Port Jews & Port Cities

8/8/2019 Port Jews & Port Cities

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Ct c tglf wefk tef fxtfknfn dclgby wcs c icsgm ukgt ad fktfrprgsf gk tef arjckgzctgak ad iusgkfss, Busa-makvfrsas'drf qufkt rfsart ta fknajclywcs mrumgcb gk dalfktgkj tefgr ftekgm maefsgak ckn fxtfkngkj tef rfcme ad tefgr lfrmcktgbf kftwaros.

makvfrsa rfsgnfkts ad ]cgkt-Fsprgt ifbgfvfn tect ifgkj "ad tef Xartujufsf Kctgak" wcs tcktclaukt ta ifgkj" @fwgse."

Mabulius,

Xart @fws

& Xart mgtgfs?@fwgse lfrmcktgbgsl

gk fcrby Furapf &

tef Ctbcktgm macst.

Drugts ad tef Zfst.

Igourf ec-ycl,

@fwgse Kfwspcpfr, 35>>

murctfn iy

cllc igrcja

^ef samga-mubturcb pradgbf ad tefsf lfk, cs ]arogk ckn atefrsecvf maktfknfn, wcs lcrofn iy rfbgjgaus cncptcigbgty ckn c rfbumtckt maslapabgtckgsltect wcs cbgfk ta iate trcngtgakcb ckn "fkbgjetfkfn".@fwgse gnfktgtgfs. Xart @fws0 @fwgse Mallukgtgfs

gk Maslapabgtck Lcrgtglf ^rcngkj Mfktrfs, 3668-3768

Ncvgn Mfscrckg, fn.

Ct c tglf wefk tef fxtfknfn dclgby wcs c icsgm ukgt ad fktfrprgsf gk tef arjckgzctgak ad iusgkfss, Busa-makvfrsasdrfqufkt rfsart ta fknajcly wcs mrumgcb gk dalfktgkj tefgr ftekgm maefsgak ckn fxtfkngkj tef rfcme ad tefgrlfrmcktgbf kftwaros. Gk tef Gifrgck Xfkgksubc ckn fbsfwefrf, Kfw Mergstgcks ad Xartujufsf argjgk adtfk scwteflsfbvfs, cmtfn, ckn wfrf vgfwfn iy sa-mcbbfn Abn Mergstgcks cs c sgkjbf pabgtgmcb, fmakalgm, ckn samgcbmakstgtufkmy grrfspfmtgvf ad tef makvfrsas' cmtucb rfbgjgaus argfktctgak.Ifmalgkj @fwgse gk fcrby Lanfrk Drckmf0

Namulfkts ak @fwgse mallukgty-iugbngkj gk sfvfktffkte-mfktury Icyakkf ckn Xfyrfearcnf

Ncvgn Jrcgziarn


2/35



Ck upsurjf ad cktg-]flgtgsl dabbawfn tef 3455 dcbb ad tef Clstfrncl ]tamo Fxmeckjf. â prfvfkt sglgbcrrfpfrmussgaks, tef Baknak ]pckgse ckn Xartujufsf makjrfjctgak saujet ta praegigt gts lflifrs dral trcngkj gk jabnckn sgbvfr gk 3457. êf stamo lcroft mrcse ad 3:98 jcvf wcy ta c kfw ckn larf vgmgaus raukn ad cktg-]flgtgm

prapcjcknc, wgte mcrgmcturfs ckn sctgrgmcb wrgtgkjs lamogkj @fwgse spfmubctars.Drckmfsmc ^rgvfbbcta

êf ]fpecrngm Ngcsparc ckn Mrass-Mubturcb ^rcnf gk tef ]fvfktffkte ckn Fgjetffkte Mfkturgfs

^rust, Maktrcmts, ckn Maurts

Ct tef sclf tglf, larfavfr, cs Cdrgmcks wfrf ifgkj makvfrtfn ta @fws gk Clstfrncl (ckn fbsfwefrf), ck ckcbajauspramfss wcs ammurrgkj gk rfvfrsf ak tef Zfst Cdrgmck macst. ]fpecrngl wea ecn tcofk up rfsgnfkmf gk ]fkfjcligc,ckn sfmakn ckn tegrn jfkfrctgak ]fpecrngm Kfw Mergstgcks rfsgngkj efrf ckn ak tef Jugkfc Macst, gkmrfcsgkjbycnaptfn fbflfkts ad Cdrgmck rfbgjgak. êgs wcs gknffn c bakj-stckngkj pramfss, sgkmf cs bakj cja cs 36>4 ckcmmusctgak ecn iffk lcnf ta tef Xartujufsf gkqugsgtargcb trgiukcb ad varc tect tef Kfw Mergstgcks wea bgvfn ak tefCdrgmck macst wfrf cnaptgkj fbflfkts ad Cdrgmck rfbgjgaus prcmtgmf.Fqucb pcrtkfrs1 Xrasfbytgsgkj iy Cdrgmcks ckn

@fws gk tef 3:te mfktury Ctbcktgm Ngcsparc

âigcs Jrffk

Xart @fws0 @fwgse Mallukgtgfs


Ncvgn Mfscrckg, fn.

Dar Nuigk, "part @fws" wfrf (ckn crf) kat sglpby @fws wea bgvfn gk part mgtgfs. Yctefr, tefy wfrf @fwgse lfrmeckts"vcbufn dar tefgr fkjcjflfkt gk tef gktfrkctgakcb lcrgtglf trcnf upak wegme sume mgtgfs tergvfn" (p. >:), lfk weasf

pcte tawcrn gktfjrctgak wgte tefgr east samgftgfs wcs tefrfdarf ukgquf. Efrf, Nuigk rfprgsfs efr tefsgs ciaut lanfrk^rgfstf tect "tef ogkn ad gktfrcmtgak tect ammurs gk tef part ... bfcns ta sgjkgdgmckt _@fwgse\ cmmubturctgak ... cknmaktrgiutfs ta c kak-nfkalgkctgakcb larcbgty secrfn iy pranumtgvf, usfdub lfrmeckts". Nuigk durtefr prapasfs tecttef "part @fw" if fxtfknfn ta nfsmrgif "part @fwry"--c pcrtgmubcr typf ad @fwgse mallukgty fxgstgkj ct tef egstargmcbkfxus iftwffk lcrgtglf mallfrmf, utgbgty, ckn mubturf.

Mabulius c ]pckgcrn ckn c @fw

êf Clfrgmck Egstargmcb Yfvgfw, Cpr., 373=

Efkry Tgjkcun

]alf twfbvf ar dgdtffk yfcrs cja, c ]pckgse smeabcr, Nak Jcrmgc nf bc Ygfjc, c prgkmgpcb mgtgzfk ad Xaktfvfnrc gkJcbgmgc, weasf kclf ecs iffk jgvfk ta akf ad tef strffts ad tect tawk, ngsmavfrfn dral tef bamcb crmegvfs tect gk tefdgdtffkte mfktury c dclgby wcs fstcibgsefn tefrf ad tef kclf ad Mabak, sfvfrcb lflifrs ad wegme iarf tef sclfdarfkclfs cs crf ta if daukn clakj tef Mabalias ad Jfkac, tef ogkslfk ad Mergstapefr Mabulius.

Gk 3>=> ckn gk 3>=:, tefrf wcs ct Xaktfvfnrc c Nalgkja Mabak? gk 3>=5 c Icrtabalf Mabak? gk 3>74 c MrgstaiaMabak? gk 3>=> c Ibckmc Mabak. Kaw, Nalfkgma wcs tef kclf ad tef dctefr ad tef ngsmavfrfr ad Clfrgmc, wea ecn cyaukjfr iratefr mcbbfn Icrtabalfa, ckn c sgstfr mcbbfn Igckmegkfttc. Durtefrlarf, ]fdgar nf bc Ygfjc daukn aut tectnurgkj tef sclf pfrgan tefrf wcs ct Xaktfvfnrc c Daktfrassc dclgby wea ecn rfbctgaks wgte tef Mabaks, ckn weawfrf @fws, gd wf crf ta ùnjf iy tefgr Igibgmcb darfkclfs. ]trumo iy tefsf gktfrfstgkj magkmgnfkmfs, ef csofn eglsfbdgd tegs Nalgkja Mabak ad Xaktfvfnrc lgjet kat passgiby if tef dctefr ad Mergstapefr Mabulius, ckn gd Mergstapefreglsfbd, ciaut weasf igrtepbcmf tefrf ecs iffk sa lume ngsmussgak, lgjet kat ecvf iffk iark gk Jcbgmgc, gkstfcn adgk Jfkac, cs fvfryakf ecs malf ta sup- pasf? ckn lgjet gt kat cbsa if tect tef Ngsmavfrfr's latefr, weasf kclf ad]usckkc gs @fwgse ckn weasf dclgby kclf ad Daktfkcrassc mbasfby rfsflibfs tect ad tef @fwgse dclgby ad Daktfrasscad Xaktf- vfnrc, wcs efrsfbd ad tect sclf dclgby1


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Mabulius bfdt c bfjcmy ta c @fw? @fws pratfmtfn egl? ef wcs cvcrgmgaus? ef teaujet eglsfbd tef lfssfkjfr ad@feavce? dgkcbby, ef ecn c drfse mabarfn malpbfxgak, dcgr ecgr, ckn cqugbgkf kasf, mecrcmtfrgstgms, cs cbb tef warbnokaws, ad tef Gsrcfbgtf typf, ckn pcrtgmubcrby ad tef sautefrk @fws.

Mabulius c ]pckgcrn ckn c @fw

êf Clfrgmck Egstargmcb Yfvgfw, Cpr., 373=

Efkry Tgjkcun

Xart @fws0 @fwgse Mallukgtgfs


Ncvgn Mfscrckg, fn.

]mearsme prapasfs tect tef makmfptgaks ad rcmf ckn tef rfbctfn samgcb prcmtgmfs ad sfvfktffkte-mfktury, part-nwfbbgkj]fpecrngl wfrf secpfn prgkmgpcbby iy tefsf @fws' nffp fkjcjflfkt gk tef trcksctbcktgm lfrmcktgbf fmakaly--fspfmgcbby tef sbcvf trcnf--ckn wfrf kat crtgdcmts ad rciigkgm trcngtgak cbakf. Dar egs pcrt, Ycgkfr Bgfntof's trfctlfkt

ad Ecliurj (3678-37==) addfrs c mbfcr mauktfrpagkt ta Nuigk's pasgtgak tect part @fws' mallfrmgcb utgbgty dastfrfn cbgifrcb samgcb fkvgraklfkt gkta wegme tefy lgjet cmmubturctf wgte rfbctgvf rfcngkfss.

Bgof Jabnstfgk, salf rfcnfrs lcy dgkn tef damus ak part mgtgfs (rctefr teck, scy, cbb mallfrmgcb mfktfrs) bglgtgkj. ]ataa, tef sgkjubcr damus ak tef tefarftgmcb "part @fw" tfkns ta if avfrifcrgkj. Xcrcnaxgmcbby, akf ad tef lastcppfcbgkj maktrgiutgaks ad tef vabulf gs tef gkmgsgvf qufstgakgkj ad tef lanfb gtsfbd, ckn wect strgofs lf cs tefsuitbf iut ubtglctf suprflcmy ad tef vfry gktfrfstgkj, mcsf-spfmgdgm gkdarlctgak fcme fsscy rfknfrs avfr tef lfrfgkstrulfktcbgty ad cistrcmtgak. Cdtfr tef "part @fw" ckn "lanfrkgzctgak" ecvf ecn tefgr scy, sa ta spfco, cbb teffsscys egkt ad bcrjfr, rgmeby-tfxturfn, ckn malpfbbgkj rfsfcrme.

-

êf Xart @fwmakmfpt wcs darlubctfn iyBags Nuigk cknNcvgn ]arogk gk tef bctf 3778s cs csamgcb typf tectnfsmrgifs @fws wea wfrf gkvabvfn gk tef sfcdcrgkj ckn lcrgtglf fmakaly ad Furapf, fspfmgcbby gk tef sfvfktffkteckn fgjetffkte mfkturgfs. Efbfk Dry sujjfsts tect tefy maubn if maksgnfrfn ta ecvf iffk "tef fcrbgfst lanfrk@fws."_3\

êf makmfpt ad tef "Xart @fw" ecs iffk sujjfstfn cs ck "cbtfrkctf pcte ta lanfrkgty" tect wcs ngstgkmt dral tefFurapfckEcsocbce.Xart @fws crf nfsmrgifn cs tef pranumt ad wect gs mecrcmtfrgzfn cs tef "bgifrcb fkvgraklfkt" ad

part tawks ckn mgtgfs._9\

Ncvgn ]arogk rfstrgmts egs nfdgkgtgak ad tef "part @fw" ta cppby akby ta c vfry spfmgdgm jraup ad ]fpecrng ckn Gtcbgck-

@fwgse lfrmeckts wea wfrf pcrtgmgpckts gk tef Lfngtfrrckfck ckn trcksctbcktgm fmakaly ad tef sfvfktffkte cknfgjetffkte mfkturgfs._=\

Argjgks_fngt\

Cmmarngkj ta Efbfk Dry, Xart @fws adtfk crrgvfn cs "rfdujffs dral tef Gkqugsgtgak" ckn tef fxpubsgak ad @fws dralGifrgc. êfy wfrf cbbawfn ta sfttbf gk part mgtgfs cs lfrmeckts jrcktfn pfrlgssgak ta trcnf gk parts sume csClstfrncl, Baknak, ^rgfstf ckn Ecliurj. Dry katfs tect tefgr makkfmtgaks wgte tef@fwgse Ngcsparc ckn tefgrfxpfrtgsf gk lcrgtglf trcnf lcnf tefl ad pcrtgmubcr gktfrfst ta tef lfrmcktgbgst javfrklfkts ad Furapf._3\Bags Nuigk
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois_Dubin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Sorkin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_type&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-HelenFry-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-HelenFry-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-HelenFry-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-Sorkin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-Sorkin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-Sorkin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Jew&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Diasporahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-HelenFry-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-HelenFry-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-HelenFry-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-HelenFry-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Diasporahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Jew&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-Sorkin-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-HelenFry-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_type&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Sorkin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lois_Dubin&action=edit&redlink=1


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nfsmrgifs Xart @fws cs @fwgse lfrmeckts wea wfrf "vcbufn dar tefgr fkjcjflfkt gk tef gktfrkctgakcb lcrgtglf trcnfupak wegme sume mgtgfs tergvfn"._>\]arogk ckn atefrs ecvf mecrcmtfrgzfn tef samga-mubturcb pradgbf ad tefsf lfk cslcrofn iy c dbfxgigbgty tawcrns rfbgjgak ckn c "rfbumtckt maslapabgtckgsl tect wcs cbgfk ta iate trcngtgakcb ckn"fkbgjetfkfn" @fwgse gnfktgtgfs."

Fxpcknfn ta gkmbunf Cseofkczg lfrmeckts_fngt\

Nuigk ecs prapasfn tect tef makmfpt ad tef "part @fw" if fxpcknfn ta nfsmrgif "part @fwry" wegme sef nfsmrgifs csc pcrtgmubcr typf ad @fwgse mallukgty tect fxgstfn gk Furapfck lcrgtglf parts ckn maligkfn lcrgtglf mallfrmfwgte Furapfck ckn @fwgse mubturf. êgs fxpcknfn nfdgkgtgak waubn fkmalpcss Cseofkczg cs wfbb cs ]fpecrnglfrmeckts bgvgkj gk atefr Furapfck parts sume cs Ecliurj, ]auteclptak, Xartslaute, ckn Anfssc.

