention by England), 1559–60 Spain, Venice–Turkey, Tripoli, 1559–65 Ireland (succession to the earldom of Tyrone), 1559–67 France, 1560 Savoy (Vaudois), 1560–61 Russia–Livonian Order, Denmark, 1561–70 Russia–(Poland–Lithuania), 1561–71 Scotland (rebellion), 1562 France (Huguenots, w/ intervention by England), 1562–63 England–France, 1562–63 Sweden, 1562–68 Denmark, Poland, Lubeck–Sweden, 1563–70 Emperor–Transylvania, 1564–66 Genoa (Corsica), 1564–68 Spain (Moriscos in Andalusia), 1565 Turkey–Malta (Knights of St. John), Spain, 1565 Scotland (religious), 1565–67 Turkey–Emperor, 1566 Netherlands–Spain, 1566–68 Netherlands–Spain, 1566–1609 Scotland, 1567 France (Huguenots), 1567–68 Turkey–Russia (Astrakhan), 1568–69 France (Huguenots), 1568–70 Spain (Moriscos in Granada), 1568–71 Poland–Crimean Tartars, 1569 Russia–Tatars, 1569 England (Catholic lords of the north), 1569–70 Spain–Netherlands, 1569–72 Turkey–Spain, 1569–80 England–Munster (southern Ireland), 1569–83 Muscovy–Novgorod, 1570 Scotland (Marians), 1570–73 Turkey–Venice, Papal states, 1570–73 Austria (Croatia, Hapsburg Hungary), 1570–73 Crimean Tartars–Muscovy, 1571–72

10

Muscovy (Volga Tartars), 1572 France (Huguenots), 1572–73 Turkey (Moldavia), 1572–74 Turkey, Barbary states–Spain, pope, emperor, 1572–74 Russia–Poland, 1572–75 Spain–Netherlands, 1572–1576 Russia–Sweden, 1572–83 Ukraine–Moldavia, 1574 France (Huguenots), 1574–76 France, Switzerland–Venice, 1575 Transylvania, 1575 Poland (Galicia)–Crimean Tartars, 1575–76 Emperor–Turkey, 1576–83 France (Huguenots), 1577 Poland (Danzig), 1577 Poland–Russia, Livonia, Estonia, 1577–82 Spain–Netherlands (w/ intervention from France & England), 1578–1587 England (Ireland, w/ intervention by pope, Spain), 1579–80 Spain–Portugal, 1579–81 France (Huguenots), 1580 France–Spain (Azores), 1582–83 France–Spain (Antwerp), 1583 Cologne (w/ intervention by Spain, Palatinate & others), 1583–89 Poland–Turkey, 1583–90 France (Huguenots, w/ intervention by Spain & England), 1585–98 England, 1587 Emperor–Poland, 1587–88 England–Spain, 1587–1604 Savoy–France, 1588 Savoy–Geneva, 1588–89 England, 1589 France (w/ intervention by Spain), 1589–98 Spain–Netherlands, 1589–1607 Poland (Confederation & Sapolski), 1590 Turkey–Emperor (western Hungary), 1590–93 Russia, Lithuania–Sweden, 1590–95 Savoy–France, 1590–98 Spain (Aragon), 1591 Poland (Cossacks), 1591–93 Crimean Tartars–Muscovy, 1591–98 Sweden (succession), 1592–98 England (Ireland), 1593 Turkey, Tartars–emperor, pope, 1593–1606 Cossacks–Turkey, Tartars, Moldavia, 1594–95 France (peasants), 1594–95 Austria (Austrian peasants), 1594–97 Turkey (Wallachia & Moldavia, w/ intervention by Transylvania), 1594–98 England (Ireland, w/ intervention by Spain in 1601), 1594–1603 Scotland (Catholic lords), 1595 Poland–Turkey, 1595 France–Spain, 1595–98 Transylvania, Moldavia, Wallachia–Turkey, 1595–1606 Poland (Cossacks of Nalivaiko), 1596 Russia–Terek Cossacks, 1595–97 Sweden (Finland), 1596–97 Poland (Cossacks of Sagaidatchny), 1597–99 Russia–Kuchum, 1598 Sweden–Poland, 1598–99

