World population 1

World population

World population estimates from 1800 to 2100, based on UN 2010 projections [1]

(red, orange, green) and US Census Bureau historical estimates [2] (black).According to the highest estimate, the world population may rise to 16 billion by

2100; according to the lowest estimate, it may decline to only 6 billion.

The world population is the sum total of allliving humans on Earth. As of today, it isestimated to number 7.019 billion by theUnited States Census Bureau (USCB).[3]

The USCB estimates that the worldpopulation exceeded 7 billion on March 12,2012.[4] According to a separate estimate bythe United Nations Population Fund, itreached this milestone on October 31,2011.[5][6][7]

The world population has experiencedcontinuous growth since the end of theGreat Famine and the Black Death in 1350,when it stood at around 370 million.[8] Thehighest rates of growth – global populationincreases above 1.8% per year – were seenbriefly during the 1950s, and for a longerperiod during the 1960s and 1970s. Thegrowth rate peaked at 2.2% in 1963, and haddeclined to 1.1% by 2011. Total annualbirths were highest in the late 1980s at about138 million,[9] and are now expected toremain essentially constant at their 2011level of 134 million, while deaths number 56 million per year, and are expected to increase to 80 million per year by2040.[10] Current projections show a continued increase in population (but a steady decline in the population growthrate), with the global population expected to reach between 7.5 and 10.5 billion by 2050.[4][11][12]

World population (millions)[13]

# Top ten most populous countries 1990 2008 2025*

1 China 1,141 1,333 1,458

2 India 849 1,140 1,398

3 United States 250 304 352

4 Indonesia 178 228 273

5 Brazil 150 192 223

6 Pakistan 108 166 226

7 Bangladesh 116 160 198

8 Nigeria 94 151 208

9 Russia 148 142 137

10 Japan 124 128 126

World total 5,265 6,688 8,004

Top ten most populous (%) 60.0 % 58.9 % 57.5 %

World population 2

1 Asia 1,613 2,183 2,693

+ China 1,141 1,333 1,458

+ OECD Pacific* 187 202 210

2 Africa 634 984 1,365

3 Europe* 564 603 659

+ Russia 148 142 137

+ ex-Soviet Union* 133 136 146

4 Latin America 355 462 550

5 North America* 359 444 514

6 Middle East 132 199 272

Australia 17 22 28

European Union – 27 states 473 499 539

US + Canada 278 338 392

Ex-Soviet Union 289 285 289

Geographical definitions as in IEA Key Stats 2010 p.66Notes:• Europe = OECD Europe + Non-OECD Europe and

excluding Russia and including Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania• ex-Soviet Union (SU) = SU excluding Russia and Baltic states• North America = US, Canada, Mexico• OECD Pacific = Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand•• 2025 = with constant annual 2007/2008 growth until 2025

Population by regionSix of Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, withits 4.2 billion inhabitants accounting for over 60% of the world population. The world's two most-populatedcountries alone, China and India, constitute about 37% of the world's population. Africa is thesecond-most-populated continent, with around 1 billion people, or 15% of the world's population. Europe's 733million people make up 11% of the world's population, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home toaround 600 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a populationof around 352 million (5%), and Oceania, the least-populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%).[14]

Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating internationalpopulation, based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decreasesignificantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.[15]

Population by continent

World population 3

Continentname

Density(inhabitants/km2)

Population (2011) Most populous country Most populous city

Asia 86.7 4,140,336,501  China (1,341,403,687) Tokyo (35,676,000)

Africa 32.7 994,527,534  Nigeria (152,217,341) Cairo (19,439,541)

Europe 70 738,523,843  Russia (142,905,200) Moscow (14,837,510)

NorthAmerica

22.9 528,720,588  United States(313,485,438)

Mexico City/Metro Area (8,851,080 /21,163,226)

SouthAmerica

21.4 385,742,554  Brazil (190,732,694) São Paulo (19,672,582)