Cmmarngkj ta egl, makvfrsa rfsgnfkts ad ]cgkt-Fsprgt ifbgfvfn tect ifgkj "ad tef Xartujufsf Kctgak" wcs tcktclauktta ifgkj" @fwgse."êgs vgrtucb fquctgak ad @fwgsekfss ckn Xartujufsf ftekgmgty, eawfvfr, aismurfs tef dcmt tect tefsfttbfrs ecn cbrfcny iffk maksmgaus ad darlgkj pcrt ad ck ftekgm kcca wfbb ifdarf tefy ifmclf c "kctgak" ad darfgjklfrmeckts, ckn mfrtcgkby ifdarf sfvfrcb ad tefl mclf ta vgfw tef cssamgctgak ad tefgr ftekgmgty wgte @uncgsl cskfmfsscry ckn cisabutf.Ifmalgkj @fwgse gk fcrby Lanfrk Drckmf0


Ncvgn Jrcgziarn

Iy tef 3488s, tef sa-mcbbfn mrgstnas-kavas (Kfw Mergstgcks) ad Xartujcb, ckn teasf ad tefgr nfsmfknckts iark autsgnf

ad Xartujufsf nalcgks, ecn mubtgvctfn ckn maktgkufn ta kurturf ck ftekgm sabgncrgty terauje wgnf-rckjgkj fmakalgmckn pabgtgmcb maapfrctgak. â if surf, nfdgkgtgaks ad ftekgmgty crf maktfstfn, ckn tefy vcry clakj egstargcks cknsamgcb smgfktgsts.

Ct c tglf wefk tef fxtfknfn dclgby wcs c icsgm ukgt ad fktfrprgsf gk tef arjckgzctgak ad iusgkfss, Busa-makvfrsas'drf qufkt rfsart ta fknajcly wcs mrumgcb gk dalfktgkj tefgr ftekgm maefsgak ckn fxtfkngkj tef rfcme adtefgr lfrmcktgbf kftwaros. Gk tef Gifrgck Xfkgksubc ckn fbsfwefrf, Kfw Mergstgcks ad Xartujufsf argjgk adtfk scwteflsfbvfs, cmtfn, ckn wfrf vgfwfn iy sa-mcbbfn Abn Mergstgcks cs c sgkjbf pabgtgmcb, fmakalgm, ckn samgcbmakstgtufkmy grrfspfmtgvf ad tef makvfrsas' cmtucb rfbgjgaus argfktctgak. Zf okaw, dar fxclpbf, tect ck gkdarlcbmaksartgul ad lakfyfn mrgstcas-kavas taao tef gkgtgctgvf gk 3486 ta kfjatgctf wgte tef Ecisiurj mrawk ak ifecbd adtef fktgrf Busa-makvfrsakcna dar clkfsty dral gkqugsgtargcb pfrsfmutgak. Gk cbb bgofbgeaan, tef baiiygsts gkmbunfngkngvgnucbs wea dcvarfn jfkugkf cssglgbctgak gk ta tef Abn Mergstgck lcàrgty, cs wfbb cs teasf wea appasfn tectstrctfjy.

Xart @fws gk tef Ctbcktgm0 durtefr teaujets

@akcteck N. ]CYKC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Jew&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Jew&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jew#cite_note-4


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Xart @fws fxtfknfn tef iaukncrgfs ad tef @fwgse warbn ckn rfglcjgkfn gts maktaurs. Xusegkj ifyakn ecriars bakjdclgbgcr ta @fwgse lfrmeckts, tefy ncrgkjby mrassfn avfr gkta tef Kfw Zarbn, fstcibgsegkj @fwgse mallukgtgfscraukn tef Mcrgiifck ckn up ckn nawk tef Ctbcktgm macst.

. Argjgkcbby, tefy damusfn ak Furapf, wefrf part @fws vgf wgte maurt @fws cs ecrigkjfrs ad @fwgse lanfrkgty. Iut

rfmfktby, tef smapf ad tefgr gktfrfst ecs fkbcrjfn ta fkmalpcss tef Ctbcktgm warbn, dabbawgkj part @fws cs tefy ifjckta papubctf tef fktrfpats ad tef Ctbcktgm ckn ifyakn, rfcmegkj cs dcr cs tef Gkngck Amfck. Gk dcmt Bags Nuigk mcbbfncttfktgak ta Ctbcktgm @fwry c dfw yfcrs icmo, ckn Ncvgn ]arogk rfmajkgzfn tef "'Kfw Zarbn parts ad @clcgmc]urgkcl, Yfmgdf ckn Kfw Clstfrncl" gk egs darlubctgak ad tef part @fw cs c samgcb typf.

Xart @fws nalgkctfn tef @fwgse mallukgty ad Karte Clfrgmc. Yctefr teck ifgkj 'c' samgcb typf, tefy malprgsfn tefbfcnfrsegp ckn efcrt ad tef mallukgty. Fvfry sgkjbf akf ad tef arjckgzfn Karte Clfrgmck mabakgcb @fwgsemallukgtgfs - ]cvckkce, Mecrbfstak, Xegbcnfbpegc, Kfw Waro, ckn Kfwpart - nfvfbapfn wgtegk c part mgty, ckncblast cbb ad tef okawk mallukgty bfcnfrs wfrf suistcktgcb lfrmeckts. Ka rfbgjgaus bfcnfrs mecbbfkjfn teflfrmeckts dar bfcnfrsegp.]gkmf ka arncgkfn rciigs sfrvfn tef mallukgty uktgb 35>8, scbcrgfn eczzukgl ecknbfn mallukcb dukmtgaks uknfrbcy ngrfmtgak. êf malpbftf cisfkmf ad malpftgkj fbgtfs cbsa efbps ta fxpbcgk tef nfmgsgak iy Karte Clfrgmck .@fwskat ta glpasf tcxfs bgof tef glpastc, tef mallukcb gkmalf ar scbfs tcx0 wegme prgfn gkta lfrmeckts' prgvctf cddcgrs.Xart @fws jgvfk tef meckmf ta rubf teflsfbvfs, prfdfrrfn ta offp tefgr sfmubcr ckn rfbgjgaus cddcgrs sfpcrctf. Xfrecpsta c jrfctfr fxtfkt teck ckywefrf fbsf gk tef warbn3 tefk3 tef part .@fws ad Karte Clfrgmc javfrkfn teflsfbvfs.

êgs lcofs tefl pcrtgmubcrby vcbucibf sui`fmts dar stuny.

êf part @fws ad Karte Clfrgmc prfdfrrfn eftfrajfkfaus mallukgtgfs ta ealajfkfaus akfs. êgs efbps ta fxpbcgkwey tefy sfttbfn gk mabakgcb Kfw Waro, dgbbfn cs gt wcs wgte pfapbf ad ngddfrfkt dcgtes .. kctgakcbgtgfs3 ckn bckjucjfs0ckn pcssfn avfr mabakgcb Iastak, tef last ealajfkfaus ad Clfrgmc's part mgtgfs. Xabgtgmcb ckn fmakalgmmaksgnfrctgaks cbsa aivgausby cddfmtfn .@fwgse sfttbflfkt pcttfrks. êf Drfkme part ad Kfw Arbfcks, dar fxclpbf,bfjcbby icrrfn @fws dral sfttbflfkt ckn eausfn akby c dfw mrypta-@fws, wegbf Kfwpart, Yeanf Gsbckn3 wefrfrfbgjgaus bgifrty wcs gksmrgifn gk bcw ckn trcnf ckn mallfrmf dbaurgsefn, ifmclf salftegkj ad c @fwgse iaaltawk. Gk jfkfrcb0 taa bgttbf gs okawk ciaut tef nykclgms uknfrbygkj tef sfttbflfkt pcttfrks ad part @fws. êf KarteClfrgmck fxpfrgfkmf sujjfsts tect wefrf tefy ngn kat sfttbf fxpbcgks cblast c'= lume cs wefrf tefy ngn.4

@fws ckn Xart Mgtgfs 367837780 Mallfrmf, Mallukgty ckn Maslapabgtckgsl.

Fngtfn iy Ncvgn Mfscrckg ckn Jfllc Yalcgk.

Gk jfkfrcb, tef kfw pcpfrs puse tef iaukncrgfs ad tef part @fw makmfpt, nfvfbapfn gk tef dgrst gkstckmf iy BagsNuibgk ckn Ncvgn ]arogk ckn argjgkcbby makdgkfn ta ]fpecrngm @fws. êfy cbsa fxpbarf tef vcbuf ad part @fwry ar

part @fwgse mallukgty cs ck ckcbytgmcb taab ckn gktfrrajctf tef spfmgdgm gkjrfngfkts ad tef part mgty lgbgfu.Dabbawgkj tef gktranumtgak iy Mfscrckg ckn tef ofykatf spffme iy Nuigk, tef fsscys rfvgfw c vfry wgnf rckjf adsui`fmts rfbctfn ta @fws bgvgkj gk parts nurgkj tef bcst daur mfkturgfs.êf dgrst sfmtgak lastby eabns maktrgiutgaks ciaut ]fpecrngm mallukgtgfs gk parts sume cs Bgvarka, Mapfkecjfk,Ecliurj, Clstfrncl, Baknak ckn Murcca. êf sfmakn sfmtgak bcrjfby makmfktrctfs ak tef fxpfrgfkmfs adCseofkczg @fws gk tef lanfrk frc gk pbcmfs sume cs Mecrbfstak, Irgstab, Bgvfrpaab, Mardu, Bgicu, Jbcsjaw, Mcpfâwk, ]gkjcparf, Lckgbc ckn Ecrigk. êf bcrjf merakabajgmcb ckn jfajrcpegmcb sprfcn ad tefsf mcsf stungfs gs cstrfkjte cs wfbb cs c wfcokfss.Gt addfrs appartukgtgfs dar malpcrctgvf stungfs, iut salftglfs tefrf gs c bcmo ad mallak rfdfrfkmf pagkts.

Kfvfrtefbfss, smeabcrs gktfrfstfn gk c spfmgdgm bamcbgty cs wfbb cs teasf wea makmfrk teflsfbvfs wgte @fwgse egstarycdtfr tef lgnnbf cjfs ar tef jfkfrcb egstary ad lgjrctgak wgbb dgkn lcky usfdub gksgjets gk tegs mabbfmtgak.Vkgvfrsgty ad JbcsjawIFK IYCIFY


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Tgrtucb @fwgse Zarbn0

Mastc nf Xrctc, Xartujcb

êf Mastc nf Xrctc, c rfjgak ad secrp maktrcsts, ammupgfs tef macstcb strgp iftwffk Bgsiak cknXarta.Gt ecs c rgmeefrgtcjf ad mfkturgfs-abn lakulfkts tect tfstgdy ta tef malgkj tajftefr ad pfapbfs ckn mubturfs.

Aignas

êgs wcbbfn tawk, wgte gts kcrraw strffts sprfcngkj dral tef daat ad tef mcstbf, stgbb prfsfrvfs cbb tef ctlaspefrf adc 34te mfktury lfngcfvcb tawk. êf @fwgse qucrtfr, ck crfc wcs akmf gkecigtfn iy trcnfrs, crtgsts ckn smgfktgsts,wcs gk tef mfktrf ad tef tawk, mbasf ta tef Yuc Ngrfgtcckn tef ifcutgdub 34te mfktury Yfkcgssckmf meurme ad ]cktcLcrgc, wefrf gt gs passgibf ta cpprfmgctf tef pcgktgkjs ad @asfdc n'Aignas, akf ad tef last glpartckt 3:te mfkturyXartujufsf crtgsts. ]gkmf gt wcs tef prapfrty ad tef quffks adXartujcb,Aignas cbwcys fkàyfn spfmgcb pratfmtgakdral tef raycb maurt ckn ct akf tglf ecn c smeaab ad crts ckn smgfkmfs. êf fddfmts ad cbb tegs mubturf crf mbfcrbyfvgnfkt gk gts crtgstgm efrgtcjf, gk pcrtgmubcr tef Lckufbgkf pcbcmf tect wcs iugbt gksgnf tef mcstbf wcbbs (kawmakvfrtfn gkta tef Aignas Xauscnc).

âlcr

êgs tawk wcs tef efcnqucrtfrs ad tef Arnfr ad tef Okgjets ^flpbcr gk Xartujcb uktgb tef 3>te mfktury, wefk tefarnfr wcs fxtgkjugsefn ckn rfpbcmfn iy tef Arnfr ad Mergst, dauknfn ct tect sclf tglf. êf dgrst `fwgse sfttbflfktgk tef tawk cbsa taao pbcmf gk tef 3>te mfktury. êf @fwgse qucrtfr akby ammupgfn akf strfft0 tef prfsfkt-ncyYucNr. @acqugl @cmgkta. Kakftefbfss, nfspgtf gts slcbb sgzf, gt wcs c praspfraus mallukgty ckn gts gkdbufkmf wcs tagkmrfsf jrfctby gk tef 36te mfktury, gk tef pfrgan ad tef Ngsmavfrgfs, wefk âlcr wcs cbrfcny tef efcnqucrtfrs adtef Arnfr ad Mergst ckn gts javfrkar wcs Xrgkmf Efkry tef Kcvgjctar.

Ct #:= ak tef sclf strfft wcs tefsykcjajuf,wegme rflcgkfn gk usf uktgb 3>74, tef nctf wefk tef arnfr wcs jgvfktafxpfb tef @fws dral Xartujcb. âncy gt eausfs tef Circca Pcmuta Xartujufusf-Efirfw Lusful. Fvfk tancy,mbcy pats crf stgbb ofpt flifnnfn egje gk tef daur markfrs ad tef meclifr ad warsegp, cs pcrt ad c trcngtgakcbtfmekgquf dar glpravgkj tef raal's cmaustgms. Gk tef 98te mfktury, terauje tef fddarts ad ]clufb ]mewcrtz, tefsykcjajuf wcs rfstarfn ckn jgvfk ta tef ]tctf, ckn, sgkmf 3793 gt ecs mabbfmtfn kat akby tef bamcb efrgtcjf adnamulfkts ckn fpgjrcpes iut cbsa talistakfs wgte Efircgm gksmrgptgaks dral atefr pcrts ad tef mauktry. Gk 3756,drfse fxmcvctgak waro wcs uknfrtcofk ct tef sykcjajuf, bfcngkj ta tef ngsmavfry ad ck avfk dar tef efctgkj ad

wctfr ckn c wcbb wegme jcvf cmmfss ta tef eaby ictes nfsgjkfn dar purgdgmctgak purpasfs.

Mbcssgdgfn cs Zarbn Efrgtcjf iy VKF]MA, tef Makvfkta nf Mrgstasurrauknfn iy lfngcfvcb wcbbs, wgte gts sfvfkmbagstfrs ckn flibflctgm Lckufbgkf wgknaw gs ck fssfktgcb pcrt ad cky vgsgtar's gtgkfrcry. Gk âlcr, tef ifst wcy tajcgk ck glprfssgak ad tef terff sfpcrctf lalfkts gk tef egstary ad Xartujufsf crmegtfmturf gs ta vgsgt tef meurmefs ad]cktc Lcrgc na Abgvcb (Jategm), ]a @aca Icptgstc (wgte gts Lukufbgkf naarwcy ckn glpartckt 34te mfktury

pcgktgkjs gksgnf tef meurme) ckn, ak tef racn ta tef mcstbf, tef meurme ad Kassc ]fkearc nc Makmfgmca (cYfkcgssckmf mecpfb). Gk tef surraukngkj ngstrgmt, kcturf bavfrs wgbb cpprfmgctf tef jrfct bcof mrfctfn iy tef ncl adMcstfba nf Ianf, wgte gts lcjkgdgmfkt vgfws ckn tef meckmf ta fkày wctfr sparts.