11

Wallachia–Transylvania, Moldavia, 1599–1600 Poland–Moldavia, Wallachia, 1600 France–Savoy, 1600–01 Poland–Sweden, 1600–11 England (London), 1601 Emperor–Transylvania (protestants), 1601–04 Savoy, Spain–Geneva, 1602 Spain–Turkey, 1604 Muscovy (w/ intervention by Poland, Sweden, Cossacks), 1604–13 England, 1605 Russia–Caucasus (Daghestan), 1605 Poland (Cossacks of Sagaidatchny), 1605 Poland–Crimean Tartars, 1605 Crimean Tartars–Muscovy, 1605–06 Russia (Cossacks), 1606–07 Poland (Gentry), 1606–09 England, 1607 Bavaria–Donauworth, 1607 Transylvania (Haiduks), 1607–08 Russia–Sweden, 1607–09 Turkey–Cossacks (Black Sea), 1607–09 England (Ireland), 1608 Poland–Russia, 1608–12 Spain (Moors & Moriscoes), 1609 Emperor–Julich (Germany) (aided by France, Brandenburg), 1609–10 Sweden–Russia, 1609–11 Russia–Sweden, 1610–11 Spain–Turkey, 1610–14 Emperor–Transylvania, 1611–12 Denmark–Sweden, 1611–13 Turkey–Hungary, 1613 Turkey (Moldavia) (w/ Polish intervention), 1613 Turkey (Wallachia) (w/ Polish intervention), 1613 Polish Cossacks–Turkey (Black Sea), 1613 Sweden–Russia, 1613–17 Italy (Venice)–Spain, 1613–17 France (Brittany), 1614 Sweden, 1614 Russia–Cossacks (Zarutskoi), 1614 Scotland, 1614–15 Emperor–Transylvania, 1614–15 France (nobles), 1615–16 Poland (Cossack rebellion), 1615–16 Savoy–Spain, 1615–17 Venice (aided by United Provinces)–Uskoks, Austria (Styria), 1615–18 Poland–Turkey, Tartars, 1616–17 Turkey– (sea raids of Jean Pierre), 1616–17 Sweden–Denmark, 1616–18 Sweden, 1617 Poland (Cossack rebellion), 1617 Sweden–Poland, 1617–18 Russia–Poland, 1617–18 Spain–Venice, 1617–21 United Provinces (Oldenbarnveldt), 1618 Spain–Turkey, 1618–19 Emperor–Palatinate, 1618–20 Emperor, Bavaria, Spain, Sax–Boh, Silesia, Moravia, Palatinate, Transylvania, 1618–22 Thirty Years' War, 1618–48