Oceania 4.25 36,102,071  Australia (22,612,355) Sydney (4,575,532)

Antarctica 0.0003 (varies) 4,490 (non-permanent,varies)[16]

N/A[17] McMurdo Station (955)[18]

Milestones by the billions

World population milestones (USCB estimates)

Population(in billions)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Year 1804 1927 1960 1974 1987 1999 2012 2027 2046

Years elapsed –– 123 33 14 13 12 13 15 19

It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804. It would be another 123 yearsbefore it reached two billion in 1927, but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960. Thereafter, the globalpopulation reached four billion in 1974, five billion in 1987, six billion in 1999 and, according to the United StatesCensus Bureau, seven billion in March 2012.[3] The United Nations, however, estimated that the world populationreached seven billion in October 2011.[5][6][7]

According to current projections, the global population will reach eight billion by 2030, and will likely reach aroundnine billion by 2050. Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6billion.[19] Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used inprojection calculations, especially the fertility variable. Long-range predictions to 2150 range from a populationdecline to 3.2 billion in the 'low scenario', to 'high scenarios' of 24.8 billion. One extreme scenario predicts a massiveincrease to 256 billion by 2150, assuming the global fertility rate remains at its 1995 level.[20]

There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world's population surpassed the one or two billion marks. Thedays of three and four billion were not officially noted, but the International Database of the United States CensusBureau places them in July 1959 and April 1974. The United Nations did determine, and celebrate, the "Day of 5Billion" on July 11, 1987, and the "Day of 6 Billion" on October 12, 1999. The "Day of 7 Billion" was declared bythe Population Division of the United Nations to be October 31, 2011.[21]

World population 4

HistoryFurther information: World population estimates and History of the world

Antiquity and Middle AgesA dramatic population bottleneck is theorized for the period around 70,000 BC as a result of the Toba supervolcanoeruption. From this time until the development of agriculture around the 11th millennium BC, it is estimated that theworld population stabilized at about one million people, whose subsistence entailed hunting and foraging – alifestyle that by its nature ensured a low population density. The total world population probably never exceeded 15million inhabitants before the invention of agriculture.[22] By contrast, it is estimated that more than 50–60 millionpeople lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire (AD 300–400).[23]

The plague which first emerged during the reign of Justinian caused Europe's population to drop by around 50%between 541 and the 8th century.[24] The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.[25] The BlackDeath pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340to between 350 and 375 million in 1400;[26] it took roughly 200 years for Europe's population to regain its 1340level.[27] China experienced a population decline from an estimated 123 million around 1200 to an estimated 65million in 1393,[28] which was presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions and plague.[29]

At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, China's population was reported to be close to 60 million; toward theend of the dynasty in 1644, it may have approached 150 million.[30][31] England's population reached an estimated5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.[32] New crops that had come to Asia and Europe fromthe Americas via the Spanish colonizers in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to populationgrowth.[33][34] Since being introduced by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,[35] maize and cassava have replacedtraditional African crops as that continent’s most important staple food crops.[36] Alfred W. Crosby speculated thatincreased production of maize, cassava, and other American crops "...enabled the slave traders [who] drew many,perhaps most, of their cargoes from the rain forest areas, precisely those areas where American crops enabled heaviersettlement than before."[37]

The population of the Americas in 1500 may have been between 50 and 100 million.[38] The pre-Columbian NorthAmerican population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million.[39] Encounters betweenEuropean explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinaryvirulence.[40] Archaeological evidence indicates that the death of around 90% of the Native American population ofthe New World was caused by Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.[41] Over the centuries,the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no suchimmunity.[42]

World population 5

Modern era

Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006. Only 3% ofthe world's population lived in cities in 1800; this proportion had risen to 47% by

2000, and reached 50.5% by 2010.[43] By 2050, the proportion may reach70%.[44]