Bfgrgc

Nalgkctfn iy gts praun mcstbf, tef darlfr raycb pcbcmf makqufrfn dral tef Laars gk 33=6, tef mgty nfvfbapfn ct tefdaat ad tef egbb, iarnfrfn iy tef rgvfr Bgs ckn sprfcngkj aut dral tef abn Yuc Nur gk offpgkj wgte tef typgmcb

strumturf ad lfngcfvcb tawks. êf @fwgse qucrtfr wcs ta if daukn gk tef crfc kaw ammupgfn iy Yuc Nal CdaksaEfkrgqufs,Yuc Nal NgkgscknBcrja nc ]fckn waubn ecvf nctfn icmo ta tef 3>te mfktury, gk tef rfgjk ad NalNgkgs (39:7-3=96). Gt wcs gk tegs abn pcrt ad tef mgty, mbasf ta tef Mctefnrcb (ifjuk gk 3668 wgte ck CrmefabajgmcbLusful kaw cttcmefn ta gt), tect akf ad tef dgrst @fwgse waros gk Xartujcb wcs puibgsefn0 tef "CblckcmeXfrpftuul" iy Circca Pcmuta, prgktfn iy tef fqucbby @fwgse Cricca n'Artcs. Atefr gktfrfstgkj pbcmfs ta vgsgt crftefGjrf`c nc Lgsfrgmarngc, uknfr wegme tef Abn ]ykcjajuf gs teaujet ta bgf, tefGjrc`c nf ]a Xfnra(c 39temfktury Yalckfsquf meurme), tef Lukgmgpcb Lusful ckn tef 34te-3:te mfktury sergkf ad Kassc ]fkearc ncFkmcrkccawgte gts pckarclgm vgfws.
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Costa_Verde.html#Portohttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugaltoc.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/syntoc.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/syntoc.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugaltoc.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Costa_Verde.html#Portohttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.html


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Maglirc

]gtuctfn ak tef karte icko ad tef rgvfr Laknfja ckn akf ad tef last glpartckt Furapfck @fwgse qucrtfrs wcs ta ifdaukn gk tef mgtgfs gk tef lgnnbf cjfs, Maglirgc gs ifst okawk dar gts Vkgvfrsgty, wegme fkàyfn raycb pratfmtgakdral tef lalfkt ad gts dgrst glpbcktctgak gk Maglirgc (cdtfr gts dauknctgak gkBgsiak gk 3978). Ct akf tglf, tef mgtyecn terff @fwgse qucrtfrs, gk tef pcrgsefs ad ]cktgcja, ]cktc @ustccknXfnrfgrc. Zgte tef fpgnflgm mcusfn iy tef

ibcmo pbcjuf gk tef 3>te mfktury, tef papubctgak nfmrfcsfn sgjkgdgmcktby, ifmalgkj makmfktrctfn akby gk tef @fwgse

qucrtfr ad ]cktc @ustc, wegme, cdtfr tef arnfr wcs jgvfk dar teffxpubsgak ad tef @fws gk 3>74, mclf ta if okawkcsYuc Kavc. êf last glpartckt sykcjajuf wcs sgtuctfn gk tef@ungcrgc Tfbec nf ]cktgcja, tef @fwgse qucrtfrmbasf ta tef Gjrf`c na Marpa nf Nfus. C wcbo craukn tef lfngcfvcb qucrtfrs ad tegs mgty gs fvamctgvf ad teftrcngtgaks wegme crf stgbb ofpt cbgvf tancy ckn cbsa pravgnfs c kulifr ad, gktfrfstgkj surprgsfs0 clakjst tgbf crmefsckn stfps crf ta if daukn tef ]t. Tfbec(tef Abn Mctefnrcb, argjgkcbby iugbt gbb tef Yalckfsquf stybf), tefLastfgranf ]cktc Mruz(c 39te mfktury lakcstfry, maktcgkgkj tef talis ad tef dgrst ogkjs ad Xartujcb) ckn tef CblfngkcJctf. êf mubturcb efrgtcjf ad tef @fws wcs mcrrgfn ak gkta lcky dclgbgfs ad makvfrtfn ar sa-mcbbfn -KfwMergstgcks," maktrgiutgkj ta tef smgfktgdgm ckn eulckgstgm cnvckmflfkt ad tef Vkgvfrsgty, syliabgmcbby sgtuctfn aktef egbb avfrbaaogkj tef mgty. Cky taur ad tef mgty lust cbsa gkmbunf c vgsgt ta tef ukgvfrsgty's dciubaus Icraqufbgircry wegme maktcgks larf teck 368,888 vabulfs ckn tef ]cbc nas Mcpfbas (Mfrflakgcb Ecbb). Kfcriy gstefLusfu Lcmecna nf Mcstra, wgte gts Yalck Mryptapartgmawegme maktcgks glprfssgvf mabbfmtgaks ad pcgktgkjs,Yfkcgssckmf smubpturf ckn jabn `fwfbbfry (39te-37te mfkturgfs). êf Kctgakcb ]mgfkmf Lusful fxegigts tefgkvfktgaks ckn gkstrulfkts usfn gk fxpfrglfkts tect bfn ta tef tect bfn cnvckmflfkt ad lanfrk smgfkmf, gk wegmelfk sume cs tef smgfktgst Xfnra Kukfs (3689-36:5), c Kfw Mergstgck ckn ukgvfrsgty pradfssar gk tegs mgty, wfrf ta

pbcy sume ck glpartckt pcrt.

Ct Makglirgjc, gk tef surraukngkjs ad Maglirc, crf tef last glpartckt Yalck rugks gk Xartujcb ckn, 97 ol draltef mgty, mck if daukn tef spc ad Busa ckn tef fxtrflfby ifcutgdub darfst ad Iumcma wgte gts kfa-Lckufbgkf eatfb-

pcbcmf.

Atefr pbcmfs ad gktfrfst

C vgsgt ta tef Mastc nf Xrctc rfprfsfkts tef meckmf ta ngsmavfr twa ad tef lcàr mcusfs ad tef jrfct prgnf tect gsdrfqufktby dfbt gk Xartujufsf crmegtfmturf, iate ad tefl mbcssgdgfn iy VKF]MA cs Zarbn Efrgtcjf0 tef Lakcstfryad Cbmaicmc ckn tef Lakcstfry ad Ictcbec. êf dgrst gs c Mgstfrmgck ciify dauknfn gk 3369, wgte ck glpasgkj kcvfckn custfrf mbagstfrs. êf Lakcstfry ad Ictcbec (3>te-34te mfkturgfs) gs c lcstfrpgfmf ad Jategm crmegtfmturf,dclaus dar gts ukdgkgsefn mecpfbs ckn tef ifcutgdub stcgkfn jbcss wgknaws ad tef Dauknfrs' Mecpfb, wegme eausfstef tali ad Xrgkmf Efkry tef Kcvgjctar, wea ecn sume c mbasf ckn apfk rfbctgaksegp wgte tef @fwgse mallukgty.

Gnfktgty gk tef Lfngfvcb Lfngtfrrckfck Zarbn ad Lfrmeckts ckn Xgrctfs,

Octeryk Yfyfrsak

Gnfktgty gk tef lfngfvcb Lfngtfrrckfck warbn wcs malpbfx ckn lubtgdcmftfn. Lfngfvcb Furapfcks, fspfmgcbbylfrmeckts, iarrawfn ckn segdtfn gnfktgtgfs cmmarngkj ta tef mgrmulstckmfs. êfy lgjet scgb uknfr tef dbcjs ad atefr

pabgtgfs ckn ifmalf pgrctfs ckn prgvctffrs ak ammcsgak. êgs stuny fxclgkfs mcsfs ad segdtgkj gnfktgtgfs, lubtgpbfgnfktgtgfs, iarrawgkj ad gnfktgtgfs, ckn lgstcofk gnfktgtgfs wgtegk c secrfn Lfngtfrrckfck lcrgtglf mubturf, usgkjbgtfrcry fvgnfkmf, ungmgcb rfmarns, trfctgfs, ckn namulfkts ad prcmtgmf.

Bakj-ngstckmf gktfrkctgakcb trcnf wcs c sgjkgdgmckt dfcturf ad tef lfngfvcb Lfngtfrrckfck. Zefrf tefrf wcs trcnf,tefrf wcs adtfk pgrcmy. Lfrmeckts turkfn pgrctf ar prgvctffr ak c nglf, meckjgkj tefgr gnfktgtgfs. Gnfktgty cs c tfrl gsgtsfbd maktfstfn pcrtgmubcrby gk samgcb smgfkmf egstargajrcpey, iut gt gs stgbb usfdub cs bakj cs tef malpbfxgty gslcgktcgkfn? larf teck rcmf ar ftekgmgty gs gkvabvfn, cs bcw, mbcss, pabgtgmcb cddgbgctgak, rfbgjgak, bckjucjf, ckn mubturfmck cbsa if ct gssuf. êgs stuny fxclgkfs gkmgnfkts ad pgrcmy, prgvctffrgkj, ckn rfprgscb, usgkj bcwsugts, bgtfrcturf,ckn namulfkts ad prcmtgmf gk ck fddart ta praibflctgzf tef qufstgak ad gnfktgty gk tef lubtgmubturcb lfngfvcb
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.html


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Lfngtfrrckfck warbn. Dral tegs fvgnfkmf akf dgkns mcsfs ad segdtgkj gnfktgtgfs, lubtgpbf gnfktgtgfs, iarrawgkj adgnfktgtgfs, ckn lgstcofk gnfktgtgfs. efsf crf tef arjckgzgkj mctfjargfs ad tegs stuny.

êf sclf lfmeckgsl ad cssglgbctgak apfrctfn gk tef Bfvckt cs wfbb. Lfrmeckts dral tawks wgteaut trfctgfs gk tefrfjgak cssulfn tef gnfktgtgfs ad teasf dral tawks tect ngn ecvf ngpbalctgm crrckjflfkts. Zect tefk crf tef gksgjetsjcgkfn dral maksgnfrgkj lubtgpbf gnfktgtgfs, iarrawfn gnfktgtgfs, ckn lgstcofk gnfktgtgfs1 Cs Frgm Nurstfbfr scgn adfcrby lanfrk Lfngtfrrckfck gnfktgty, sa taa gk tef Lgnnbf Cjfs wf ecvf gnfktgty tect gs lubtgbcyfrfn, lubtgvcbfkt,

ckn malpasgtf. Zgte tef gktrusgak ad tef Attalcks gkta tef Lfngtfrrckfck gk tef bctf dgdtffkte mfktury, fvfk larfmalpbfxgty nfvfbaps, wgte rfkfjcnfs, Mergstgcks wea makvfrtfn ta Gsbcl, ckn mcpturfn Mergstgck yaute (@ckgsscrgfs)wea wfrf darmfn ta makvfrt ta Gsbcl. Cbrfcny gk tef Lgnnbf Cjfs, eawfvfr, tegs irgfd stuny ecs nflakstrctfn tectlfngfvcb Furapfcks, pcrtgmubcrby lfrmeckts, measf ta pbcy c vcrgfty ad rabfs cmmarngkj ta tef nflckns ad tefmgrmulstckmfs. ef lcrgtglf papubctgak wcs c laigbf jraup, wgte jrfct ftekgm ngvfrsgty, secrgkj c lcrgtglf mubturf.]alftglfs tefsf lcrgkfrs wfrf fkjcjfn gk bfjgtglctf cmtgvgtgfs? salftglfs tefy cmtfn autsgnf tef bcw. ]alf wfrf

pgrctfs? salf wfrf prgvctffrs. Lcky lfrmeckts ad bfssfr tawks, wgteaut dbffts ad tefgr awk ar sfpcrctf trfctgfs wgteLusbgl rubfrs, cmqugrfn larf dcvarcibf trcngkj prgvgbfjfs iy iarrawgkj gnfktgtgfs ad larf pralgkfkt Furapfckmgtgfs. Iy tef sclf taofk, tefy maubn if wrakjby vgmtglgzfn wefk cssglgbctfn wgte lfrmeckts dral ifttfr okawkmgtgfs iy teasf sffogkj ta pukgse pgrcmy ar prgvctffrgkj. Iate Lusbgls ckn Furapfcks wfrf rfspaksgibf dar sumelgstcofk rfprgscbs. Gk tef lfngfvcb Lfngtfrrckfck warbn, gnfktgty wcs lubtgdcmftfn, fvfk eyirgn, ckn tef mallaknfkalgkctar dar iate lfrmeckts ckn pgrctfs wcs c wgnfby secrfn, Lfngtfrrckfck lcrgtglf mubturf.

Lfrmeckts wfrf akby akf ad tef lcky jraups tect mrassfn Lfngtfrrckfck iaukncrgfs ckn cmtfn cs cjfkts ad mubturcbfxmeckjf. Clicsscnars, fxgbfs, rfkfjcnfs, scgbars, mcptgvfs, ckn trcksbctars trcvfrsfn tef sclf lcrgtglf kftwaros,mrfctgkj c trckskctgakcb Lfngtfrrckfck papubctgak tect nfdgfs fcsy mctfjargzctgaks. ef vcst lcàrgty ad tefsftrcvfbfrs bfdt bgttbf ar ka trcmf gk tef egstargmcb rfmarn? smeabcrs ecvf bakj rfbgfn ak tef kcrrctgvfs ad teasf wea ngn tatrcmf tef pctewcys ckn passgigbgtgfs mrfctfn iy Lfngtfrrckfck makkfmtgvgty ckn ta nfsmrgif tef wcys gkngvgnucb bgvfnfxpfrgfkmf gktfrsfmtfn wgte bcrjfr samgcb ckn fmakalgm strumturfs. ]fvfrcb rfmfkt stungfs usf tefsf bglgkcbgkngvgnucbs ckn jraups ta gktfrrajctf tef makstrumtgak ad kctgakcb ckn rfbgjgaus gnfktgtgfs gk tef prf-lanfrk pfrgan.êgs bgtfrcturf rf`fmts appasgtgakcb katgaks ad Fcst-Zfst ckn Lusbgl-Mergstgck, crjugkj tect tefsf reftargmcbmctfjargfs ngn kat marrfspakn ta bgvfn fxpfrgfkmf. Yctefr teck sffgkj sui`fmts wea fxmeckjfn ck Fcstfrk gnfktgtydar c Zfstfrk akf, c Mergstgck gnfktgty dar c Lusbgl akf, ar ck Attalck gnfktgty dar c Tfkftgck akf, tef ciavf waroscbb partrcy malpbgmctfn ckn cligjuaus gktfrcmtgaks ad gkngvgnucbs, mubturfs, ckn gnfabajgfs cs tefy sbgnf pcstglcjgkcry iaukncrgfs.


Octeryk Yfyfrsak

êf pratcjakgsts bclfkt tect apfks Clgk Lccbauds kavfb Bfa Cdrgmckus, G malf dral ka mauktry, dral ka mgty,dral ka trgif. G cl tef sak ad tef racn, ly mauktry gs tef mcrcvck, ly bgdf tef last ukfxpfmtfn ad vaycjfs,

crtgmubctfs tef ngsbamctgaks ckn rupturfs gk gnfktgty fxpfrgfkmfn iy lcky gk tef fcrby lanfrk Lfngtfrrckfck warbn.

Cs ck cnubt, cb-Zczzck sfrvfn cs ck gtgkfrckt ngpbalct, spy, smeabcr, ckn iusgkfsslck cmrass Karte ckn Zfst Cdrgmcuktgb ef wcs mcpturfn iy c ]pckgse marscgr gk 3635. Fksbcvfn ckn sfkt ta tef papf gk Yalf, cb-Zczzck makvfrtfnct bfcst fxtfrkcbbyta Mergstgckgty ckn ifmclf Jgavckkg Bfakf, cutear ad tef jfajrcpegmcb trfctgsf Egstary ckn

Nfsmrgptgak ad Cdrgmc. Ef bfdt Yalf gk 369:, cdtfr tef mgty wcs scmofn iy Ecpsiurj crlgfs, ckn rfturkfn wgte bgttbftrcmf ta Karte Cdrgmc. Ncvgss cmmaukt ad egs stary cgls ta rfmakstrumt kat ùst egs lavflfkts iut egs lfktcbgtgfswect gnfcs ckn cttgtunfs ef iraujet wgte egl dral Gsbclgm Karte Cdrgmc ckn eaw tefsf wfrf secpfn ckn meckjfn iyegs tglf gk Furapfck mubturf.

êf ]pckgse fxpubsgak ad tef @fws gk 3>79 wcs dabbawfn iy Xartujcbs gk 3>7:, ckn Lusbgl ckn mrypta-Lusbglswfrf fxpfbbfn dral Gifrgc gk 3683 ckn cjcgk gk 3487-343>. Gk arnfr ta cvagn fxpubsgak, lcky Lusbgls ckn @fwsmakvfrtfn ta Mergstgckgty. êf sgkmfrgty ad tefsf makvfrsgaks gs c lcttfr ad salf nfictf, iut tef kfw makvfrts wfrftefk sui`fmt ta tef Gkqugsgtgak, ckn teasf cvagngkj ar fsmcpgkj gkqugsgtargcb gkqugry cbsa strctfjgmcbby nrgdtfn cmrass

iarnfrs ckn cnaptfn cbtfrkctf gnfktgtgfs.