12

France (nobles), 1619–20 Emperor–Transylvania, 1619–27 Spain (Naples), 1620 Poland, Moldavians, Cossacks–Turkey, Tartars, 1620–21 Sweden–Denmark, 1620–22 Sweden, Estonia–Poland, 1620–22 Palatinate, Baden, Brunswick– Bavaria, Spain, emperor, 1620–23 Switzerland (Valtellina, w/ Spanish intervention) 1620–23 Graubinden–Waltelin, 1620–35 France (Huguenots), 1621–22 Spain–United Provinces, 1621–48 Austria–Transylvania, 1623–25 Poland (Cossacks), 1623–25 Palatinate, Brunswick, Baden, Saxe–Weimar, Transyl–emperor, Spain, Bavaria, 1623–31 France, Savoy, Venice, England–Spain, emperor, Genoa (Valtellina), 1624–26 England–Spain, 1624–30 Turkey–Cossacks (Black Sea), 1625–26 France (Huguenots), 1625–26 Denmark, Brunswick, Saxe–Weimar, Mecklenburg, emperor, Spain, Bavaria, 1625–29 Sweden–Denmark, 1625–29 Sweden–Prussia, Poland, 1625–29 Turkey, Tartars–Poland, Hungary, 1625–27, 1631–34 Austria (Upper Austria), 1626 Austria–Transylvania, 1626–27 Turkey–Cossacks (Black Sea), 1627 England–France, 1627–28 France (Huguenots, w/ intervention by England), 1627–29 Turkey–Moldavia, 1627–45 Poland (Cossacks of Taras), 1628 Turkey–Cossacks (Black Sea), 1628 England, 1628–31 Savoy, Spain, emperor–Mantua, France, 1628–31 France (tax revolts), 1629–30 Poland (Cossacks), 1630 Denmark–Hamburg, 1630 Sweden, Saxe–Weimar, Hesse–Cassel, Brunswick, Saxony, emperor, Spain, 1630–48 Spain (Vizcaya) (Basques), 1631 Brandenburg–emperor, Spain, Bavaria, etc., 1631–35 France (nobles revolt), 1632 Austria (Upper Austria, peasants), 1632–33 Russia–Poland, 1632–34 Poland–Turkey, 1632–34 Crimean Tartars–Russia, 1632–41 Spanish Netherlands (Brussels), 1633 Bavaria (peasants), 1633–34 Poland (Cossack revolt), 1634 Sweden–Saxony, Brandenburg, 1635–40 France, Savoy, Parma–Spain, emperor, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Saxony, 1635–48 France–Spain (w/ British intervention), 1635–59 France, 1636 France, 1636–37 Turkey–Cossacks (Black Sea), 1637 Poland (Cossacks of Pavluk), 1637 Spain (Portugal), 1637 Cossacks–Tartars (Azov), 1637–38 Savoy, 1637–39 Poland (Cossacks of Ostraniitza), 1638 Denmark–Poland, 1638

13

England (Scotland), 1639 France (Normandy), 1639 England (Scotland), 1640 Spain (Portugal), 1640 Spain (Catalonia), 1640–59 Spain (Andalusia), 1641 Spain–Portugal (w/ English & French support), 1641–44 England (Ireland), 1641–49 Pope–Parma, Venice, Tuscany, 1642–44 England, 1642–46 Denmark–Hamburg, 1643 France (south–west), 1643–44 Sweden–Denmark, 1643–45 Ireland (Donalds), Highland Scots–Scotland (Campbells & Covenanters), 1644–46 Transylvania–emperor, 1645 Turkey–Venice (assisted by France, German states) (Crete), 1645–69 Spain (Sicily), 1646–47 Poland–Turkey, Tatars, 1646–48 Russia–Tatars, 1646–49 Russia (Moscow), 1647 Spain (Naples, w/ intervention by France), 1647–48 England (w/ Scottish involvement), 1648–51 Russia (Moscow), 1648 Turkey (Anatolia), 1648–49 Ukraine, 1648–49 Poland (Cossacks in Ukraine supported by Tartars), 1648–49 France, 1648–53 Russia (Cossacks), 1648–54 England (Ireland), 1649–52 Sweden, 1650 Russia (Novgorod & Pskov), 1650 England (Scotland), 1650–52 Portugal–England, 1650–54 France–Spain, 1650–58 Prussia (Neuburg), 1651 Poland (Cossacks) (w/ intervention by Tatars), 1651–54 Sweden–Bremen, 1652 United Provinces–England, 1652–53 Switzerland (peasants), 1652–53 Russia, Cossacks–Poland, 1654–56 Turkey–Venice, 1654–58 England (Wiltshire), 1655 Brandenburg–Poland, 1655–56 Sweden–Denmark, Austria, Poland, Tartars, Russia, Transylvania (w/ Dutch & English intervention), 1655–61 Switzerland, 1656 Turkey, 1656 England, France, Lorraine–Spain, Savoy, 1656–59 Transylvania–Poland, Tartars, 1657 Sweden–Russia, 1657–58 Brandenburg–Sweden, 1657–60 United Provinces–Portugal, 1657–61 Portugal (w/ British assistance)–Spain, 1657–65 France, 1658 Transylvania–Turkey, Tartars, 1658–62 Russia, Cossacks–Poland, Tartars, 1658–67 France, 1660 Cossacks–Hungary, 1660 England, 1661