During the Agricultural and IndustrialRevolutions, the life expectancy of childrenincreased dramatically.[45] The percentageof the children born in London who diedbefore the age of five decreased from 74.5%in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in1810–1829.[46][47] Between 1700 and 1900,Europe’s population increased from about100 million to over 400 million.[48]

Altogether, the areas of European settlementcomprised 36% of the world's population in1900.[49]

Population growth in the West became morerapid after the introduction of compulsory vaccination and improvements in medicine and sanitation.[50] As livingconditions and health care improved during the 19th century, the United Kingdom's population doubled every fiftyyears.[51] By 1801, the population of England had grown to 8.3 million, and by 1901 it had reached 30.5 million; thepopulation of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006.[52][53] The United States saw its population growfrom around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920, exceeding 307 million in 2010.[54]

The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines andother disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses.[55] By the end of World War II in 1945, theRussian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.[56] In recent decades, Russia'spopulation has declined significantly – from 148 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 – and may sink as low as107 million by 2050, if current demographic trends continue.[57]

Many countries in the developing world have experienced rapid population growth over the past century. China'spopulation rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953,[58] and now stands at over 1.3billion. The population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, reached 389 million in1941;[59] today, the region is home to over 1.22 billion people.[60] The population of Java increased from about fivemillion in 1815 to more than 130 million in the early 21st century.[61] Mexico's population grew from 13.6 million in1900 to about 112 million in 2009.[62] Between the 1920s and 2000s, Kenya's population grew from 2.9 million to 37million.[63]

DemographicsAs of 2012, the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female – the greater number of men is possibly dueto the significant gender imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations.[64][65] Approximately 26.3% ofthe global population is aged under 15, while 65.9% is aged 15–64 and 7.9% is aged 65 or over.[64] The globalaverage life expectancy is 67.07 years,[64] with women living an average of 69 years and men approximately 65years.[64] 83% of the world's over-15s are considered literate.[64]

The nominal 2011 gross world product was estimated at US$$70.16 trillion, giving an annual global per capita figureof around US$10,000.[66] Around 1.29 billion people (18.4% of the world population) live in extreme poverty,subsisting on less than US$1.25 per day;[67] approximately 925 million people (13.2%) are malnourished.[68] InDecember 2011, there were around 2.26 billion global Internet users, constituting 32.7% of the world population.[69]

The Han Chinese are the world's largest single ethnic group, constituting over 19% of the global population, while the second-largest single ethnicity, the Bengali people, account for around 4.8%.[70] By comparison, people of white European descent constitute between 12% and 13% of the world population.[71] The world's most-spoken first

World population 6

languages are Mandarin Chinese (spoken by 12.44% of the world's population), Spanish (4.85%), English (4.83%),Arabic (3.25%) and Hindi-Urdu (2.68%).[64] The world's largest religion is Christianity, whose adherents account for33.35% of the global population; Islam is the second-largest religion, accounting for 22.43%, and Hinduism thethird, accounting for 13.78%.[64] In 2005, around 16% of the global population were reported to be non-religious.[72]

Largest populations by countryFurther information: List of countries by population

A map of the world's countries by total population, with darker shading indicating largerpopulations.

The 10 countries with the largest total population:

Rank Country / Territory Population Date % ofworld

population

Source

1  China[73] 1351360000 June 12, 2012 19.3% [74]

2  India 1,203,710,000 March 2011 17% [75]

3  United States 313717000 June 12, 2012 4.47% [76]

4  Indonesia 238,400,000 May 2010 3.34% [77]

5  Brazil 196536000 June 12, 2012 2.8% [78]

6  Pakistan 179809000 June 12, 2012 2.56% [79]

7  Nigeria 170,123,740 July 2012 2.42% [80]

8  Bangladesh 161,083,804 July 2012 2.29% [81]

9  Russia 141,927,297 January 1, 2010 2.022% [82]

10  Japan 127,610,000 May 1, 2012 1.82% [83]

Approximately 4.06 billion people live in these ten countries, representing around 58% of the world's population asof April 2012.

