Population

Population UNIT II CHAPTER 2PEEPSMDC = less children then our parents and grand parents hadLDC = much higher than most MDCs providing food, shelter, clothing, medical aide is difficult bc of the rapid growth Study of pop. helps us understand: Where and why a regions pop. Is distributed as it is Importance of popMore people alive now than ever2nd half of 20th century increased faster than ever (why?)Virtually all global pop. Growth is concentrated in LDCs

Demography-study of pop. Characteristics how ppl are distributed spatially by age, gender, occupation, fertility, health etc.

2 questions?WHERE: people are found across E and places where pop. Is growingWHY: pop. Is growing at dif rates in dif places

Overpopulation: pop. Exceeds the environments capacity to support an acceptable standard of living

WHERE IS THE WORLDS Population DISTRIBUTED?Humans not evenly distributed ConcentrationRegions clustered/sparse Density: people & resources available

POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS

2/3 of humans are clustered in 4 regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western EuropeClustering of world pop. can be displayed on a cartogramDepicts size of country according to pop. rather than land area

global patterns heavily influenced by Asia and Europe why?

World Population CartogramFig. 2-1: This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their land area. (Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)

World Population Distribution & Climate ZonesFig. 2-2: World population is unevenly distributed across the earths surface. Climate is one factor that affects population density.

POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS

4 regions have similarities (name some)live near an ocean or river w/ access to ocean 2/3 world pop. Live w/in 300 miles of ocean 4/5 live w/in 500 miles Generally low lying areas, fertile soil, temperate climate

EAST ASIA

1/5 world pop. 5/6 of people living here are in Peoples Republic of China (most pop. Count)2/3 live in rural areas as farmers Japan & South Korea=1/3 live in Tokyo, Osaka, and Seoul live in urban areas and work in industry

SOUTH ASIA

1/5 world pop.India (2nd pop. Country) has SA pop. Most ppl live along plains of Indus and Ganges rivers or on coastlines of Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Most are farmers in rural areas, only live in urban areas

SOUTHEAST ASIA

Half billion people on series of islandsJava, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, and PhilippinesJava=4th most populous country (100+mil)Most people working as farmers

The 3 Asian pop. Concentrations comprise more than half the worlds pop. But live on less than 10% of the earths land area

Europe

Including all of Europe = 3rd largest pop. Cluster4 dozen countries =ing 1/9th world pop. of Europeans live in cities < 20% are farmers Import most food and other resources incentive to colonize

SPARSELY POPULATED REGIONS

Not many people live in too wet, dry, cold, or mountainous regionsEcumene: portion of Es surface occupied by permanent human settlement Approx. world pop. Live on 5% Es surface

Expansion of the Ecumene 5000 BC - AD 1900Fig. 2-3: The ecumene, or the portion of the earth with permanent human settlement, has expanded to cover most of the worlds land area.

SPARSELY POPULATED REGIONS

DRY LANDS: 20% E surfaceWET LANDS: rain & heat rapidly depletes nutrients in soilCOLD LANDS: permafrostHIGH LANDS: sparsely settled, exceptions(Mexico City)

POPULATION DENSITY

ARITHMETIC Arithmetic: # of people / total land areaU.S.=80 ppl per square mile, Manhattan=68,000 PSM, Bangladesh=2,700 pplAnswers where question

Arithmetic Population DensityFig. 2-4: Arithmetic population density is the number of people per total land area. The highest densities are found in parts of Asia and Europe.

POPULATION DENSITY

PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITYPhysiological density: # of ppl supported by a unit area of arable land The ^ the physiological density the > pressure that ppl may place on land to produce enough foodComparing arithmetic and physiological density helps understand the capacity of land to yield enough food for the amount of people

Physiological DensityFig. 2-5: Physiological density is the number of people per arable land area. This is a good measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society.