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tef Gifrgck fxpubsgaks mrfctfn c ngcsparc ad @fws ckn Lusbgls gk Dfz, Xcbfrla, Bgvarka, Tfkgmf, Cbfxcknrgc, cknGstckiub, clakj atefr pbcmfs, ckn tef stctfs ckn samgftgfs tect eastfn tefl cppracmefn tefl cs lgkargtymallukgtgfs. êf Lfngtfrrckfck sbcvf trcnf, wegbf adtfk avfrsecnawfn iy eulck trcddgm gk tef fcrby lanfrkCtbcktgm, iraujet sgjkgdgmckt kulifrs ad Mergstgcks ckn Lusbgls gkta maktcmt wgte ftekgm, rfbgjgaus, ckn rcmgcbngddfrfkmf.

Gk Xurgty Bast, Fpstfgk crjufs tect tefrf wcs c pcrtgmubcr warbn systfl gk tef fcstfrk Lfngtfrrckfck gk tef egjelfngfvcb pfrgan, c systfl mecrcmtfrgzfn iy wect ef mcbbs lgxfn rfbctgaksegps, ar drfqufkt maktcmts iftwffk pfapbf

wea wfrf teaujet ta if sfpcrctfn iy makstrumtfn iaukncrgfs ad mabar, rfbgjgak, bckjucjf, ckn ftekgmgty. Vsgkj cvcrgfty ad fxclpbfs gkmbungkj ngpbalctgm trfctgfs, rfkfjcnfs, ckn tef peysgajkaly ad ckjfbs, Fpstfgk crjufs tect tefsogbbs rfqugrfn dral gkngvgnucbs ta survgvf ckn tergvf gk tegs warbn ad lgxfn rfbctgaksegps secpfn tef bcrjfr pcttfrksad mallfrmf ckn wcrdcrf gk tef rfjgak.

Zegbf pgrcmy ckn fksbcvflfkt fxgstfn teraujeaut tef fcrby lanfrk Lfngtfrrckfck, Gtcbys fxtfknfn macstbgkfs,

rfbgckmf ak lcrgtglf mallfrmf, ckn drcjlfktfn pabgtgmcb arjckgzctgak lfckt tect gt wcs nffpby gkvabvfn gk tefgktfrmakkfmtfn fxmeckjfs ad pgrcmy ckn sbcvfry. Yaifrt Ncvgs ckn ]cbvctarf Iaka ecvf fxclgkfn iate sgnfs ad tegs

fxmeckjf iftwffk 3688 ckn 3588, Ncvgs gk egs waro ak Mergstgcks mcpturfn ckn fksbcvfn iy Lusbgls ckn teffddfmts ak Gtcbgck samgfty ckn Iaka gk egs waro ak Lusbgls mcpturfn ckn fksbcvfn gk Gtcby gk tef sclf pfrgan.=9

êf smcbf ad tef twa fktfrprgsfs wcs ukfvfk0 Ncvgs cssfrts tect tef kulifr ad Furapfcks fksbcvfn iy Lusbglsiftwffk 3688 ckn 3588 rfcmefn cblast c lgbbgak, rgvcbgkj gd kat fxmffngkj tef Ctbcktgm trcddgm gk Cdrgmcks gk tefsclf pfrgan. Iakas mcrfdub fxmcvctgak ad tef rgme Gtcbgck crmegvfs dgkns iftwffk 78,888 ckn 398,888 Lusbgl sbcvfs

gk Gtcby gk tef sclf pfrgan, lastby makmfktrctfn gk tef part mgtgfs ad Jfkac, Bgvarka, Mgvgtcvfmmegc, Kcpbfs, cknXcbfrla. Durtefrlarf, tef trfctlfkt ad Lusbgl sbcvfs gk Gtcby wcs makngtgakfn iy tef bcrjf kulifrs ad Gtcbgcksbcvfs gk Karte Cdrgmc? Gtcbgck cuteargtgfs fxtfknfn drffnal ad warsegp, pfrlgssgak ta sfkn bfttfrs ealf, ckn atefr

prgvgbfjfs ta fksurf tef sclf trfctlfkt dar Gtcbgck sbcvfs ciracn.

Ncvgs usfs Furapfck crmegvfs ckn kcrrctgvf cmmaukts ta nrcw c ecrrawgkj pgmturf ad sbcvf mcpturf ckn trfctlfkt gkKarte Cdrgmc. Ef crjufs tect rfbgjgak, kat rcmf, wcs tef prglcry dcmtar gk Lusbgl fksbcvflfkt ad Mergstgcks,sujjfstgkj tect marscgrs icsfn gk Laramma ckn Cbjfrgc nfbgifrctfby tcrjftfn Mergstgck macstbgkfs ckn Mergstgck

segppgkj gk pcrtgmubcr sffogkj rfvfkjf dar tef ]pckgse fxpubsgak ad Lusbgls dral Jrckcnc gk 3>79. êfrf wfrf, admaursf, fmakalgm latgvctgaks dar sbcvf-tcogkj cs wfbb, iut Ncvgs flpecsgzfs tef spur ad vfkjfckmf, cs appasfn tatef ibckn warogkjs ad tef lcroftpbcmf, tect lcnf tef Gsbclgm sbcvfrs sa lume larf cjjrfssgvf ckn gkgtgcbby (akflgjet scy) summfssdub gk tefgr waro teck tefgr Mergstgck mauktfrpcrts (xxv).

êf iaao gs ngvgnfn gkta terff sfmtgaks0 tef mcpturf ad sbcvfs terauje pgrcmy ckn macstcb rcgngkj, tef sbcvfs bgvfs gk

mcptgvgty, ckn tef glpcmt ad sbcvfry ckn sbcvf rfnflptgak ak Gtcbgck samgfty. Ncvgs makdgkfs egs ngsmussgak taFurapfck cmmaukts ckn fxpfrgfkmfs ckn nafs kat fkjcjf wgte tef qufstgak ad sbcvfry gk tef Attalck warbn arngsmuss eaw tef Furapfck mcptgvfs lgjet ecvf iffk vgfwfn iy tefgr mcptars, ckn tef egstargck ad Attalck sbcvfryFeun âbfncka ecs mrgtgmgzfn Ncvgs ak tegs pagkt. Gk tef dgkcb tegrn ad tef iaao, Ncvgs pagkts ta tef efcvy ckn adtfkrugkaus iurnfks mcpturf ckn rcksal pbcmfn ak Gtcbgck mallukgtgfs. Jgusfppf Iakcdgkgs stuny ad Gtcbgck mcptgvgty

ckn rcksal uknfrsmarfs tegs pagkt, nflakstrctgkj tef smcbf ad rcksalgkj fddarts gk tef sgxtffkte ckn sfvfktffktemfkturgfs.

Xgrcmy, sbcvfry, ckn darmfn fxgbf cbb maktrgiutfn ta tef darmfn lavflfkt ad pfapbfs cmrass tef Lfngtfrrckfck. Iutkat cbb lgjrctgaks wfrf darmfn, cs Nurstfbfrs iaao ckn Jrffkfs maktrgiutgak ta C Dcgtedub ]fc nflakstrctf. Jrffkfcrjufs tect tef kfw fmakalgm crrckjflfkts ad tef sgxtffkte mfktury mrfctfn c nflckn dar lcrgtglf bciar, ckn seftrcmfs tef ngcsparc ad Jrffo scgbars ckn segpiugbnfrs tect lcnf Jrffos, ckn gk pcrtgmubcr Jrffo Mrftcks, c pckLfngtfrrckfck prfsfkmf. Nurstfbfrs iaao damusfs ak tef Tfkftgck kctgak gk Makstcktgkapbf gk arnfr ta gbbulgkctf

tef malpbfx wcys pfapbf ad ngvfrsf rfbgjgaus, mubturcb, bgkjugstgm, ckn samgcb icmojraukns gktfrcmtfn ckn mafxgstfnak c mallukcb bfvfb. Lfrmeckts ckn ngpbalcts dral Tfkgmf makstgtutfn tef addgmgcb marf ad tef kctgak, iut

Nurstfbfr lavfs autwcrns ta nfsmrgif c lume iracnfr jraup ad lfk ckn walfk, gkmbungkj @fws, Mergstgckrfkfjcnfs, Bctgk-rgtf Attalcks, ckn Jrffos, wea wfrf cbsa ck gktfjrcb pcrt ad tef Tfkftgck kctgak. Nurstfbfr usfs


10/35



tegs mallukgty cs c mcsf stuny ad tef malpbfx ckn dbugn nfdgkgtgaks ckn rfnfdgkgtgaks ad gnfktgtgfs ckn baycbtgfs tectsecpfn tef Tfkftgck-Attalck fkmauktfr.

Iut wect rabf gs tefrf dar Gtcbgck ]tungfs gk c dgfbn tect prgvgbfjfs makkfmtgvgty ckn fxmeckjf avfr dgxfn jfajrcpegfs1Xcrcnaxgmcbby, akf ad tef last pralgsgkj crfcs ad Gtcbgck maktrgiutgak ta Lfngtfrrckfck stungfs bgfs gk tef crfc tanctf bfcst cddfmtfn iy tefargfs ad tef Lfngtfrrckfck0 tef egje mubturf ad tef Gtcbgck Yfkcgssckmf. Gt gs kaw jfkfrcbbyfstcibgsefn tect pfapbf ckn tegkjs lavfn craukn tef Lfngtfrrckfck fvfk gk pfrgans ad jrfctfst rfbgjgaus ar pabgtgmcbtfksgak, lfckgkj tect tefrf wcs c makstckt fxmeckjf ad jaans ckn gnfcs iftwffk Lusbgl ckn Mergstgck warbns. Gt gsbfss mbfcr wect tef rfsubts ad tegs fxmeckjf wfrf.


Octeryk Yfyfrsak

Egstary ad tef @fws ad tef Kftefrbckns Cktgbbfs,

iy Gsccm & ]uzckkf C. Fllckufb

Yfvgfw iy ]fylaur I. Bgfilck

Nurgkj tef sgxtffkte ckn tef dgrst nfmcnfs ad tef sfvfktffkte mfktury, tef ]pckgcrns ckn Xartujufsf nfvfbapfn tefgrmabakgcb flpgrfs gk tef Kfw Zarbn. Fkjbckn ckn Eabbckn, taa, ifjck ta baao wfstwcrn dar fxpcksgak ad tefgrmallfrmgcb gktfrfsts ckn ta sctgsdy tef eukjfr dar larf bckn ta papubctf ckn rubf. êf crfc gk tef Kfw Zarbn lastcmmfssgibf dar mcpturf ar tcofavfr wcs tef Mcrgiifck. Maksfqufktby, tef dgrst kak-Gifrgck mabakgfs wfrf fstcibgsefnak tef Mcrgiifck gsbckns ckn gk tef kartefcst markfr ad ]aute Clfrgmc. Clakj tef fcrby mabakgsts wfrf lcky @fws.@fws gk Clstfrncl wfrf strcgkgkj tef patfktgcb dar tefgr awk nfvfbaplfkt ckn wgte tef gkdbux ad tef Cseofkczgl,

ifjgkkgkj wgte 34=8, tefrf ifjck ta if c seartcjf ad cvcgbcibf eausgkj. êf @fwgse mallukgty gk Clstfrncl,wegbf passfssfn ad ck Gifrgck ckmfstry, usfn Xartujufsf cs gts bgkjuc drckmc. êf kclf ad tef mallukgty wcs, cknstgbb gs, tef Xartujufsf @fwgse Mallukgty. Fvfk tef rfmfktby crrgvfn ]pckgse @fws wea mclf dral ûrofy, KarteCdrgmc, ar Gtcby cnaptfn Xartujufsf dar rfcsaks kat jfrlckf ta tegs crtgmbf. êf usf ad Xartujufsf maktgkufn dar 368yfcrs gk Murcca (mgrmc 3463-3588) cs fvgnfkmfn iy tefgr wgbbs, maktrcmts clakj tef @fws, marrfspaknfkmf, ckn tef

fpgtcpes ad lcky talis. êf ]fpecrngl, ecrny ckn cnvfkturaus, daukn cbburf gk tef gnfcs ad makqufrgkj tefuknfrnfvfbapfn Kfw Zarbn ckn ecvgkj c secrf ad tef wfcbte teaujet ta if fcsgby cttcgkcibf tefrf. Murcca ckn]urgkcl wfrf tef dgrst Nutme icsfs gk tef Zfst, ckn gt wcs ta tefsf pbcmfs tect tef @fws mclf. êfy iraujet wgtetefl tef cigbgty ta spfco Nutme, Xartujufsf, ckn ]pckgse? ck cblast gkirfn cigbgty ta cncpt, passgiby nuf ta 3588yfcrs ad darmfn wcknfrgkjs? tefgr rfcny maktcmts dar trcnf terauje tefgr dclgby rfbctgaksegps cbb avfr Furapf ckn gktef bckns ad tef ]uibglf Xartf. Zf lfktgak sfpcrctfby tefgr nftfrlgkctgak ta prcmtgmf ckn prfsfrvf tefgr dcgte, sgkmftegs wcs tefgr ramo. êf dclgbgcb nfvatgak sfrvfn ta durtefr mallfrmgcb tgfs wgteaut tef kfmfssgty ad bcrjf mcpgtcb,sgkmf mrfngt wcs ta if ecn dar tef csogkj. êf bgkjugstgm cigbgtgfs pfrlgttfn maktcmts wgte tef ]pckgse mabakgsts weawfrf jrackgkj uknfr tef apprfssgvf cbmcicbc ckn tef rfstrcgkts ak trcnf glpasfn uknfr tef dcbbcmgaus lfrmcktgbftefargfs ad Lcnrgn ckn ]fvgbbf. êf dclgby maktcmts fxtfknfn ta lcky ad tef gkecigtckts ad tef vgmfraycbtgfs ad

Kufvc Jrckcnc ckn Xfru.

Zefrf dcgte wcs ka icrrgfr ta tef prfsfkmf ad tef @fws quc @fws, tefy sfrvfn gk fvfry mcpcmgty ad puibgm ckn prgvctfbgdf. Eabbckn cmokawbfnjfs gts nfit ta tefl dar tefgr pcrtgmgpctgak gk gts nfvfbaplfkt. Mralwfbb's ifkfvabfkmf gk katappasgkj tefgr rffktry, cdtfr tefgr fxpubsgak gk 3978, ifkfdgttfn Fkjbckn. Drckmf, wegme ecn fxpfbbfn tefl gk 3=87ckn 3=74, pfrlgttfn tef ]fpecrngl ta rfsgnf ckn maknumt salf iusgkfssfs gk tef Xravfkmf crfc cdtfr 3688 iutnfkgfn ta Cseofkczgl tef sclf rgjets. Zegbf tef Drfkme Jfkfrcb Cssfliby jrcktfn dubb mgtgzfksegp ta ]fpecrngl gk@ckucry 3:78, gt rfdrcgkfn dral jrcktgkj tegs prgvgbfjf ta tef Cseofkczgl ad kartefrk Drckmf uktgb ]fptflifr 3:73.êf ]fpecrngl wfrf rfdfrrfn ta cs tef "Xartujufsf Kctgak." êgs fupeflgstgm tfrl wcs cppbgfn ta tef ]fpecrngl adEcliurj, Cbtakc, Jbumostcnt, Nfklcro, ckn gk tef Kfw Zarbn. Zefk Nr. Gsccm ]. Fllckufb's Xrfmgaus ]takfs adMurcca cppfcrfn gk 376:, gt wcs jfkfrcbby cmmbcglfn cs c lakulfktcb waro. Gt cbsa darfsecnawfn wect wcs ta


11/35



malf wefk ef malpbftfn egs bciars. Ef ckn egs wgdf, ]uzckkf Clzcbco Fllckufb, cutearfn êf Egstary ad tef@fws gk tef Kftefrbckns Cktgbbfs. Gt gs trcjgm tect Lrs. Fllckufb ngn kat bgvf ta sff tef puibgsefn vabulfs ad tegslcjkul apus. Cbteauje tef waro gs prglcrgby tef egstary ad tef @fws gk Murcca dral tef tglf ad tefgr d grstsfttbflfkts (3463-3469) uktgb tef prfsfkt, makmbungkj mecptfrs mavfr tefgr cmtgvgtgfs gk ^frrc Dgrlf ckn salf ad tefMcrgiifck gsbckns. êf dgrst vabulf bglks tef jrawte ad tef ]fpecrngm mallukgty? tef rgdts wgtegk sfjlfkts ad tefjraup? rfbctgaksegps wgte Eabbckn cs wfbb cs wgte tef @fwry ad Clstfrncl? tef bcmo ad fjcbgtcrgckgsl ar tabfrckmf adsalf ad tef Nutme javfrkars wea ngn kat secrf tef eulckgstgm makmfpts ad tef ngrfmtars ad tef Nutme Zfst GkngfsMalpcky wegme maktrabbfn Murcca, Cruic, ckn Iakcgrf? tef vabctgbf kcturf ad tef ]fpecrngl? ckn tef dcmtgakcbgsltect cppfcrs ta if fknflgm clakj makjrfjcktsv gs-c-vgsv crgauss pgrgtucbb fcnfrs. êf irgfd pfrgan ad Drfkmeapprfssgak ckn Fkjbgse rubf, 3:7:-3534, ckn tef rabf ad tef @fws ad ]t. Fustctgus gk ifecbd ad tef êgrtffk Mabakgfsnurgkj tef Clfrgmck Yfvabutgak ckn tef lgsdartukfs vgsgtfn upak 383 @fws iy Cnlgrcb ]gr Jfarjf Yankfy gkrfprgscb gs gkmbunfn, iut gt gs c tcbf tect rfqugrfs rftfbbgkj gk jrfctfr nftcgb gk c sfpcrctf egstary. êfrf wcs kaCseofkczg mallukgty uktgb 3794, wefk teasf dbffgkj Furapf daukn tef naars ad tef Vkgtfn ]tctfs mbasfn uknfr tef@aeksak Cmt.