World population 7

Most densely populated countriesFurther information: List of countries and dependencies by population densityThe tables below list the world's most densely populated countries, both in absolute terms and in comparison to theirtotal populations.

Population density (people per km2) map of the world in 1994. Red andpink areas denote regions of highest population density.

10 most densely populated countries (with population above 1 million)

Rank Country/Region Population Area (km2) Density(Pop. per km2)

1  Singapore 5,183,700 710 7301

2  Bahrain 1,234,596 750 1646

3  Bangladesh 142,325,250 147,570 964

4  Mauritius 1,288,000 2,040 631

5  Taiwan 22,955,395 36,190 634

6  South Korea 48,456,369 99,538 487

7  Rwanda 10,718,379 26,338 407

8  Lebanon 4,224,000 10,452 404

9  Netherlands 16,760,000 41,526 404

10  Israel 7,697,600 20,770 371

Countries ranking highly in terms of both total population (more than 15 million people) andpopulation density (more than 250 people per square kilometer):

Country Population Area (km2) Density(Pop. per km2)

Notes

 India 1214470000 3287240 369 Growing country

 Bangladesh 142,325,250 147,570 964 Fast-growing country

 Japan 127,170,110 377,873 337 Declining in population

 Philippines 94,013,200 300,076 313 Fast-growing country

 Vietnam 85,789,573 331,689 259 Growing country

World population 8

 United Kingdom 62,041,708 243,610 255 Growing country[84]

 South Korea 49,354,980 99,538 493 Steady in population

 Taiwan 22,955,395 35,980 640 Declining in population[85][86]

 Sri Lanka 20,238,000 65,610 309 Growing country

 Netherlands 16780000 41526 404 Steady in population

Growth

Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050,according to the United Nations. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions

of people.

Different geographical regions havedifferent rates of population growth.According to the United Nations, the growthin population of the different regions of theworld from 2000 to 2005 totalled:•• 227,771,000 in Asia;•• 92,293,000 in Africa;•• 38,052,000 in Latin America;•• 16,241,000 in Northern America;•• 3,264,000 in Europe;•• 1,955,000 in Oceania;•• 383,047,000 in the entire world.During the 20th century, the globalpopulation saw its greatest increase inknown history, rising from about 1.6 billionin 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000. Thisincrease was due to a number of factors,including the lessening of the mortality ratein many countries by improved sanitationand medical advances, and a massiveincrease in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution.[87][88][89]

In 2000, the United Nations estimated that the world's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14%(equivalent to around 75 million people),[90] down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989. By 2000, there wereapproximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700. According to data from the CIA's2005–2006 World Factbooks, the world population increased by an average of 203,800 people every day in themid-2000s.[91] The World Factbook increased this estimate to 211,090 people every day in 2007, and again to220,980 people every day in 2009.

World population 9

A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman, according to the TheWorld FactbookCIA World Factbook's 2012 data.

Globally, the population growth ratehas been steadily declining from itspeak of 2.19% in 1963, but growthremains high in Latin America, theMiddle East and Sub-SaharanAfrica.[92]

In some countries, there is negativepopulation growth (i.e. net decrease inpopulation over time), especially inCentral and Eastern Europe – this ismainly due to low fertility rates.During the 2010s, Japan and somecountries in Western Europe are alsoexpected to encounter negative population growth, due to sub-replacement fertility rates.

In 2006, the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoingglobal demographic transition. If this trend continues, the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050, concurrentwith a world population plateau of 9.2 billion.[93] However, this is only one of many estimates published by the UN.In 2009, UN population projections for 2050 ranged from about 8 billion to 10.5 billion.[94]

Estimated worldpopulation figures, 10,000

BC–2000 AD.