POPULATION DENSITY

AGRICULTURAL DENSITY Agricultural density: ratio of # of farmers to the amount of arable landMDCs have lower agricultural densities (Why?) more technology and $ to work in other industries

WHERE HAS THE WORLDS POPULATION INCREASED: NATURAL INCREASESCBR: # of births a year per 1,000 ppl alive (CBR 20 =?)CDR: # of deaths a year per 1,000 ppl alive NIR : % pop. Grows in a year. Subtract CDR from CBR80M ppl added to world pop. annually Declining from 87m in 1989

World Population Growth1950 - 2005Fig. 2-6: Total world population increased from 2.5 to over 6 billion in slightly over 50 years. The natural increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of people added each year did not peak until 1990.

Natural Increase RatesFig. 2-7: The natural increase rate (NIR) is the percentage growth or decline in the population of a country per year (not including net migration). Countries in Africa and Southwest Asia have the highest current rates, while Russia and some European countries have negative rates.

Crude Birth RatesFig. 2-8: The crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of births in a country per 1000 population per year. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest rates are in Africa and several Asian countries.

fertilityTFR: # of births in a society.. Ave # of births a woman will have 15-49CBR pictures society as a whole in a given yearTFR attempts to predict the future behavior of women in a world of rapid cultural change

Total Fertility RatesFig. 2-9: The Total fertility rate (TFR) is the number of children an average woman in a society will have through her childbearing years. The lowest rates are in Europe, and the highest are in Africa and parts of the Middle East.

Mortality IMR: # of deaths of infants under 1 yo. Compared to total live births IMR reflects a countries health-care system Life expectancy: # of years you can expect to liveInfant Mortality RatesFig. 2-10: The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births per year. The highest infant mortality rates are found in some of the poorest countries of Africa and Asia.

Life Expectancy at birthFig. 2-11: Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. The highest life expectancies are generally in the wealthiest countries, and the lowest in the poorest countries.

Crude Death RatesFig. 2-12: The crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a country per 1000 population per year. Because wealthy countries are in a late stage of the Demographic Transition, they often have a higher CDR than poorer countries.

WHY IS POPULATION INCREASING AT DIFFERENT RATES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION Demographic Transition: change in societys pop. from a condition of high CBR and low rate of NIR to a condition of low CBR and CDR, low rate of NIR and a higher pop. Total Several stages, everyone is in one, and you cant revert stages

Demographic transition: stage 1Stage 1: Low Growth practically 0 NIR due to CBR and CDRdependent on hunting/gathering agricultural evolution: when humans first domesticated plants and animals(unpredictable outcomes)

The Demographic TransitionFig. 2-13: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in death rates then in birth rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

Demographic transition: stage 2Stage 2: High Growth 10,000 years after agricultural revolutionadvanced methodslow CDR and high CBR = high NIR industrial evolution (transformed production/delivering of goods)wealth produced used to improve sanitation and personal hygiene sewers, water purification, food protectedmedical evolution (advances in vaccines and health care)

The Demographic TransitionFig. 2-13: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in death rates then in birth rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

Demographic transition: Stage 3Stage 3: Moderate Growth CBR drops sharplyCDR falls much slower than in stage 2Pop. Still growing bc CBR is still > CDRPeople decide to have fewer childrenCity dwellers, office/shop/factory workers

The Demographic TransitionFig. 2-13: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in death rates then in birth rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

Demographic transition: Stage 4Stage 4: Low Growth CBR = CDR, NIR approaches 0ZPG: decline of the total fertility rate to the point where natural increase rate = 0Women entering labor force rather than homemakers Birth Control

The Demographic TransitionFig. 2-13: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in death rates then in birth rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

World Population & Growth Rates, 400,000 BC - AD 2000

POPULATION PYRAMIDS

Pop. Influenced by demographic transition in 2 ways% of age pop. In each age group distribution of males and females population pyramid: displays age and gender groups on a bar graph5 year age groupsmales on the left, females on the rightshape of pyramid primarily determined by the CBRstage 2 looks like pyramid, stage 4 looks more like a rectangle

AGE distributionDependency ratio: # of ppl too young or old to work, compared to # of who can more dependents means what? 0-14, 15-64, 65-+more than govt spending goes to SS

Percent of Population under 15Fig. 2-15: About one-third of world population is under 15, but the percentage by country varies from over 40% in most of Africa and some Asian countries, to under 20% in much of Europe.