14

Turkey–Austria (assisted by France, Spain & German states), 1663–64 France, 1663 United Provinces–Portugal (Malabar), 1663–69 Mainz (Erfurt), 1664 Poland (Lubomirski revolt), 1664–66 Sweden–Bremen, 1665–66 England, Muenster–United Provinces, Denmark, France, 1665–67 England (Covenanters in Scotland), 1666 Portugal (revolt), 1667 France–Spain (w/ Dutch, English, Swedish intervention), 1667–68 Venice–Turkey (w/ French participation), 1667–69 Don Cossacks (Stenka Razin)–Persia, Astrakhan, 1667–70 Spain (Moors), 1668 Russia (Ukraine), 1668 Poland (Cossacks, aided by Tartars), 1668–69 Russia (Solovetsky Monastery), 1668–76 France–Turkey, 1669 France–Lorraine, 1670 Austria (Hungarian rebellion), 1670 Austria (Bohemian peasants), 1670 Russia (Stenka Razin revolt), 1670–71 Turkey, Tartars, Cossacks–Poland, 1672–73 Savoy–Genoa, 1672–74 England–United Provinces, 1672–74 Austria (Hungarian rebellion), 1672–75 France, Cologne, UK, Sweden–UP, Brandenburg, Spain, Austria, Germany, Denmark, 1672–78 Russia–Cossacks, Turks, Tartars, 1674 Spain (Sicily, w/ intervention by France & Holland), 1674–79 Russia (Bashkirs), 1674–81 France, 1675 France, 1675 Crimea–Cossacks, 1675 Turkey, Tartars–Poland, 1675–76 Denmark, Brandenburg, Lunenburg, Munster, emperor, UP–Sweden, 1675–79 Denmark–Hamburg, 1676–79 Turkey, Cossacks–Russia (Ukraine), 1677–81 Russia–Sweden, 1678 Austria (Hungary), 1678–83 England (Scottish Covenanters), 1679 Emperor (Bohemia), 1680 Denmark–Holstein, 1682 Russia, 1682–84 France–Spain, emperor, 1683–84 Turkey, Hungary (until 1687), Transylvania–Austria, German states, Poland, Venice, Russia (from 1685), 1683–99 France–Luxembourg, Trier, 1684 France–Genoa, 1684–85 England, 1685 England, 1685 Denmark–Hamburg, 1686–87 Russia–Crimean Tartars, 1687 Turkey (revolution), 1687 Turkey–Venice (Athens, Morea), 1687 Crimea–Cossacks, 1687–89 England (religious), 1688–89 France, Savoy–Cologne, Austria, Prussia, German states, UK, UP, Spain, Savoy, 1688–97 Russia–Crimean Tartars, 1689 Russia, 1689 England (Scotland), 1689–90