Estimated worldpopulation figures, 10,000

BC–2000 AD (in log yscale).

World populationfigures, 1950–2000.

Estimated global growth rates,1950–2050.

Estimated andprojected

populations ofthe world andits continents

(exceptAntarctica)

from 1950 to2100. The

shaded regionscorrespond tothe range of

projections bythe United

NationsDepartment ofEconomic andSocial Affairs.

World population forecast to2050 from International Futures.

World population 10

Forecasts

UN (medium variant – 2010 revision) and US Census Bureau (December 2010)estimates[95][96]

Year UN est.(millions)

Difference US est.(millions)

Difference

2000 6,123 – 6,090 –

2010 6,896 773 6,852 763

2020 7,657 761 7,593 740

2030 8,321 665 8,249 656

2040 8,874 553 8,801 552

2050 9,306 432 9,256 456

In the long run, the future population growth of the world is difficult to predict. The United Nations and the USCensus Bureau both give different estimates. According to the latter, the world population reached seven billion inMarch 2012,[97] while the UN asserted that this occurred in late 2011.[12]

Average global birth rates are declining slightly, but vary greatly between developed countries (where birth rates areoften at or below replacement levels) and developing countries (where birth rates typically remain high). Differentethnicities also display varying birth rates. Death rates can change unexpectedly due to disease, wars and other masscatastrophes, or advances in medicine.The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population, based on different assumptions. From 2000 to2005, the UN consistently revised these projections downward, until the 2006 revision, issued on March 14, 2007,revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million.

UN 2008 estimates and medium variant projections (in millions)[98]

Year World Asia Africa Europe Latin America Northern America Oceania

2000 6,115 3,698 (60.5%) 819 (13.4%) 727 (11.9%) 521 (8.5%) 319 (5.2%) 31 (0.5%)

2005 6,512 3,937 (60.5%) 921 (14.1%) 729 (11.2%) 557 (8.6%) 335 (5.1%) 34 (0.5%)

2010 6,909 4,167 (60.3%) 1,033 (15.0%) 733 (10.6%) 589 (8.5%) 352 (5.1%) 36 (0.5%)

2015 7,302 4,391 (60.1%) 1,153 (15.8%) 734 (10.1%) 618 (8.5%) 368 (5.0%) 38 (0.5%)

2020 7,675 4,596 (59.9%) 1,276 (16.6%) 733 (9.6%) 646 (8.4%) 383 (5.0%) 40 (0.5%)

2025 8,012 4,773 (59.6%) 1,400 (17.5%) 729 (9.1%) 670 (8.4%) 398 (5.0%) 43 (0.5%)

2030 8,309 4,917 (59.2%) 1,524 (18.3%) 723 (8.7%) 690 (8.3%) 410 (4.9%) 45 (0.5%)

2035 8,571 5,032 (58.7%) 1,647 (19.2%) 716 (8.4%) 706 (8.2%) 421 (4.9%) 46 (0.5%)

2040 8,801 5,125 (58.2%) 1,770 (20.1%) 708 (8.0%) 718 (8.2%) 431 (4.9%) 48 (0.5%)

2045 8,996 5,193 (57.7%) 1,887 (21.0%) 700 (7.8%) 726 (8.1%) 440 (4.9%) 50 (0.6%)

2050 9,150 5,231 (57.2%) 1,998 (21.8%) 691 (7.6%) 729 (8.0%) 448 (4.9%) 51 (0.6%)

World population 11

Population growth by regionThe table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions.[98][99][100][101] Theavailability of historical population figures varies by region.