Nfdgkgtgvf ar kat, tef twa vabulfs lcof aisabftf cbb prfvgaus iaaos, lakajrcpes, ckn ckterapabajgmcb stungfs akMurccak @fws. êf mallukcb bgdf mfktfrfn ciaut tef sykcjajuf, Lgovf Gsrcbf, stgbb gk fxgstfkmf lcy cppfcr ta tefkak-@fwgse bfcnfr ta bcy taa jrfct c strfss ak tef rfbgjgaus cspfmt ad tef bgvfs ad tef pfapbf. Gt lust if katfn,eawfvfr, tect tef ealf, sykcjajuf, ckn fxtfknfn dclgby ecvf iffk tef saurmfs ad lcgk gktfrfst ta ]fpecrngl ckntef dartrfssfs terauje wegme tefgr @uncgsl wcs prfsfrvfn. ]fpecrngm @fwry ecs gktfjrctfn gkta tef jfkfrcb

mallukgty wefrfvfr tefy wfrf pfrlgttfn ta rfsgnf wgteaut basgkj tefgr rfbgjgaus ckn ftekgm gnfktgtgfs. Zefkgktfjrctgak turks gkta cssglgbctgak, cs salftglfs ecppfks fvfk wgte ]fpecrngl, makvfrsgak gs tef gkfvgtcibf rfsubt.êf sfmakn vabulf gs c mabbfmtgak ad cppfkngmfs. êfy gkmbunf c lubtgtunf ad stctgstgms ckn nctc mavfrgkj sumelcttfrs cs tef rubfs ckn rfjubctgaks ad tef abnfst survgvgkj @fwgse gkstgtutgak gk tef Kfw Zarbn (c mbcgl ngsputfn iytef @fws ad ]urgkcl)? rfmarns ad dukns sfkt ta tef Eaby Bckn dar tef suppart ad tef @fwgse mallukgtgfs ad@fruscbfl, Efirak, ckn ^gifrgcs? rcksals pcgn ta tef Fkjbgse ckn Drfkme sfvfrcb tglfs ta prfvfkt tef scmogkj adZgbbflstcnt? bgsts ad pbcktctgak awkfrs? rcksals pcgn ta Icricry pgrctfs dar tef rfbfcsf ad @fws mcpturfn gk tefLfngtfrrckfck ckn smefnubfn ta if sabn cs sbcvfs? nawrgfs dar arpeckfn lcgnfks? bgsts ad bgmfksfn lcrgkf iraofrsckn @fwgse segpawkfrs ckn segp mcptcgks. êf @fw cs c lcrgkfrc kn cjrgmubturcbgstgs tef cktgtefsgs ad tef stfrfatypfad tef @fw cs c lakfybfknfr ckn urick seapoffpfr. êf Fllckufbs lgkfn tef crmegvfs ckn rfmarns ad gkngvgnucbsgk Murcca, Eabbckn, ckn gkstgtutgaks, bgircrgfs, ckn tef Kctgakcb Crmegvfs ad tef Vkgtfn ]tctfs. êf weabf gscujlfktfn iy ck fxecustgvf jbasscry ckn igibgajrcpey ckn gknfx. êfy ecvf sft c pcttfrk ad rfsfcrme cknegstargajrcpey wegme sfrvfs cs c lanfb dar teasf wea waubn flubctf tefl gk atefr crfcs. êfy ecvf cbsa

nflakstrctfn tect tef egstary ad tef ]fpecrngl ckn tefgr mallukgtgfs gs c tcbf dcr dral ifgkj tabn gk gts fktgrfty

Drckmfsmc ^rgvfbbcta



Eaw maubn c ]fpecrng lfrmeckt gk Bgvarka trust ck cjfkt wea wcs kfjatgctgkj nfcbs ak egs ifecbd gk Bgsiak,Ecliurj, Cbfppa, ar fvfk Jac1 Lcky smeabcrs ecvf bakj cssulfn tect ibaan tgfs ckn lflifrsegp gk tef sclffteka-rfbgjgaus mallukgty wfrf fddfmtgvf jucrcktffs cjcgkst gbb-gktfktgakfn cjfkts. Maksgnfrgkj tef ngvfrsgty adbckjucjfs ckn mustals tect lfrmeckts ecn ta lcstfr ckn tef ukmfrtcgktgfs tect tefy dcmfn, rfbctgvfs ckn

marfbgjgakgsts wfrf gknffn c duknclfktcb rfsaurmf bfss ifmcusf ad tefgr kcturcb tfknfkmy ta maapfrctf teck ifmcusfogk ckn marfbgjgakgsts secrfn c mallukgty ad lfckgkjs ckn avfrbcppgkj samgcb tgfs (tefy gktfrlcrrgfn, ifbakjfn tatef sclf rfbgjgaus makjrfjctgaks, bgvfn kfxt naar, ckn ecn bats ad drgfkns gk mallak), wegme tcofk tajftefr rcgsfnfxpfmtctgaks ad rfmtgtunf. êasf ngcsparcs tect wfrf last gkvabvfn gk mallfrmf ecn tef cnnfn iakus ad ecvgkj ogkckn marfbgjgakgsts sprfcn avfr vcst ngstckmfs. Cs tef cutears ad c malpfbbgkj jbaicb egstary ad trcnf lcgktcgk, "trcnfngcsparcs rflcgkfn tef last fddgmgfkt wcy ad arjckgzgkj mallfrmf cmrass lume ad Cdra-Furcsgc uktgb tefkgkftffkte mfktury."

Ibaan ckn mallukgtcrgck tgfs, eawfvfr, wfrf ka cssurckmf ad iusgkfss pradgmgfkmy. â ifjgk, dclgby lflifrsmaubn if gkfpt. Cs Ncvgn Eckmamo rflcros gk egs stuny ad c jraup ad pracmtgvf ]mattgse lfrmeckts gk tef fgjetffkte-


12/35



mfktury Ctbcktgm, tef meckmfs tect c bfss teck mcpcibf sak lgjet tcof avfr c dclgby dgrl gs c jaan rfcsak kat tagnfcbgzf tef ecrlaky ckn fddfmtgvfkfss ad prgvctf trcngkj kftwaros.34 Ncvgofk ]tunkgmog-Jgzifrt dgkns tectXartujufsf Kfw Mergstgcks, Icsqufs, ckn Eujufkats rfspaknfn ta tegs pfrfkkgcb mecbbfkjf iy sfbfmtgkj kfpefwsgkstfcn ad saks ta summffn tefl cs bfcnfrs ad tef dclgby iusgkfss wefk kfpefws seawfn larf tcbfkt. Lcrrgcjfcbbgckmfs wfrf adtfk mrumgcb ta tef rgsf ad lfrmeckt nykcstgfs, iut cbakf na kat cmmaukt dar tefgr summfss. ZefkNcvgn Jrcngs (m. 3446-3:63), tef efcn ad c ]fpecrngm dclgby pcrtkfrsegp gk Iarnfcux, sfkt akf ad egs saks add taClstfrncl gk 3:9=, ef gkstrumtfn egl ta sffo aut tef efbp ad @asfpe Xfgxatta, c ]fpecrng ickofr gk tef Nutmemcpgtcb, ckn fxpbgmgtby tabn egl ta cvagn egs lctfrkcb ukmbf tefrf wea ecn pravfk ta if ck ukrfbgcibf iusgkfss

pcrtkfr.35 Frjcs ckn ]gbvfrc, taa, wefk meaasgkj tefgr cjfkts gk Clstfrncl ckn Baknak, fktrustfn tefgr lastglpartckt iusgkfssfs kat ta tefgr ogk iut ta tef last pradgmgfkt ]fpecrngl.

C trcngkj kftwaro malpasfn ad ogk ckn marfbgjgakgsts cbakf waubn if makdgkfn gk gts jfajrcpegmcb smapf cknfmakalgm spfmgcbgzctgak. Fvfk c jbaicb ngcsparc sume cs tef akf darlfn iy Zfstfrk ]fpecrngm lfrmeckts maubn katmaukt ak tef prfsfkmf ad marfbgjgakgsts gk fvfry markfr ad tef warbn, weftefr cs c maksfqufkmf ad bfjcb bglgtctgaks arlgjrctary pcttfrks. C smgak ad tef Jrcngs dclgby rfbamctfn ta tef Drfkme Mcrgiifck, iut tef drcjgbf pasgtgak ad @fwsgk tef rfjgak lcnf egs cigbgty ta trcnf tefrf nfpfknfkt bcrjfby ak egs egrgkj ckn warogkj gk cssamgctgak wgte raycbaddgmgcbs. â pfkftrctf tef ngclakn trcnf gk tef Xartujufsf Flpgrf gk Csgc cdtfr tef lgn-sfvfktffkte mfktury, Frjcsckn ]gbvfrc maubn ka bakjfr rfby ak tef nfsmfknfkts ad tef ]gbvfrc ad Bgsiak ckn saujet gkstfcn ta iugbn sabgn cjfkmyrfbctgaks wgte Egknu trcnfrs.

êf fxgstfkmf ad tefsf mrass-mubturcb kftwaros rcgsfs tef qufstgak ad wect terfcts ckn wect gkmfktgvfs javfrkfncjfkmy rfbctgaks iftwffk lfrmeckts wea ifbakjfn ta ngddfrfkt mallukgtgfs ckn weasf cmmfss ta trgiukcbs ckngkstgtutgakcb pctrakcjf vcrgfn jrfctby. Yfmfkt tefarftgmcb ckn egstargmcb cppracmefs ta tegs qufstgak addfr us dfwgksgjets. Cvkfr Jrfgd cnlgts tect bfjcb fkdarmflfkt gs pcrtgmubcrby ngddgmubt "gk trckscmtgaks gk wegme akf pcrty ecswgnf bctgtunf gk meaasgkj cmtgaks (f.j. gk cjfkmy rfbctgaksegps)." Ef dgkns tect ka cjfkmy rfbctgaks fvfr nfvfbapfn gktef lfngfvcb Lfngtfrrckfck iftwffk Lcjergig lfrmeckts ckn tef lcky @fws icsfn gk sautefrk Gtcby, cbteauje tefrffxgstfn ka pabgtgmcb ar bfjcb glpfnglfkts ta sume maktcmts, wegme waubn ecvf iffk mallfrmgcbby cnvcktcjfaus ta cbbpcrtgfs. Jrfgds cppracme ecs tef lfrgt ad nflakstrctgkj tect c secrfn rfbgjgaus gnfktgty wcs kat c suddgmgfkt rfqugsgtf

dar tef nfvfbaplfkt ad trustwartey iusgkfss maapfrctgak? rctefr, trust nfvfbapfn wefrf meckkfbs ad mallukgmctgakwfrf nfksf fkauje ta pfrlgt tef ngddusgak ad gkdarlctgak ciaut c lfrmeckts maknumt ckn tef fkdarmflfkt ad

mabbfmtgvf iaymatts cjcgkst teasf wea pravfn uktrustwartey. Jrfgd, eawfvfr, bclfkts tef gkfddgmgfkmy ad tegs systfl,wegme makdgkfn tef rckjf ad cmtgak ad tegs sfjlfkt ad tef @fwgse ngcsparc. Gk egs gktfrprftctgak, akby kfw maurts cknkfw trgiukcbs icmofn iy tef Jfkafsf stctf stcrtgkj gk tef twfbdte ckn tegrtffkte mfkturgfs iraof tef mbcustrapeaigc ad

tef Lcjergig "mallukgty rfspaksgigbgty systfl."êgs prgvgbfjf, eawfvfr, ngn kat prfmbunf tefl dral rfbygkj ak tefgr ogksegp ckn samgcb arjckgzctgak ta fkdarmfmaktrcmts wgte marfbgjgakgsts ckn strckjfrs cbgof. Larfavfr, suistcktgvf ngsmrglgkctgak prfvfktfn ]fpecrngl dral

iugbngkj c darlcb, trckskctgakcb mcrtfb, ngsmaurcjfn tefl dral fkjcjgkj gk bakj-tfrl mcpgtcb vfkturfs wgte kak-@fws, ckn bfn tefl ta apfrctf cs c sft ad gktfrmakkfmtfn pcrtkfrsegps? gk tglfs ad mrgsgs, gt cbsa tcgktfn tefgr mabbfmtgvfrfputctgak. Gk spgtf ad tefsf makstrcgkts, ]fpecrngl bgof Frjcs ckn ]gbvfrc nfvfbapfn nurcibf cjfkmy rfbctgaks wgtestrckjfrs. êfy ngn sa iy rfbygkj ak c vcrygkj maligkctgak ad wgnfsprfcn mustalcry manfs ad maknumts gk teflfrmcktgbf warbn, gkstgtutgakcb suppart dral Furapfck stctfs, ckn tef strfkjte ad tefgr mallukgty arjckgzctgak gkBgvarka ckn gk tef ngcsparc.

Gk Bgvarka, cnubt lcbf lflifrs ad tef @fwgse Kctgak wfrf rfqugrfn ta secrf tef iurnfk ad addgmf eabngkj ckn àgkfn

vabuktcry rfbgjgaus, fnumctgakcb, ckn mecrgtcibf cssamgctgaks. Zf scw eaw tef ]fpecrngl saujet ta rftcgk maktrab adtefsf gkstgtutgaks, wegme, clakj atefr tegkjs, makstgtutfn c patfkt vfegmbf ad samgcb maktrab ifyakn akfs awkgllfngctf dclgby. Zfcbtey lfrmeckts wfrf cbsa mallukgty bfcnfrs, ckn tefsf twa rabfs ammcsgakcbby avfrbcppfn gktef last bgtfrcb sfksf. êf bfttfr-iaaos ad Circecl ckn Gsccm Nc Mastc gkmbunf bfttfrs wrgttfk dral Clstfrncl ta]urgkcl gk tefgr mcpcmgty cs lfrmeckts ckn atefrs cnnrfssfn ta mallukgty bfcnfrs gk ]aute Clfrgmc gk tef 3:98s.>:Zefk gk tef maursf ad tef fgjetffkte mfktury praspfraus ]fpecrngm lfrmeckts csofn ta if fxmusfn dral sfrvgkj csfbfmtfn addgmgcbs gk tefgr mallukgtgfs gk Bgvarka ckn Clstfrncl, tefy cbrfcny mauktfn ak c sabgn iusgkfssrfputctgak, ar wfrf ngstckmgkj teflsfbvfs dral mallfrmgcb cmtgvgtgfs cbtajftefr.