15

England–Ireland (w/ intervention by France), 1689–91 England (massacre of MacDonalds), 1692 Russia–Turkey (Azov), 1695–1700 Austria–Sardinia, 1696–97 Russia, 1698 Poland (Lithuanian peasants), 1699 Sweden–Denmark, 1699–1700 Saxony, Poland–Sweden, 1700–06 Denmark, Saxony, Poland, Russia, Prussia, Hanover, Britain–Sweden, Turkey, 1700–21 Austria–Sardinia, 1701–03 Austria, UK, UP, Prussia, German, Port, Savoy–France, Spain, Bav, 1701–14 France (Cevennes, Languedoc), 1702–06 Austria (Hungarian rebellion), 1703–11 Russia (Astrakhan), 1705–06 Russia (Bashkirs), 1705–11 Spain (Catalonia), 1705–15 Russia (Astrakhan), 1707–08 Sweden–Saxony, Poland, 1709–19 Sweden–Denmark, 1709–20 Turkey–Russia, 1710–11 Russia–Turkey (Moldavia, Prut River), 1711 Switzerland, 1712 Turkey (Montenegro), 1714 Venice–Turkey, 1714–18 Britain (Scotland), 1715–16 Poland, 1715–17 Britain–Sweden, 1715–19 Prussia–Sweden, 1715–20 Russia–Khiva, 1716–17 Austria–Turkey, 1716–18 Spain–Austria (Sardinia), 1717 Spain–Austria, Britain, France, United Provinces, 1717–20 Spain–Savoy (Sicily), 1718 Sweden (succession), 1719 Hanover–Sweden, 1719–21 Russia–Britain, 1720–21 Russia–Persia, 1722–23 Turkey–Persia, 1722–24 Spain–Britain, France, 1727 Britain–Hesse (Hanover), 1727 Genoa (Corsica w/ intervention by Austria & France), 1729–45 Turkey, 1730–31 Austria–Corsica, 1731–32 France, Spain, Sardinia–Austria, Russia, Saxony, Prussia, 1733–35 Hungary, Serbia (peasant rebellion), 1734 Poland (Cossacks), 1734–35 Russia (Bashkirs), 1735 Austria, Russia–Turkey, 1736–39 Switzerland, 1740 Prussia–Austria, 1740–42 Britain, Austria, United Provinces–Spain, Prussia, France, Bavaria, 1740–48 Sweden–Russia, 1741–43 Prussia–Austria, 1744–45 Britain (Scotland), 1745–46 United Provinces (Orange revolt), 1747 Russia (peasants), 1751–53 Russia (Bashkirs), 1754–55 Switzerland, 1755

16

Genoa (Corsican revolt), 1755–68 Prussia, Britain, Portugal–France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Savoy, Spain, 1756–63 Portugal (revolution), 1758 Spain–Portugal, England, 1762 England (Ireland), 1763 Russia–Poland, 1764 Spain (Madrid), 1766 Switzerland, 1766–68 France (Corsica), 1768–69 Poland (Gaidamacks in Ukraine), 1768–69 Poland (w/ Russian, French, Turkish & Austrian intervention), 1768–72 Turkey, Tartars–Russia, 1768–74 Russia–Turkey, 1768–1774 Turkey (Greece), 1770 Denmark, 1772 Russia (Pugachev revolt), 1773–74 Austria (peasant's revolt in Bohemia), 1774–75 Prussia, Bavaria–Austria, Saxony, 1778–79 France, Spain (from 1779), Holland (from 1780)–Britain, 1778–83 Britain–Holland, 1780–83 Russia–Crimea, 1783–84 Spain–Argel, 1783–84 Austria (Transylvania & Wallachia), 1784–85 Russia (Caucasus), 1784–85 Holland (w/ intervention by Austria & by Prussia in 1787), 1785–87 Turkey–Russia, Austria, Montenegro, 1787–92 Sweden–Russia, Denmark, 1788–90 France, 1789 Austria (Steiermark & Karnten), 1789 Austrian Netherlands (Brabant), 1789–90 Wars of the French Revolution, 1791–1802 France (mobs), 1792 Russia, Prussia–Poland, 1792–93 France–Austria, Prussia, Spain, Sardinia, Holland, Naples, 1792–1798 France (Vendee revolt, Reign of Terror), 1793–94 France–Spain (Pyrenees), 1793–95 France–England, 1793–1800 Poland–Russia, Austria, Prussia, 1794–95 Persia–Georgia, 1795–96 Ireland–Britain, 1795–98 Spain–England, 1795–1801 Turkey–Montenegro, 1796 Russia–Persia, 1796–97 France–Britain, Russia, Austria, Turkey, Portugal, Naples, 1798–1800 Russia (Caucasus), 1800–29 Britain–Denmark, 1801 Spain–Portugal, 1801 Turkey (Suliots), 1802–03 Britain (Ireland), 1803 Spain–Britain, 1803–08 France–Britain, 1803–14 Napoleonic Wars, 1803–15 Serbia–Turkey, 1804–13 Russia–Persia, 1804–13 France–Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden, 1805–07 France–Prussia, Saxony, 1806 Russia–Turkey, 1806–12 Britain–Turkey, 1807