World historical and predicted populations (in millions)[102][103]

Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2050 2150

World 458 580 682 791 978 1,262 1,650 2,521 5,978 6,707 8,909 9,746

Africa 86 114 106 106 107 111 133 221 767 973 1,766 2,308

Asia 243 339 436 502 635 809 947 1,402 3,634 4,054 5,268 5,561

Europe 84 111 125 163 203 276 408 547 729 732 628 517

Latin America and theCaribbean[104]

39 10 10 16 24 38 74 167 511 577 809 912

Northern America[104] 3 3 2 2 7 26 82 172 307 337 392 398

Oceania 3 3 3 2 2 2 6 13 30 34 46 51

World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution [102][103]

Region 1500 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1999 2008 2050 2150

World 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Africa 18.8 19.7 15.5 13.4 10.9 8.8 8.1 8.8 12.8 14.5 19.8 23.7

Asia 53.1 58.4 63.9 63.5 64.9 64.1 57.4 55.6 60.8 60.4 59.1 57.1

Europe 18.3 19.1 18.3 20.6 20.8 21.9 24.7 21.7 12.2 10.9 7.0 5.3

Latin America and the Caribbean[104] 8.5 1.7 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.6 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.4

Northern America[104] 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 2.1 5.0 6.8 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.1

Oceania 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Estimated world population at various dates (in millions)

Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America[104] Northern America Oceania Notes

70,000 BC < 0.015 [105]

10,000 BC 1

9000 BC 3

8000 BC 5 [106]

7000 BC 7

6000 BC 10

5000 BC 15

4000 BC 20

3000 BC 25

2000 BC 35

World population 12

1000 BC 50 [106]

500 BC 100 [106]

AD 1 200 [107]

1000 310

1750 791 106 502 163 16 2 2

1800 978 107 635 203 24 7 2

1850 1,262 111 809 276 38 26 2

1900 1,650 133 947 408 74 82 6

1950 2,519 221 1,398 547 167 172 12.8

1955 2,756 247 1,542 575 191 187 14.3

1960 2,982 277 1,674 601 209 204 15.9

1965 3,335 314 1,899 634 250 219 17.6

1970 3,692 357 2,143 656 285 232 19.4

1975 4,068 408 2,397 675 322 243 21.5

1980 4,435 470 2,632 692 361 256 22.8

1985 4,831 542 2,887 706 401 269 24.7

1990 5,263 622 3,168 721 441 283 26.7

1995 5,674 707 3,430 727 481 299 28.9

2000 6,070 796 3,680 728 520 316 31.0

2005 6,454 888 3,917 725 558 332 32.9

2010 6,972 1,022 4,252 732 580 351 35.6 [108]

Year World Africa Asia Europe Latin America Northern America Oceania Notes

[1] http:/ / esa. un. org/ wpp/ unpp/ panel_population. htm[2] http:/ / www. census. gov/ ipc/ www/ worldhis. html[3] "U.S. Census Bureau – World POPClock Projection" (http:/ / www. census. gov/ population/ popclockworld. html). . The number on this

page is automatically updated daily.[4] "World Population Clock — Worldometers" (http:/ / www. worldometers. info/ world-population/ ). Worldometers.info. . Retrieved

2012-04-12.[5] "Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-15459643). BBC. 2011-10-26. . Retrieved

2011-10-27.[6] "World's 'seven billionth baby' is born" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ 2011/ oct/ 31/

seven-billionth-baby-born-philippines?intcmp=122). The Guardian. 2011-10-31. . Retrieved 2011-10-31.[7] "7 billion people is a 'serious challenge'" (http:/ / www. upi. com/ Top_News/ US/ 2011/ 10/ 31/ 7-billion-people-is-a-serious-challenge/

UPI-73301320046200/ ). UPI, October 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-09.[8] Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13. Original paper in

French: (b) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1979, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population, Vol. 34 (no. 1), pp. 13–25.[9] UN World Population Prospects, 2010 revision (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unpd/ wpp/ Excel-Data/ DB01_Period_Indicators/

WPP2010_DB1_F04_BIRTHS_BOTH_SEXES. XLS). (686 million births from 1985–1990).[10] "World Population estimates by the US Census Bureau" (http:/ / www. census. gov/ population/ international/ data/ idb/ region. php?N=

Region Results & T=7& A=aggregate& RT=0&Y=2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024,2025,2026,2027,2028,2029,2030,2031,2032,2033,2034,2035,2036,2037,2038,2039,2040&R=1& C=). USCB. . Retrieved 2012-05-22.