SEX ratioSex ratio: # of males per 100 females U.S./Europe 95:100, women out # men at 40yo58% of pop. 65+Poorer countries, men out # women

Population Pyramids in U.S. cities Fig. 2-16: Population pyramids can vary greatly with different fertility rates (Laredo vs. Honolulu), or among military bases (Unalaska), college towns (Lawrence), and retirement communities (Naples).

Moderate Growth in ChileFig. 2-18: Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in the 1930s, and it entered stage 3 in the 1960s.

Moderate Growth in ChileFig. 2-18: Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in the 1930s, and it entered stage 3 in the 1960s.

Low Growth in DenmarkFig. 2-19: Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic transition since the 1970s, with little population growth since then. Its population pyramid shows increasing numbers of elderly and few children.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION AND WORLD POPULATION GROWTH

Two big factors: drop in death rate bc of technological innovation everywhere and drop in birth rate due to changing social customs Industrial Evolution (remember?)European and American innovation throughout the worldSri Lanka: DDTCDR reduced by nearly 1 in one year

Why might the world face an overpopulation problem? MALTHUS ON OVERPOPULATIONThomas Malthus (1766-1834) economistArgued our rate of pop. increase would outrun food suppliesPredicted this after England was first country to enter Stage 2Why would they be the first?World would need moral restraint or disease, famine, war or other disasters to produce high CDRs

POPULATION GROWTH VS. FOOD SUPPLY

Neo-Malthusians see his thesis more frightening today than 200 years agoDidnt account for LDC MDC (technological advancements)More food but even more peopleWere outpacing resources; energy, food, water, clean airConflict?

MALTHUSS CRITICS

Heavily criticized for being pessimisticFixed resources rather than expanding (possiblism?)Esther Boserup, Julian Simon & Simon Kuznets argue:More brains = more ideasMore ppl = > demand for goods = more jobsFriedrich Engels: enough food to eliminate world hungerWorkers dont control distribution nor get paid sufficient wages to purchase it

DECLINING BIRTH RATES

MALTHUS THEORY IN REALITY World food production has grown faster than NIR since 1950Why?Population growing slower the past quarter cent. Than the previous half centNIR declined from 1.8 to 1.3 around the world2.1 to 1.6 in LDCs.5 to .1 in MDCsFood & Population, 1950-2000Malthus vs. Actual Trends Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

DECLINING BIRTH RATES

NIR declines for 2 reasons: which are?Dont want an increase in CDRthe alternative?CBR declined rapidly since 1990 from 27-21 across the worldDue to economic development distribution of contraceptives Crude Birth Rate Decline, 1980-2005Fig. 2-21: Crude birth rates declined in most countries during the 1980s and 1990s (though the absolute number of births per year increased from about 120 to 130 million).

DECLINING BIRTH RATES

Economic Development Emphasizing improving local economic conditionsMore $ = better education and health-care programs Distribution of Contraceptives Much quicker than economic development Africa and SE Asia have low contraceptive useEconomic, religion, education, and status of women Women Using Family Planning

Family Planning Methods used in three countries

World health threatsEpidemiological transition: distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition Epidemiological: branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

Epidemiological transition Possible stage 5Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases Reasons for Stage 5Evolution (diseases evolve and form new strains)Poverty (TB, $$$ treatment)Improved travel (Bird flu) Tuberculosis Death RatesFig. 2-24: The tuberculosis death rate is good indicator of a countrys ability to invest in health care. TB is still one of the worlds largest infectious disease killers.

Avian Flu, 2003 - 2006Fig. 2-25: The first cases of avian flu in this outbreak were reported in Southeast Asia.

HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates, 2005Fig. 2-26: The highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present.