17

Britain–Denmark, 1807 Britain–Russia, 1807–12 France–Spain, Portugal, Britain, 1807–14 Russia, Denmark–Sweden, Finland, 1808–09 Turkey (Janissaries), 1808–09 France–Austria, 1809 Tyrol–France (Bavarian garrison), 1809 Britain–Sweden, 1810 France–Russia, 1812 France–Britain, Russia, Sweden, Austria, Prussia, 1813–14 Sweden–Denmark, 1813–14 Turkey–Serbia, 1814–15 France–Britain, Austria, Holland, 1815 (Austria–Hungary)–Naples, 1815 Spain, 1816–19 Russia–Georgia, 1816–25 Britain, 1819 Portugal, 1820 Spain (revolution suppressed w/ help from France), 1820–23 Naples (w/ support from Austria–Hungary) (Carbonarists), 1820–21 Turkey–Janina, 1820–22 Albania, 1820–22 Piedmont (w/ support from Austria–Hungary) (Carbonarists), 1821 Spain (Castile, Toledo, Andalusia), 1821–23 Moldavia, Wallachia–Turkey (aided by Russia), 1821–24 Crete–Turkey, 1821–25 Greece (aided by France, Britain, Russia, Venice)–Turkey, Egypt, 1821–29 France–Spain, 1823 Portugal, 1823–24 Russia, 1825–26 Persia–Russia (Georgia, Armenia), 1825–28 Turkey, 1826 Portugal (w/ intervention by Britain), 1826–27 France, England, Russia–Turkey, Egypt, 1827 Turkey–Crete, 1828 Russia–Turkey, 1828–29 Portugal (w/ intervention by Britain, France, Spain), 1828–34 Russia (Caucasus) (Abkhasia / Circassians), 1829–40 Holland (Belgium), 1830 Spain, 1830 France (Paris), 1830 Germany (revolts in Saxony, Hesse & Brunswick), 1830–31 Poland–Russia, 1830–31 Albania, Bosnians, Herzogovinians–Turkey, 1830–31 Switzerland, 1830–56 France (Lyon), 1831 Belgium (aided by France, Britain)–Holland, 1831–33 Italy (revolts in Modena, Parma & Papal States suppressed by Austria), 1831–34 Bosnia–Turkey, 1831–37 Greece, 1832–33 Russia–Circassians (Caucasus), 1832–39 Turkey (Crete), 1833 Spain (w/ intervention by Britain), 1833–40 France (Lyon & Paris), 1834 France, Britain, Spain–Portugal, 1834 (Austria–Hungary)–Bosnians, Herzogovinians, 1835–46 Turkey–Bosnians, 1836–37 (Austria–Hungary)–Montenegro, 1838