[11] "International Data Base (IDB) — World Population" (http:/ / www. census. gov/ ipc/ www/ idb/ worldpopinfo. php). Census.gov.2010-06-28. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.

[12] "World Population Prospects:The 2008 Revision" (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ popnews/ Newsltr_87. pdf).Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. June 2009. .

World population 13

[13] CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (http:/ / www. iea. org/ co2highlights/ co2Highlights. XLS) Population 1971–2008 ( pdf (http:/ / iea.org/ co2highlights/ co2highlights. pdf), pp. 83–85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) (original population ref OECD/ World Bank, e.g., in IEA KeyWorld Energy Statistics 2010 page 57)

[14] "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Population Database" (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unpd/ wpp/ Analytical-Figures/ htm/ fig_2.htm). Esa.un.org. 2011-04-15. . Retrieved 2012-04-21.

[15] "Life on an Antarctic Station" (http:/ / www. antarcticconnection. com/ antarctic/ science/ stationlife. shtml). Antarctic Connection.Retrieved 2011-10-28.

[16] CIA World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ ay. html), March 2011 data. Retrieved2011-12-24.

[17] The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica. Of the territorial claims in Antarctica, the Ross Dependencyhas the largest population.

[18] "What is the population of McMurdo this time of year?" (http:/ / antarcticfudgesicles. wordpress. com/ afsa-student-page/41-what-is-the-population-of-mcmurdo-this-time-of-year-what-does-the-population-demographic-look-like-is-it-all-scientists/ ). AntarcticAdventures, 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2011-10-28.

• "Ch. 5: Population Size and Composition" (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ wpp2000/ chapter5. pdf). WorldPopulation Prospects, the 2000 Revision. Vol.III. United

Nations Population Division. p. 171. . Retrieved 2010-07-03.

• "Executive Summary" (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ wpp2002/ English. pdf). World Population Prospects: The2002 Revision Volume III: Analytical Report. 2002. . Retrieved 2010-07-03.

• World Population to 2300 (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ longrange2/ WorldPop2300final. pdf). New York: UnitedNations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division. 2004. pp. 3, 14. . Retrieved 2010-07-03.

• World Population: 1950–2050 (http:/ / www. census. gov/ ipc/ www/ idb/ worldpopgraph. php). U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division.Update as at June 2010. . Retrieved 2010-07-03.

• 2009 World Population Data Sheet (http:/ / www. prb. org/ pdf09/ 09wpds_eng. pdf). Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau.2009. . Retrieved 2010-07-03.

[20] "Key Findings" (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ longrange/ longrangeKeyFind. pdf). Long-Range PopulationProjections. New York: United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2003. . Retrieved 2010-07-03

[21] World Population Prospects, the 2008 Revision Frequently Asked Questions (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unpd/ wpp/ Other-Information/ faq. htm)Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, updated November 10, 2010.Retrieved 2011-01-26.

[22] Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). " Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC& pg=PA26& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". PUQ. p.26. ISBN 2-7605-1588-5

[23] " Population estimates of the Roman Empire (http:/ / www. tulane. edu/ ~august/ H303/ handouts/ Population. htm)", Dr. Kenneth W. Harl[24] "Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos" (http:/ / science. nationalgeographic. com/ science/ health-and-human-body/

human-diseases/ plague-article. html). National Geographic. . Retrieved 2008-11-03.[25] " History of Europe – Demographic and agricultural growth (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 195896/ history-of-Europe/