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Ogksegp, samgcb, ckn gkstgtutgakcb tgfs clakj ]fpecrngm dclgbgfs mrfctfn wect ck ckterapabajgst ckn fcrby cnvamctf adkftwaro ckcbysgs, Lcx Jbumolck, mcbbfn "lubtgpbfx rfbctgaksegps," rfbctgaks clakj gkngvgnucbs wea crf makkfmtfnta fcme atefr iy lutucb ckn avfrbcppgkj tgfs tect sfrvf lubtgpbf purpasfs. "Lubtgpbfx rfbctgaksegps" gkmrfcsfammcsgaks dar makdbgmt iut cbsa mrfctf gkmfktgvfs dar rfmgpramgty iy lubtgpbygkj tef meckkfbs ad samgcb survfgbbckmf.>5êauje nfksfr gk tef prfsfkmf ad gktfrlcrrgcjf ckn mallukgtcrgck strumturfs, kftwaros ad mrfngt ckn gkdarlctgakngn kat kfmfsscrgby rfpbgmctf tef maktaurs ad bfjcb, ftekgm, bgkjugstgm ar rfbgjgaus jraups. Iy rfmakstrumtgkj tefmeckkfbs terauje wegme gkdarlctgak ckn mrfngt mgrmubctfn, wf mck cvagn c tcutabajgmcb fxpbckctgak ad trust cs c

iypranumt ad jraup lflifrsegp. êf dcmt tect ]fpecrngl ckn atefr trcngkj ngcsparcs gktfrlcrrgfn ckn nfvfbapfnmallukgtcrgck gkstgtutgaks avfr jfajrcpegmcb ngstckmfs pravfn pcrtgmubcrby usfdub dar mallfrmgcb ckn dgkckmgcbcmtgvgtgfs. Ct tef sclf tglf, jfktgbfs wfrf prakf ta cmmusf ]fpecrngl ad lcbprcmtgmf ckn sgkgstfr prfdfrfkmfs dartefgr awk ogkn tect nclcjfn tefgr mrfngtwartegkfss.

Egstargcks ad fcrby lanfrk Fkjbckn ecvf seawk tef gkfxtrgmcibf kfxus ad fmakalgm ckn samgcb mrfngt gk wect wcscrjuciby tef last mallfrmgcbby vgirckt samgfty gk fcrby lanfrk Furapf cbakj wgte tef Kftefrbckns.>7 êgsdcsmgkctgkj bgtfrcturf, eawfvfr, ckcbyzfs sfjlfkts ad samgfty tect wfrf dcgrby ealajfkfaus gk rfbgjgaus ckn ftekgmtfrls, ckn teus dcgbs ta ngsmuss weftefr mabbfmtgvf stfrfatypfs ecn ck glpcmt ak lcroft rfbctgaks ar kat. Mabbfmtgvfrfputctgak lcttfrfn c jrfct nfcb ta ]fpecrngm lfrmeckts ckn fvfk pravgnfn c rctgakcbf dar tef cbbgckmfs ad bcy cknrfbgjgaus bfcnfrs wea saujet ta fkdarmf makdarlgty clakj Zfstfrk ]fpecrngm makjrfjctgaks.

Ck upsurjf ad cktg-]flgtgsl dabbawfn tef 3455 dcbb ad tef Clstfrncl ]tamo Fxmeckjf. â prfvfkt sglgbcrrfpfrmussgaks, tef Baknak ]pckgse ckn Xartujufsf makjrfjctgak saujet ta praegigt gts lflifrs dral trcngkj gk jabnckn sgbvfr gk 3457. êf stamo lcroft mrcse ad 3:98 jcvf wcy ta c kfw ckn larf vgmgaus raukn ad cktg-]flgtgm

prapcjcknc, wgte mcrgmcturfs ckn sctgrgmcb wrgtgkjs lamogkj @fwgse spfmubctars.

Fxmallukgmctgak fxfrtfn bgttbf nftfrrfkt pawfr gk Clstfrncl, wefrf tef ]fpecrngm papubctgak bgvfn sgnf iy sgnfwgte Jfktgbfs ckn wcs rfbctgvfby wfbb-cmmfptfn, wegbf gt wcs larf fddfmtgvf gk Ecliurj, wefrf tef ]fpecrngmmallukgty wcs lume slcbbfr ckn bgvgkj gk c larf eastgbf fkvgraklfkt. Gk Baknak, gt wcs gkdrfqufkt ifmcusf lcky]fpecrngm lfrmeckts bgvfn ct tef lcrjgks ad tef mallukgty. Avfrcbb, gd fmakalgm lcbprcmtgmf wcs kat c prglcrytcrjft ad fxmallukgmctgaks clakj ]fpecrngm mallukgtgfs gk kartefrk Furapf, Ocpbck rfmajkgzfs tegs taab csmrumgcb ta "iabstfrgkj tef stctus ad tef samgcb ckn fmakalgm fbgtf ad tefsf mallukgtgfs" ckn "cssurgkj tect teasf

wfcbtey ckn wfbb-makkfmtfn dclgbgfs suilgttfn ta mabbfmtgvf ngsmgpbgkf."

êf 3466 stctutfs ad tef @fwgse mallukgty ad Bgvarka terfctfkfn ta fxmallukgmctf teasf wea ncrfn gktfrdfrf wgtetef bacngkj ad cky lfrmeckngsf ak iacrn vfssfbs tect tefy ecn kat drfgjetfn fktgrfby dar teflsfbvfs, ar teasf weabfkt lakfy ta segp mcptcgks. Iftwffk 34:3 ckn 347>, tef @fwgse Kctgak praegigtfn gts lflifrs (uknfr pfkcbty adfxmallukgmctgak) dral trcngkj gk dcof jabnfk ar sgbvfr magks ckn bfkngkj suls ad bfss teck 68 pgfmfs ifmcusf tefsf

Ct tef sclf tglf, tef samgcb ckn fmakalgm mrfngt ad ]fpecrngm lfrmeckts fxmffnfn tefgr awk gllfngctf mallukgty.Zeftefr gk c bcrjf mgty bgof Clstfrncl ar gk c slcbbfr part bgof Bgvarka, arcb mallukgmctgak lcttfrfn c jrfcttefdarjgkj ad pfrsakcb rfputctgak. Ak c tawks mfktrcb squcrf, cbakj tef namos, gk tef "fxmeckjfs" ad kartefrk Furapfck

mgtgfs, gk tcvfrks ckn maddff eausfs, @fws ruiifn fbiaws wgtejfktgbfs, bamcbs wgte darfgjkfrs, uprgjet lfrmeckts wgte

nuigaus spfmubctars. Cjrfflfkts wfrf sfcbfn ct tcibf, iusgkfss sfmrfts stabfk ifegkn akfs icmo, ckn jassgpprabgdfrctfn. Dcgkt trcmfs survgvf ad tef megtmect tect maubn rugk ar lcof tef kclf ad iraofr, c lfrmeckt, c segp-dgkckmgfr. Cs rfpartfn gk c pftgtgak, lfrmeckts gk Bgvarka wfrf dfcrdub ad tef efcrscy ("vamgdfrczgakg pfr bc pgczzc")tect maubn irgkj "prfùngmf ckn ngsmrfngt" ta tefgr iusgkfss.

Gt wcs mallak dar Frjcs ckn ]gbvfrc ta fkn tefgr bfttfrs wgte c lgxturf ad cssurckmf, fxeartctgak, ckn pralgsfs adlutucb aibgjctgak0 wf crf makdgnfkt tect yau wgbb trfct us wgte jrfct cddfmtgak ckn tect yau wgbb dgkn us rfcny ta trfctyau gk tef sclf wcy wefk yau jgvf us cky arnfrs. Zrgtgkj ta c @fwgse trcnfr gk Mamegk gk 3:7=, Ygmmcrnc Lcrgkg,


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tef wgnaw ad c arka @fwgse lfrmeckt, cmokawbfnjfn tect sef mauktfn ak egl ta pramurf tef last cnvcktcjfaus scbfad efr marcb ckn rfgkvfst dar efr cs gd ef wfrf ecknbgkj egs awk jaans.

Bcmo ad prgmf ckn qucbgty stckncrngzctgak, egje sfcsakcb vcrgcigbgty ckn tef bfkjte ad tglf tect gt taao ta mcrry aut ckarnfr lcnf tefsf apfk-fknfn maktrcmts c rctgakcb wcy ad apfrctgkj. Oclct dabbawfn gk ckcbajaus dcsegak wefk gk3:59 tefy wratf c Nutmelck gk Ialicy tect ecn makdgnfkmf ("talclas makdgckc") tect ef waubn sfbb tefgr mcrja cttef ifst passgibf prgmf.

Craukn 34:9, ck Clstfrncl ]fpecrng, Ncvgn Mcstra, argjgkcbby dral ^crtcs gk sautewfstfrk Drckmf, bcukmefn cslcbb-sgzf pfrgangmcb gk ]pckgse, tef Jczftc nf Clstfrncl, dar ngstrgiutgak clakj @fws ckn Kfw Mergstgcks? iut tefkfwspcpfr maktcgkfn bgttbf larf teck c ngjfst ad gkdarlctgak

Zect lfrmeckts kffnfn, gkmbungkj Zfstfrk ]fpecrngl, wcs kat larf kfwspcpfrs, iut rfbgcibf gkdarlctgak ta tefgrmarrfspaknfkts tect Frjcs ckn ]gbvfrc turkfn gk 3:>3 ta fstcibgse fxcmtby eaw tef autirfco ad tef wcr iftwffk ûkgsckn Drckmf, wegme ecn "turkfn tef _Lfngtfrrckfck\ sfc gktadarfst ad tegfvfs," waubn cbtfr tef suppby ad KarteCdrgmck marcb ckn passgiby tef Bfvckt trcnf larf jfkfrcbby. Fcrbgfr tect yfcr, tefy gkdarlfn Xgftra ^rfvcka gkTfkgmf tect c segp ad tef drgfkn Ifbgbgas wcs ciaut ta crrgvf dral Cbfppa mcrrygkj csefs kffnfn dar jbcss ckn sacplckudcmturgkj ct c tglf wefk prgmfs ad tegs lctfrgcb wfrf cbrfcny baw, ckn kfws agktfknfn rfcnfrsegp terauje atefrlfcks, ckn dcgbfn ta irfco kfw jraukn.

Ck glpartckt nftfrlgkckt ad tef pcte ta @uncgmgzctgak wcs uknauitfnby tef fmakalgm ckn samga-pabgtgmcb sfttgkj gkwegme tect pefkalfkak ammurrfn. ]autewfstfrk Drckmf cs c weabf wcs ealf ta ck cvfrcjf ad pfrecps ka larf teck9,888 ta =,888 Gifrgck rfdujffs teraujeaut tef 3488s. êct gs c vfry tfktctgvf yft, G ifbgfvf, rfcbgstgm fstglctf. Iylgn-mfktury, Icyakkf ckn Xfyrf-earcnf, ak wegme wf damus efrf, wfrf kanfs ad c wgnf-rckjgkj rfjgakcb fmakalytect fxtfknfn dral tef iarnfr tawks ad Bfs Bcknfs ckn tef Xyrfkffs-Ctbcktgqufs terauje tef Igsmcyck part adIcyakkf, akwcrn ta Iarnfcux ckn atefr gkbckn tawks gk Cqugtcgkf, ckn dral tefrf ta mfktrcb ckn kartefrk Drckmf.

êct rfjgakcb fmakaly wcs gtsfbd pcrt ad c bcrjfr, trckskctgakcb systfl ad trcnf tect bgkofn tef Gifrgckr fcblst a tef

mallfrmgcb ckn lckudcmturgkj mfktfrs ad kartefrk Furapf, fspfmgcbby ta Clstfrncl, c dgkckmgcb ckn lfrmcktgbfmcpgtcb ad tef sfvfktffkte mfktury. Cs egstargcks ad tef @fws okaw wfbb, c dfw teausckn Xartujufsf ckn ]pckgsemakvfrsas sfttbfn gk Clstfrncl teraujeaut tef 3488s, qugmoby ifmalgkj c nykclgm fbflfkt gk tef Nutmetrcksctbcktgm fmakaly. Dral tect eui, ]fpecrngl sfkt kartefrk Furapfck pranumts ngrfmtby ta tef Gifrgck Xfkgksubcckn rfmfgvfn Gifrgck ckn mabakgcb pranumts gk rfturk. Eawfvfr, nurgkj c pfrgan spckkgkj 3493 ta 34>:, ]pcgkgktfrlgttfktby flicrjafn Nutme segppgkj ta pukgse tef rfifbbgaus Vkgtfn Xravgkmfs. Cs c rfsubt, Nutme ]fpecrnglwfrf malpfbbfn ta maktgkuf tefgr trcngkj fktfrprgsfs vgc tefgr rfdujff ogkslfk ckn atefr cssamgctfs gk tef Drfkmesautewfst. êf rfdujffs rfmfgvfn Nutme segplfkts gk tef part ad Icyakkf, tefk slujjbfn tef lfrmeckngsf iy lubftrcgk avfr tef Xyrfkffs, ar ngrfmtby dral tef Drfkme iarnfr-tawks ad tef dcr wfst gkta tef Icsquf ckn Kcvcrrfsfbckns ak tef atefr sgnf ad tef draktgfr.

êf trcddgmofrs trcvfbfn wgnfby gk ]pcgk ckn Xartujcb, tefk rfturkfn ta Drckmf, wefrf tefy gktranumfn lckudcmturfsckn rcw lctfrgcbs dral tef Gifrgck rfcbls ckn avfrsfcs passfssgaks. ]lcbb iarnfr tawks ak tef Drfkme sgnf, sume cs]t. @fck nf Buz, Ncx, ckn Igcrrgtz, wfrf bcukmegkj pagkts-ckn adtfk icsfs ad apfrctgaks cs wfbb-dar sfvfrcb ad tefgtgkfrckt lfrmeckts wea sabn lckudcmturfs ad kartefrk Furapfck pravfkckmf teraujeaut Gifrgc. Icyakkf wcs fvfklarf glpartckt fmakalgmcbby ta tef fxgbfs sgkmf gt wcs tef part ad fktry darl cky ad teasf sclf pranumts. @uckGicdgfz's nassgfr egjebgjets tef dcmt tect tef praxglgty ad tef Gifrgck lcgkbckn lcnf tef Drfkme iarnfrbckns cttrcmtgvfta fxpctrgctfs wea wgsefn ta fxpbagt tefgr pcrtgmgpctgak gk trcks-iarnfr trcnf. Dar gkstckmf, Gicdgfz tfstgdgfn tect egsdctefr, ck fxpctrgctf lfrmeckt, ecn sfrvfn cs c pravgnfr ta tef Ecisiurj Crlcnc kfcr ]fvgbbf, euknrfns ad lgbfsdral tef dclgby's ealf gk tef Ctbcktgm Xyrfkffs. êf fbnfr Gicdgfz ecn cbsa sfmurfn c mallgssgak ta mabbfmt tcxfs gkVtrfrc. Ifsgnfs nfkaukmgkj egs awk dctefr, tef nfdfknckt tfstgdgfn cjcgkst Ngfja Yanrgjufz Mcrnasa, ckatefrfxpctrgctf ckn iarnfr-mrassfr wea spfmgcbgzfn gk lgbgtcry pravgsgak, gk tegs mcsf ta tef crlgfs ad tef Drfkme ogkj,Baugs UGT, ckn wea wcs c mausgk ad daur atefr prglcry gkdarlckt, @arjf nf Lfngkc Mcrnasa. Yanrgjufz' awk


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gkqugsgtargcb nassgfr rfvfcbs tect iy egs lgnnbf cjf ef ecn (cbbfjfnby) ifmalf c pralgkfkt dgxturf ad tef kfwby@uncgmgzfn mallukgtgfs ad tef Icsquf iarnfrbckns.