18

Britain (Chartist Rising in Monmouth), 1839 Spain, 1840–43 Turkey–Bulgaria, 1841 Turkey (Crete), 1841 Turkey–Bosnia, 1841 Poland (Galicia)–(Austria–Hungary), Prussia, 1846 Spain, 1846 Portugal (w/ intervention by Spain & Britain), 1846–50 Switzerland, 1847 Spain, 1847–49 Moldavia, Wallachia–Russia, Turkey, 1848 Milan–Austria, 1848 France, 1848 Austria–Czechs, 1848 Austria–Poland (Cracow), 1848 Austria, 1848 Romania (Wallachia, w/ Russian & Turkish intervention), 1848 Germany (Berlin), 1848 Germany (Baden), 1848 Italy–Austria, France, Spain, 1848–49 Naples (Liberals) (w/ Spanish intervention), 1848 Sardinia–Austria (w/ French intervention), 1848–1849 Venice–Austria, 1848–49 Rome–France, Spain, Austria, Naples, 1848–49 Prussia–Denmark, Sweden (Schleswig–Holstein), 1848–49 Austria, Russia–Hungary, 1848–49 Germany (risings in German states suppressed by Prussia), 1849 Germany (Saxony), 1849 Turkey–Bosnians, 1849–50 Turkey–Bulgarians, 1850 France, 1851 Montenegro–Turkey, 1852–53 Turkey, Britain, France, Sardinia–Russia, Greece (1854), 1853–56 Spain, 1854 Russia–Circassians (Caucusus), 1855–59 Spain, 1856 Russia–Georgia, 1857–58 Turkey (Crete), 1858 Montenegro–Turkey, 1858–59 Piedmont, France–Austria, 1859 Italy, 1859–61 Russia–Circassians (Caucasus), 1859–64 Piedmont–Papal States (w/ French intervention), 1860 Garibaldeans, Piedmont–Naples, 1860–61 Turkey–Herzogovina, 1860–61 Russia–Poland, 1861 Turkey–Montenegro, 1861–62 Italy (Garibaldians), 1862 Serbia–Turkey, 1862 Greece, 1862 Poland, Lithuania, Byelorussia–Russia (aided by Prussia), 1863–64 Prussia, Austria–Denmark, 1864 Russia–Georgia, 1864 Prussia, German states–Austria, German states, 1866 Italy–Austria, 1866 Spain, 1866 Turkey–Crete (w/ intervention by Greece, Britain, France), 1866–68 Italians (Garibaldians)–Papal States, France, 1867

19

Spain, 1868–70 (Austria–Hungary)–Dalmatia, 1869–70 France, 1870 Italy–Papal States, 1870 Prussia, German states–France, 1870–71 France (Commune), 1871 Spain (Carlists w/ Basque support), 1872–76 Bulgaria–Turkey, 1875–76 Bosnia, Herzegovina (aided by Montenegro, Serbia, Russia)–Turkey, 1875–78 Turkey, 1876 Spain (Carlists), 1876–85 Russia, Rumania–Turkey, 1877–78 Bosnia, Hergezovina–(Austria–Hungary), 1878 Crete (aided by Greece)–Turkey, 1878 (Austria–Hungary)–Bosnia, Herzegovina, 1881 (Austria–Hungary)–Dalmatia, 1882 Serbia–Bulgaria (w/ Austrian intervention), 1885 Crete–Turkey, 1888–89 Turkey, Kurds–Armenians, 1893–97 Turkey (Crete aided by Greece), 1896–98 Greece–Turkey, 1897 Italy, 1898 Macedonia (Albania)–Turkey, 1903–11 Crete–international force, 1905 Russia (against Jews), 1905 Russia (St. Petersburg, Moscow), 1905–06 Russia (against Jews), 1905–11 Romania (peasants), 1907 Turkey (Macedonia), 1908–09 Portugal, 1908–10 Spain (Catalonia), 1909 Romania (peasants), 1909 Turkey–Armenia, 1909 Turkey, 1909–18 Portugal, 1910 Turkey–Albania, 1910 Albania–Turkey, 1912 Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia–Turkey, 1912–13 Bulgaria–Serbia, Greece, Romania, Turkey, 1913 Britain–Ireland, 1914 First World War, 1914–18 Britain, Australia, France–Turkey (Gallipoli), 1915 Turkey–Armenia, 1915–18 Britain–Ireland, 1916 Russia (St. Petersburg), 1917 Russia (Petrograd), 1917 Russia, 1917 Russia, 1917 Russia (Ukraine), 1917–20 Estonia–Russia, 1917–20 Russia, 1917–21 Finland, 1918 Bulgaria, 1918 Germany, 1918 Serbia–Montenegro, 1918–19 Poland–Ukraine (Galicia), 1918–19 Poland–Germany (Poznan), 1918–19 Finland–Russia, 1918–20