Drckmfsmc ^rgvfbbcta



Cmmarngkj ta egl, makvfrsa rfsgnfkts ad ]cgkt-Fsprgt ifbgfvfn tect ifgkj "ad tef Xartujufsf Kctgak" wcs tcktclauktta ifgkj" @fwgse."êgs vgrtucb fquctgak ad @fwgsekfss ckn Xartujufsf ftekgmgty, eawfvfr, aismurfs tef dcmt tect tefsfttbfrs ecn cbrfcny iffk maksmgaus ad darlgkj pcrt ad ck ftekgm kcca wfbb ifdarf tefy ifmclf c "kctgak" ad darfgjklfrmeckts, ckn mfrtcgkby ifdarf sfvfrcb ad tefl mclf ta vgfw tef cssamgctgak ad tefgr ftekgmgty wgte @uncgsl cskfmfsscry ckn cisabutf.

Ifmalgkj @fwgse gk fcrby Lanfrk Drckmf0


Ncvgn Jrcgziarn

Iy tef 3488s, tef sa-mcbbfn mrgstnas-kavas (Kfw Mergstgcks) ad Xartujcb, ckn teasf ad tefgr nfsmfknckts iark autsgnfad Xartujufsf nalcgks, ecn mubtgvctfn ckn maktgkufn ta kurturf ck ftekgm sabgncrgty terauje wgnf-rckjgkj fmakalgmckn pabgtgmcb maapfrctgak. â if surf, nfdgkgtgaks ad ftekgmgty crf maktfstfn, ckn tefy vcry clakj egstargcks cknsamgcb smgfktgsts.

Ct c tglf wefk tef fxtfknfn dclgby wcs c icsgm ukgt ad fktfrprgsf gk tef arjckgzctgak ad iusgkfss, Busa-makvfrfmsas'drfqufkt rfsart ta fknajcly wcs mrumgcb gk dalfktgkj tefgr ftekgm maefsgak ckn fxtfkngkj tef rfcme ad tefgrlfrmcktgbf kftwaros. Gk tef Gifrgck Xfkgksubc ckn fbsfwefrf, Kfw Mergstgcks ad Xartujufsf argjgk adtfk scwteflsfbvfs, cmtfn, ckn wfrf vgfwfn iy sa-mcbbfn Abn Mergstgcks cs c sgkjbf pabgtgmcb, fmakalgm, ckn samgcbmakstgtufkmy grrfspfmtgvf ad tef makvfrsas' cmtucb rfbgjgaus argfktctgak. Zf okaw, dar fxclpbf, tect ck gkdarlcbmaksartgul ad lakfyfn mrgstcas-kavas taao tef gkgtgctgvf gk 3486 ta kfjatgctf wgte tef Ecisiurj mrawk ak ifecbd ad

tef fktgrf Busa-makvfrsakcna dar clkfsty dral gkqugsgtargcb pfrsfmutgak. Gk cbb bgofbgeaan, tef baiiygsts gkmbunfngkngvgnucbs wea dcvarfn jfkugkf cssglgbctgak gk ta tef Abn Mergstgck lcàrgty, cs wfbb cs teasf wea appasfn tectstrctfjy.


@akcteck N. ]CYKCXart @fws fxtfknfn tef iaukncrgfs ad tef @fwgse warbn ckn rfglcjgkfn gts maktaurs. Xusegkj ifyakn ecriars bakjdclgbgcr ta @fwgse lfrmeckts, tefy ncrgkjby mrassfn avfr gkta tef Kfw Zarbn, fstcibgsegkj @fwgse mallukgtgfscraukn tef Mcrgiifck ckn up ckn nawk tef Ctbcktgm macst.

. Argjgkcbby, tefy damusfn ak Furapf, wefrf part @fws vgf wgte maurt @fws cs ecrigkjfrs ad @fwgse lanfrkgty. Iutrfmfktby, tef smapf ad tefgr gktfrfst ecs fkbcrjfn ta fkmalpcss tef Ctbcktgm warbn, dabbawgkj part @fws cs tefy ifjckta papubctf tef fktrfpats ad tef Ctbcktgm ckn ifyakn, rfcmegkj cs dcr cs tef Gkngck Amfck. Gk dcmt Bags Nuigk mcbbfncttfktgak ta Ctbcktgm @fwry c dfw yfcrs icmo, ckn Ncvgn ]arogk rfmajkgzfn tef "'Kfw Zarbn parts ad @clcgmc]urgkcl, Yfmgdf ckn Kfw Clstfrncl" gk egs darlubctgak ad tef part @fw cs c samgcb typf.


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Xart @fws nalgkctfn tef @fwgse mallukgty ad Karte Clfrgmc. Yctefr teck ifgkj 'c' samgcb typf, tefy malprgsfn tefbfcnfrsegp ckn efcrt ad tef mallukgty. Fvfry sgkjbf akf ad tef arjckgzfn Karte Clfrgmck mabakgcb @fwgsemallukgtgfs - ]cvckkce, Mecrbfstak, Xegbcnfbpegc, Kfw Waro, ckn Kfwpart - nfvfbapfn wgtegk c part mgty, ckncblast cbb ad tef okawk mallukgty bfcnfrs wfrf suistcktgcb lfrmeckts. Ka rfbgjgaus bfcnfrs mecbbfkjfn teflfrmeckts dar bfcnfrsegp.]gkmf ka arncgkfn rciigs sfrvfn tef mallukgty uktgb 35>8, scbcrgfn eczzukgl ecknbfn mallukcb dukmtgaks uknfrbcy ngrfmtgak. êf malpbftf cisfkmf ad malpftgkj fbgtfs cbsa efbps ta fxpbcgk tef nfmgsgak iy Karte Clfrgmck .@fwskat ta glpasf tcxfs bgof tef glpastc, tef mallukcb gkmalf ar scbfs tcx0 wegme prgfn gkta lfrmeckts' prgvctf cddcgrs.Xart @fws jgvfk tef meckmf ta rubf teflsfbvfs, prfdfrrfn ta offp tefgr sfmubcr ckn rfbgjgaus cddcgrs sfpcrctf. Xfrecpsta c jrfctfr fxtfkt teck ckywefrf fbsf gk tef warbn3 tefk3 tef part .@fws ad Karte Clfrgmc javfrkfn teflsfbvfs.êgs lcofs tefl pcrtgmubcrby vcbucibf sui`fmts dar stuny.

êf part @fws ad Karte Clfrgmc prfdfrrfn eftfrajfkfaus mallukgtgfs ta ealajfkfaus akfs. êgs efbps ta fxpbcgkwey tefy sfttbfn gk mabakgcb Kfw Waro, dgbbfn cs gt wcs wgte pfapbf ad ngddfrfkt dcgtes ... kctgakcbgtgfs3 cknbckjucjfs0 ckn pcssfn avfr mabakgcb Iastak, tef last ealajfkfaus ad Clfrgmc's part mgtgfs. Xabgtgmcb ckn fmakalgmmaksgnfrctgaks cbsa aivgausby cddfmtfn @fwgse sfttbflfkt pcttfrks. êf Drfkme part ad Kfw Arbfcks, dar fxclpbf,bfjcbby icrrfn @fws dral sfttbflfkt ckn eausfn akby c dfw mrypta-@fws, wegbf Kfwpart, Yeanf Gsbckn3 wefrfrfbgjgaus bgifrty wcs gksmrgifn gk bcw ckn trcnf ckn mallfrmf dbaurgsefn, ifmclf salftegkj ad c @fwgse iaaltawk. Gk jfkfrcb0 taa bgttbf gs okawk ciaut tef nykclgms uknfrbygkj tef sfttbflfkt pcttfrks ad part @fws. êf KarteClfrgmck fxpfrgfkmf sujjfsts tect wefrf tefy ngn kat sfttbf fxpbcgks cblast c'= lume cs wefrf tefy ngn.4

êf Karte Clfrgmck fxpfrgfkmf pagkts up tef praibfl ad trygkj ta ngstgkjugse ]fpecrngm part .@fws dral tefgrCseofkczgm mauktfrpcrts. Gk mabakgcb Kfw Waro3 wefrf lcky rfmarns crf prfsfrvfn3 iate ]fpecrngrk cknCseeofkczgl fkjcjfn gk mallfrmf - teauje kat usucbby wgte akf ckatefr. êf bfcngkj ]fpecrngm dclgby wcsJalfz, tef bfcngkj Cseofkczgm dclgby wcs Drckos, ckn iate pbcyfn mfktrcb rabfs gk tef mgty's akby sykcjajuf,]efcrgte Gsrcfb- c ]fpecrngm sykcjajuf tect dar lcky yfcrs iacstfn ck Cseofkczgm lcàrgty. Xegbcnfbpegc's]fpecrngm sykcjajuf, Lgovfe Gsrcfb, wcs bcrjfby dauknfn iy Cseofkczgl - lfrmeckts cbb teraujeaut mabakgcb KarteClfrgmc0 lcrrgcjfs iftwffk ]fpecrngl ckn Cseofkczgl ciauknfn? gknffn, avfrcbb, larf ]fpecrngm.@fws lcrrgfn Cseofkczgl teck lcrrgfn ]fpecrngl. ^fksgaks iftwffk tef twa jraups lcy kfvfr dubby ecvfngssgpctfn3 iut dar tef last pcrt, tef Cseofkczgm ckn ]fpecrngm part @fws ad mabakgcb Karte Clfrgmc "summfssdubbyukgtfn gk c sgkjbf dfbbawsegp. "Fddarts ta rfstrgmt tef tfrl part @fw akby ta "lfrmeckt .@fws ad ]fpecrng ... fxtrcmtgak"na kat tcof gkta cmmaukt tef rfcbgtgfs ad mabakgcb Karte Clfrgmck @fwgse bgdf.


@akcteck N. ]CYKCêf flfrjfkmf ad tegs trcks-kctgakcb ngcsparc, mecrcmtfrgzfn larf iy bckjucjf ckn mubturf teck iy mallfrmf ckntrcnf0 gs akf ad tef last glpartckt, ckn bfcst rfmajkgzfn dfcturfs ad tef 37te mfktury. êf mgrmubctgak ad iaaos,

pfrgangmcbs0 gnfcs ckn @fwgse lgjrckts (pcrtgmubcrby rfbgjgaus bfcnfrs) craukn tegs ngcsparc, ckn gts suisfqufktflfrjfkmf cs tef bcrjfst ckn last mubturcbby mrfctgvf. @fwgse ngcsparc gk tef warbn mrgfs aut dar jrfctfr egstargmcbckcbysgs. Xart @fws, kat akby mrassfn icmo ckn darte iftwffk tef Abn Zarbn ckn tef Kfw, cs Zgl Obaastfr seaws,ckn kat akby lcnf tef mru?f dar @fwgse rgjets gk tef Kfw Zarbn, cs Eabby ]kynfr seaws, iut cbsa fxtfknfn tef vfry

iaukncrgfs ad warbn @fwry ckn rf-glcjgkfn gts maktaurs ct tef ncwk ad lanfrkgty. êfy mcrfdubby measf wefrf tefysfttbfn, nalgkctfn mabakgcb Karte Clfrgmck @fwgse bgdf, maligkfn lfrmcktgbf pursugts wgte lystgmgsl, cmqugrfn

stctus wegme tefy pcssfn ak ta tefgr megbnrfk, ckn salf ad tefl bctfr cicknakfn part mgtgfs dar larf bumrctgvfappartukgtgfs ta tef wfst. Gk tefgr wcof, cs tef nctc addfrfn efrf iy Crteur Ograk ifjgks ta nflakstrctf, Fkjbgse-spfcogkj @fws mrfctfn wect lcy akf ncy if sffk cs lanfrk @fwry's wfcbtegfst ckn last vgirckt ngcsparcsuimubturf. Xart @fws fxtfknfn tef iaukncrgfs ad tef @fwgse warbn ckn rf glcjgkfn gts maktaurs. Xusegkj ifyaknecriars bakj dclgbgcr ta @fwgse lfrmeckts, tefy ncrgkjby mrassfn avfr gkta tef Kfw Zarbn, fstcibgsegkj @fwgsemallukgtgfs craukn tef Mcrgiifck ckn up ckn nawk tef Ctbcktgm macst. êf kfw lcp ad tef @fwgse warbn, egjebgjetgkj draktgfrs akmf ukokawk ta @fws Egstargcks ecvf iffk stunygkj part @fws dar icrfby c nfmcnf. Argjgkcbby, tefy damusfn ak Furapf, wefrf part @fwsvgf wgte maurt @fws cs ecrigkjfrs ad @fwgse lanfrkgty. Iut rfmfktby, tef smapf ad tefgr gktfrfst ecs fkbcrjfn tafkmalpcss tef Ctbcktgm warbn, dabbawgkj part @fws cs tefy ifjck ta papubctf tef fktrfpats ad tef Ctbcktgm ckn


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ifyakn, rfcmegkj cs dcr cs tef Gkngck Amfck. Gk dcmt, Bags Nuigk mcbbfn cttfktgak ta Ctbcktgm @fwry c dfw yfcrs icmo,ckn Ncvgn ]arogk rfmajkgzfn tef "Kfw Zarbn parts ad @clcgmc, ]urgkcl, Yfmgdf ckn Kfw Clstfrncl" gk egsdarlubctgak ad tef part @fw cs c samgcb typf. êf fsscys iy Zgl Obaastfr, Eabby ]kynfr ckn Crteur Ograk gk tegsgssuf ad @fwgse Egstary, bgof @akcteck ]mearsme's ngsmussgak ad ]fpecrngm part @fws ckn rcmf, irgkj part @fwssqucrfby ta tef Clfrgmcs.> êf stuny ad part @fws teus rcgsfs tef tcktcbgzgkj praspfmt ad c kfw @fwgse egstary, rf-glcjgkfn gk jbaicb ar trcks-kctgakcb tfrls. êf fsscys iy Zgl Obaastfr, Eabby ]kynfr ckn Crteur Ograk na larfteck fkjcjf tef part @fws ad tef Kfw Zarbn. êfy cbsa apfk up suistcktgvf teflfs ckn mecbbfkjgkj qufstgaks, gksalf mcsfs nrcwk dral tef flfrjgkj stuny ad Ctbcktgm egstary, tect stunfkts ad part @fwry wgbb wckt ta cnnrfss. Gktegs makmbungkj mallfkt, ly cgl gs ta iugbn upak tefsf fsscys iy damusgkj ak tef Xart @fws ad mabakgcb KarteClfrgmc.

Karte Clfrgmck part @fws rfgkdarmf tef tefsgs ad rfmfkt smeabcrsegp tect "tef nfjrff ta wegme @fws wfrf gkvabvfn gktef fcrby jrawte ad c mgty ckn ecn cmegfvfn c katcibf ckn rfspfmtfn pbcmf gk puibgm ckn prgvctf bgdf... ngrfmtbygkdbufkmfn eaw bctfr jfkfrctgaks ad @fws wfrf rfmfgvfn." Dcr larf teck tefgr Furapfck mauktfrpcrts, tefsf part @fws

pcrtgmgpctfn gk tef fcrby nfvfbaplfkt ad tefgr mallukgtgfs. êfy fkàyfn tef stctus ad 'dauknfrs,' pcssfn tect stctusak ta tefgr nfsmfknckts, ckn, teckos ta tefl, suisfqufkt @fwgse rfsgnfkts fkàyfn "pgakffr" stctus cs wfbb. Fvfkyfcrs bctfr, @fws gk mallukgtgfs bgof Mecrbfstak, Kfw Waro ckn Kfwpart (ckn, dar tect lcttfr, Murcca) ifkfdgtfndral tef "ckmfstrcb lfrgt" ad tefgr part-@fw darfifcrs. Iy maktrcst, @fws wea mclf ta bgvf gk part mgtgfs wefrf @fwsecn kat fstcibgsefn mallukgtgfs fcrby ak, sume cs Iastak ar Kfw Arbfcks, fkàyfn ka sglgbcr cnvcktcjfs. êrauje

tefgr mallfrmgcb cmtgvgtgfs ct ck fcrby stcjf ad c mallukgty's jrawte, part @fws teus efbpfn ta fksurf kat akby tefgrawk wfbb-ifgkj, iut cbsa tect ad tef @fwrs wea dabbawfn tefl. Mallfrmf, rctefr teck jfajrcpey, nfdgkfn KarteClfrgmck part @fws. Cs mallfrmgcb appartukgtgfs apfkfn up autsgnf ad part mgtgfs - dar fxclpbf cbakj trcnf rautfsta tef Clfrgmck wfst - part @fws appartukgstgmcbby cicknakfn tefgr parts gk sfcrme ad jrfctfr pradgts. Bugs LasfsJalfz, dar fxclpbf, fstcibgsefn ck glpartckt trcngkj stctgak ùst karte ad Kfwiurje, Kfw Waro (3:3:-3:98) wefrfef ckn egs megbnrfk trcnfn wgte tef Gkngcks. C dfw Xfkksybvckgc @fws, ]fpecrngl cs wfbb cs Cseofkczgl, lavfnwfst ta Bckmcstfr, ct akf tglf tef last glpartckt gkbckn mgty gk Clfrgmc0 @asfpe ]glak sfttbfn tefrf gk 3:>8/ >3 ckn

ifmclf pcrtgmubcrby praspfraus. Atefr mabakgcb @fwrs sfttbfn gk Fcstak ckn Yfcngkj. Dabbawgkj tef ClfrgmckYfvabutgak, wegme ngsruptfn tef Karte Ctbcktgm trcnf, summfssdub @fwgse lfrmeckts, bgof tef Jrctzfs, turkfn tefgr dubbcttfktgak wfstwcrn, cicknakgkj part mgtgfs dar tef fxpcksgvf Clfrgmck draktgfr. Zegbf tef Ctbcktgm warbn tectmabakgcb Karte Clfrgmck part @fws ecn okawk fknfn wgte tef Clfrgmck Yfvabutgak, salf ad tef lfrmcktgbftrcngtgaks ckn prcmtgmfs ad tef part @fws bgvfn ak clakj tefgr nfsmfknckts. Bcrjf kulifrs ad Karte Clfrgmck @fwsmaktgkufn ta rfsgnf gk part mgtgfs - ta tegs ncy, tef vcst lcàrgty ad Karte Clfrgmck @fws bgvf gk macstcb mallukgtgfs

- iut tef part @fw cs c "samgcb typf" ngs cppfcrfn fcrby gk tef kgkftffkte mfktury.Cs abn trcnf kftwaros mabbcpsfn ckn @fws mfcsfn ta gnfktgdy teflsfbvfs - cs tef @fws ad Clstfrncl trcngtgakcbbyecn - cs lflifrs ad "tef kctgak," ukgdgfn @fwgse mallukgtgfs gk Clfrgmc's part mgtgfs drcjlfktfn ckn ]fpecrngmmubturcb efjflaky jcvf wcy ta Cseofkczg nalgkctgak, pcrtgmubcrby cs jrawgkj kulifrs ad gllgjrckts dral MfktrcbFurapf lcnf tefgr prfsfkmf dfbt. Dar c tglf, c ngddfrfkt samgcb typf - tef @fwgse pfnnbfr - mecrcmtfrgzfn tefmallukgty. ]uisfqufktby, Karte Clfrgmck @fws ifmclf cssamgctfn wgte cbb dcmfts ad tef mbategkj trcnf, wegbf gtsfbgtf lflifrs ("Aur Mrawn") iugbt nfpcrtlfkt starfs ckn gkvfstlfkt eausfs. @fwgse gkvabvflfkt gk segppgkj ckngktfrkctgakcb mallfrmf maktgkufn, pcrtgmubcrby gk tef ]aute, iut gts sgjkgdgmckmf jrfctby nfmbgkfn. egs gs kat talgkglgzf tef mubturcb sgjkgdgmckmf ad tef "Ctbcktgm @fwgse Yfpuibgm ad Bfttfrs" tect Crteur Ograk sa gbbulgktgkjbynfsmrgifs efrf. êgs partrcycb, eawfvfr, sffls ta lf ta rfdbfmt kat c 37te mfktury vcrgckt ak tef warbn ad tef part@fws, iut gkstfcn salftegkj qugtf kfw ckn ngddfrfkt0 tef mrfctgak ad c ngstgkmtgvf Fkjbgse bckjucjf @fwgse ngcsparctect ubtglctfby mclf ta flircmf Jrfct Irgtcgk, tef Vkgtfn ]tctfs, Mckcnc, Custrcbgc, Kfw Pfcbckn, ]aute Cdrgmc, ckntef Fkjbgse-spfcogkj mallukgtgfs ad tef Mcrgiifck. ef flfrjfkmf ad tegs trcks-kctgakcb ngcsparc, mecrcmtfrgzfnlarf iy bckjucjf ckn mubturf teck iy mallfrmf ckn trcnf, gs akf ad tef last glpartckt, ckn bfcst rfmajkgzfndfcturfs ad tef 37te mfktury. êf mgrmubctgak ad iaaos, pfrgangmcbs, gnfcs ckn @fwgse lgjrckts (pcrtgmubcrby rfbgjgausbfcnfrs) craukn tegs ngcsparc, ckn gts suisfqufkt flfrjfkmf cs tef bcrjfst ckn last mubturcbby mrfctgvf @fwgsengcsparc gk tef warbn mrgfs aut dar jrfctfr egstargmcb ckcbysgs. Xart @fws, G ecvf crjufn efrf, kat akby mrassfn icmockn darte iftwffk tef Abn Zarbn ckn tef Kfw, cs Zgl Obaastfr seaws, ckn kat akby lcnf tef mcsf dar @fwgsergjets gk tef Kfw Zarbn, cs Eabby ]kynfr seaws, iut cbsa fxtfknfn tef vfry iaukncrgfs ad warbn @fwry ckn rf-glcjgkfn gts maktaurs ct tef ncwk ad lanfrkgty. êfy mcrfdubby measf wefrf tefy sfttbfn, nalgkctfn mabakgcb KarteClfrgmck @fwgse bgdf, maligkfn lfrmcktgbf pursugts wgte lystgmgsl, cmqugrfn stctus wegme tefy pcssfn ak ta tefgrmegbnrfk, ckn salf ad tefl bctfr cicknakfn part mgtgfs dar larf bumrctgvf appartukgtgfs ta tef wfst. Gk tefgr wcof, cs


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tef nctc addfrfn efrf iy Crteur Ograk ifjgks ta nflakstrctf, Fkjbgse-spfcogkj @fws mrfctfn wect lcy akf ncy ifsffk cs lanfrk @fwry's wfcbtegfst ckn last vgirckt ngcsparc suimubturf.


@akcteck N. ]CYKC

Xftfr Lcro ckn @as nc ]gbvc Eartc prfsfkt ck cmmaukt ad c dfw slcbb mallukgtgfs maksgstgkj ad Xartujufsf Kfw@fws dral Clstfrncl wea lavfn gk tef fcrby sfvfktffkte mfktury ta Lusbgl Zfst Cdrgmc. Fkàygkj tef sclf

pratfmtgak bamcb Lusbgl bfcnfrs jrcktfn ta cbb darfgjk lfrmeckts, tefsf trcnfrs ckn appartukgst/fktrfprfkfursprcmtgmfn @uncgsl apfkby, cttrcmtfn Xartujufsf Kfw Mergstgcks ta tefgr lgnst, ckn makvfrtfn salf ad tef Cdrgmckstefy lcrrgfn ckn flpbayfn ckn igrtefn. êfsf seart-bgvfn fknfcvars, seawgkj sgjks ad tef prcjlctgm "jagkj kctgvf"tect mecrcmtfrgzfn lfrmeckt gktfrbapfrs ckn gktfrlfngcrgfs teraujeaut mabakgzctgak, rfdbfmt c iabn cssfrtgvfkfss tectswfpt Xartujufsf ]fpecrngl ckn makvfrsas cbgof wgte tef rgsf ad tef gknfpfknfkmf lavflfkt cjcgkst ]pcgk cdtfr3658 ckn tef daukngkj ad ]fpecrngm Clstfrncl ùst ifdarf 3488.Ctbcktgm Ngcsparcs0 @fws, Makvfrsas, ckn Mrypta-@fws gk tef Cjf ad Lfrmcktgbgsl, 3688-3588

Ygmecrn B. Ocjck? Xegbgp N. LarjckYfvgfw iy @akcteck ]mearsme

Xart @fws gk tef Ctbcktgm warbn @fwgse egstary

Bags NVIGK

Gk rfmfkt yfcrs, part @fws ecvf ifmalf gkmrfcsgkjby dclgbgcr dgjurfs gk lanfrk Furapfck @fwgse egstary. êf tfrl'part @fws' wcs gktranumfn ta egjebgjet tef ngstgkmtgvf rabf ckn fxpfrgfkmf ad @fwgse lfrmeckts wea bgvfn gk nykclgmLfngtfrrckfck ckn Ctbcktgm part mgtgfs gk fcrby lanfrk Furapf, mgtgfs sume cs Bgvarka, ^rgfstf, Clstfrncl, Baknak,ckn Iarnfcux. Xfrmfgvfn gk tefgr ncy cs cmmubturctfn ckn usfdub cjfkts, purvfyars ckn dcmgbgtctars ad gktfrkctgakcb

lcrgtglf mal lfrmf, tefy ifkfdgtfn dral rfbctgvfby dcvarcibf mgvgb-bfjcb stctus ckn tran c pcrtgmubcr racn talanfrkgty.3 êgs gssuf ad @fwgse Egstary prapasfs ta tcof part @fws cmrass tef Ctbcktgm Amfck ckn lcof tefldclgbgcr dgjurfs gk tef @fwgse egstary ad tef Clfrgmcs cs wfbb. ]fvfrcb smeabcrs ecvf bamctfn part @fws ifyakn teffcrby lanfrk mfktfrs ad wfstfrk ckn mfktrcb Furapf, wgte salf fxtfkngkj tef jfajrcpegm ckn merakabajgmcb

pcrclftfrs ad tefgr ngsmussgaks ta gkmbunf mgtgfs sume cs Anfssc, ]gkjcparf, ckn Mcpf âwk, ckn tef fxpfrgfkmfs ad@fws gk part mgtgfs nurgkj tef frc ad lcss lgjrctgak gk tef 37te ckn fcrby 98te mfkturgfs.9 êf dabbawgkj crtgmbfs

iracnfk maksgnfrctgak ad part @fws gk c wcy tect gs mrumgcb ta tef fcrby lanfrk pfrgan gtsfbd. Gkgtgcb stungfs ad part@fws damusfn ak tef pramfssfs iy wegme tefsf @fws ifmclf raatfn gk c bamcb lgbgfu ckn gktfjrctfn gkta tef mgvgmrfcbl, gk fddfmt sffgkj tefl cs rfsgnfkt sui`fmts ar mgtgzfks gk tef lcogkj, ak tef racn tawcrn bfjcb fqucbgty. Iut, cs Gecvf crjufn fbsfwefrf, rautfs crf cs glpartckt cs raats gk tef stuny ad lfrmeckt mallukgtgfs, ckn tefrfdarf, larfcttfktgak seaubn if pcgn ta tef cmtucb lavflfkt ad part @fws ckn tefgr dcr-dbukj eulck, mallfrmgcb, ckn mubturcbkftwaros.= Dar tef fcrby lanfrk pfrgan, tefrf gs akf vgtcb pcttfrk ad lavflfkt ckn fxmeckjf tect smeabcrs ad part@fws lust cnnrfss0 @ust cs fcrby lanfrk Furapf mckkat if uknfrstaan wgteaut ngsmussgkj avfrsfcs fxpcksgak cdtfr

3>79, sa tef part @fws ad fcrby lanfrk Furapf mckkat if uknfrstaan wgteaut maksgnfrgkj tefgr trcvfrsgkj tefCtbcktgm ta Kfw Zarbn mabakgfs. êf purpasf ad tegs gssuf gs ta dabbaw Furapfck part @fws cmrass tef Ctbcktgm ckn tafxclgkf salf ad tef glpbgmctgaks ad tect lavf dar tef stuny ad tef fcrby lanfrk Ctbcktgm warbn, tef stuny ad lanfrk@fwgse egstary larf jfkfrcbby, ckn, ad maursf, tef stuny ad part @fws teflsfbvfs.

êf fsscys iy Zgl Obaastfr, Eabby ]kynfr, ckn Crteur Ograk nflakstrctf malpbfx wfis ckn rfbctgaksegps tectgktfrtwgkfn tef dgifrs ad @fwgse bgdf ak iate sgnfs ad tef Ctbcktgm0 gk tef Gifrgck, Nutme, Irgtgse, ckn Clfrgmckwarbns dral tef 34te mfktury terauje tef lgn 37te. Cs tefy trcmo tef lyrgcn lavflfkts ad dclgby, mallfrmf,gnfcs, ckn àurkcbs iate icmo ckn darte ckn craukn tef Ctbcktgm icsgk, ckn cs tefy ckcbyzf tef rabf ad @fws gkmabakgcb sfttbflfkt, lfrmeckt trcnf, samgcb gktfrcmtgak, ckn mubturcb darlctgak, tefy put kfw pbcmfs, kfw


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rfbctgaksegps, ckn kfw qufstgaks ak tef @fwgse egstargmcb lcp. Gk rfmfkt nfmcnfs, ckn pcrtgmubcrby gk tef 3778s, tefdgfbn ad Ctbcktgm egstary - spfmgdgmcbby fcrby lanfrk Ctbcktgm egstary dral cppraxglctfby 3688 ta 3588 - ecs

iurjfakfn. Baaogkj ct tef nykclgms ad Furapf's avfrsfcs fxpcksgak cs ]pcgk, Xartujcb, Eabbckn, Drckmf, cknIrgtcgk malpftfn gk flpgrf-iugbngkj, lcrgtglf mallfrmf, ckn mabakgcb sfttbflfkt, Ctbcktgm egstargcks ecvf damusfnak "tef egstary, gk tef iracnfst sfksf, ad tef mrfctgak, nfstrumtgak ckn rf-mrfctgak ad mallukgtgfs cs c rfsubt ad teflavflfkt, cmrass ckn craukn tef Ctbcktgm icsgk, ad pfapbf, mallangtgfs, mubturcb prcmtgmfs, ckn gnfcs."3 êfy ecvfvgfwfn tefsf fxtfksgvf dbaws - ad pfapbf, jaans, gnfcs, ckn lgmraifs - cs c sfrgfs ad fkmauktfrs tect darjfn kfwrfbctgaksegps clakj tef pfapbfs ad Furapf, Karte Clfrgmc, tef Mcrgiifck, ]aute Clfrgmc, ckn Zfst Cdrgmc. êfyecvf pfrmfgvfn tef Ctbcktgm warbn cs c weabf, cs ck gktfrcmtgvf kftwaro tect cddfmtfn fcme kanf. Ct tef sclf tglf,tefy ecvf cbsa sui-ngvgnfn gt gkta malpftgkj yft gktfrbamogkj pcrts0 tef sfpcrctf ]pckgse, Xartujufsf, Nutme, Drfkme,Irgtgse, Ckjba-Clfrgmck Ctbcktgms, ckn terfcngkj terauje cbb ad tefl, tef Ibcmo Ctbcktgm.6 Gkfvgtciby, Ctbcktgmegstary gkmarparctfs tef mctfjargfs ad flpgrf ckn kctgak fvfk cs gt pramffns dral trcks-amfckgm ckn trcks-kctgakcb

pfrspfmtgvfs. Xart tawks ckn mgtgfs pbcyfn c mrumgcb rabf gk tef fxpcksgak ad Furapf ckn gk tef nfvfbaplfkt admalpbfx jbaicb trcngkj systfls.4 Jgvfk tef rabf ad @fwgse lfrmeckts gk fcrby lanfrk avfrsfcs mallfrmf ckn tefflpecsgs ak trcks-kctgakcb kftwaros gk iate Ctbcktgm egstary ckn tef stungfs ad part @fwrgfs, gt gs tglf ta irgkj teftwa pfrspfmtgvfs tajftefr. Zect nafs tef stuny ad part @fws ckn ad fcrby lanfrk @fwgse egstary jcgk dral ckCtbcktgm cppracme1 Yfmgpramcbby, eaw nafs Ctbcktgm egstary gtsfbd ifkfdgt dral tef maksgnfrctgak ad @fws1 êfrf crfcbrfcny sgjks ad tef makvfrjfkmf ad @fwgse ckn Ctbcktgm egstary. ^wa rfmfkt iaaos tc

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