20

Lithuania–Russia, 1918–20 Russia (Caucasus), 1918–20 Russia–Britain, France, US, 1918–20 Germany, 1918–23 Poland–Czechoslovakia (Teschen), 1919 Germany, 1919 Germany, 1919 Hungary–Czechoslovakia, Romania, 1919 Poland–Russia, 1919–20 France–Turkey, 1919–20 Latvia–Germany, Russia, 1919–20 Turkey–Armenia, 1919–21 Irish–Britain, 1919–22 Turkey, 1919–22 Turkey–Greece (aided by France, Britain, Italy), 1920–22 Germany (Ruhr), 1920 Poland–Lithuania (Vilna), 1920 Russia (Greens), 1920–21 Poland–Germany (Silesia), 1921 Finland–Soviet Union, 1921–22 Italy, 1922 Ireland, 1922 Bulgaria, 1923 Italy–Greece, 1923 Spain, 1923 Albania, 1923 Greece, 1923–24 Turkey–Kurds, 1925 Albania (w/ Yugoslav intervention), 1926 Soviet Union, 1929–36 Spain, 1930–31 Spain, 1931 Spain (Seville), 1932 Spain (Barcelona), 1933 Germany, 1933–45 Spain (Asturias), 1934 Spain (Catalonia), 1934 Austria, 1934 Germany, 1934 Soviet Union, 1934 France, 1934–36 Albania, 1935 Soviet Union, 1936–39 Spain (w/ intervention by Germany, Italy), 1936–39 USSR, 1937 Germany–Austria, 1938 Germany (Jews), 1938 Germany–Czechoslovakia, 1938–39 Hungary–Slovakia, Ukraine, 1938–39 Germany–Lithuania, 1939 Italy–Albania, 1939 Soviet Union–Finland, 1939–40 Soviet Union, 1939–41 Ger, Ita, Hung–Pol, Brit, Fra, Nor, Belg, Neth, Greece, USSR, USA, 1939–45 Germany (massacre of Jews), 1941–42 Yugoslavia (w/ fighting against Germany), 1941–46 Soviet Union, 1943–47 Soviet Union, 1943–57

21

Albania, 1944 Greece, 1944–45 Soviet Union, 1944–68 Poland, 1945–48 Greece (w/ intervention from Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Britain, US), 1946–49 Soviet Union, 1947–50 East Germany, 1948–49 Cypriots–Britain, 1955–59 Soviet Union–Hungary, 1956 Turkey (students), 1960 Cyprus (w/ intervention by Britain & UN forces), 1963–64 Czechoslovakia–Warsaw Pact, 1968 Britain (Northern Ireland), 1968–93 Portugal, 1974 Turkey–Cyprus, 1974 Portugal, 1975 Turkey (Kurds), 1984– Romania, 1989 Soviet Union (Azerbaijan), 1990 Yugoslavia (Slovenia), 1991 Spain (Basque), 1991–92 Turkey (leftists), 1991–92 Georgia, 1991–93 Yugoslavia (Croatia), 1991–93 Moldova, 1992 Georgia (South Ossetia), 1992 Georgia (Abkhazia), 1992–93 Azerbaijan–Armenia, 1992–94 Bosnia (w/ intervention by Croatia), 1992–95 Russia (Moscow), 1993 Russia–Chechnya, 1994–96 Croatia, 1995

22

List of sources

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Chandler, David. Dictionary of Battles: The World's Key Battles from 405 BC to Today. New York: Random House. 1991.

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23

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Academic Research Works Containing Compilations

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Richardson, Lewis F. Statistics of Deadly Quarrels. Pittsburgh: The Boxwood Press. 1960.

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25

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Latsinsky, A. S. (Ed.) Chronology of the Global History of Wars with Reference to the Major Facts of Socio-political and Cultural History, 4400 BC - 1900 AD. St. Petersburg: Military Printing House. 1901. (in Russian)

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26

Wallensteen, Peter, and Karin Axell. "Armed Conflict at the End of the Cold War, 1989-92," Journal of Peace Research. Vol. 30, No. 3. 1993. pp. 331-346.

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