276190/ Demographic-and-agricultural-growth#ref=ref994290)". Encyclopædia Britannica.[26] "Historical Estimates of World Population" (http:/ / www. census. gov/ ipc/ www/ worldhis. html). Census.gov. . Retrieved 2008-11-03.[27] " A Distant Mirror (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ world/ article/ 0,8599,2050585,00. html)". TIME Europe. July 17, 2000, VOL. 156 NO. 3[28] Horst R. Thieme (2003). " Mathematics in population biology (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=cHcjnkrMweYC& pg=PA285& dq&

hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". Princeton University Press. p.285. ISBN 0-691-09291-5[29] Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). " Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in

Population (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nmgNXoiAiU4C& pg=RA2-PA34& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". AcademicPress. p.34. ISBN 0-12-765660-X

[30] Ming Dynasty (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ encyclopedia_761580643/ ming_dynasty. html). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009.[31] " Qing China's Internal Crisis: Land Shortage, Famine, Rural Poverty (http:/ / afe. easia. columbia. edu/ special/ china_1750_demographic.

htm)". Asia for Educators, Columbia University.[32] " History of Europe – Demographics (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 195896/ history-of-Europe/ 58335/

Demographics#ref=ref310375)". Encyclopædia Britannica.[33] " China's Population: Readings and Maps (http:/ / afe. easia. columbia. edu/ china/ geog/ population. htm)". Columbia University, East Asian

Curriculum Project.[34] The Columbian Exchange (http:/ / www. learnnc. org/ lp/ editions/ nchist-twoworlds/ 1866). The University of North Carolina.[35] Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa (http:/ / researchnews. osu. edu/ archive/ suprtubr. htm). The Ohio State

University[36] " Albert Schweitzer: a biography (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=zOm0iqkRsYEC& pg=PA242& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=&

f=false)". James Brabazon (2000). Syracuse University Press. p.242. ISBN 0-8156-0675-3[37] " Savoring Africa in the New World by Robert L. Hall (http:/ / www. millersville. edu/ ~columbus/ data/ art/ HALLRL-1. ART)".

Millersville University.

World population 14

[38] J. N. Hays (1998). " The burdens of disease: epidemics and human response in western history. (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=iMHmn9c38QgC& pg=PA72& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". p 72. ISBN 0-8135-2528-4

[39] " Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations (http:/ / www.sciencemag. org/ cgi/ content/ short/ 268/ 5217/ 1601)". Science.

[40] Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998). " The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology (http:// books. google. com/ books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC& pg=PA205& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". Cambridge University Press. p.205.ISBN 0-521-55203-6

[41] " The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ gunsgermssteel/ variables/ smallpox. html)". PublicBroadcasting Service (PBS).

[42] Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC& pg=PA31& dq#v=onepage& q=& f=false). University of New Mexico Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-8263-2871-7. .

[43] World Demographics Profile 2012 (http:/ / www. indexmundi. com/ world/ demographics_profile. html). Index Mundi. Retrieved2012-05-22.

[44] "By 2050, 70% of the world's population will be urban. Is that a good thing?" (http:/ / www. fastcodesign. com/ 1669244/by-2050-70-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-urban-is-that-a-good-thing) Fast Co. Design, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-01.

[45] Population crises and cycles in history (http:/ / home. vicnet. net. au/ ~ozideas/ poprus. htm). A review of the book Population Crises andPopulation cycles by Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell.

[46] Mabel C. Buer, Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution, London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926,page 30 ISBN 0-415-38218-1

[47] BBC – History – The Foundling Hospital (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ history/ british/ victorians/ foundling_01. shtml). Published:2001-05-01.

[48] " Modernization – Population Change (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 387301/ modernization/ 12022/Population-change)". Encyclopædia Britannica.

[49] Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). " Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise inPopulation (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nmgNXoiAiU4C& pg=RA2-PA42& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". AcademicPress. p.42. ISBN 0-12-765660-X

[50] BBC – History – Victorian Medicine – From Fluke to Theory (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ history/ british/ victorians/ victorian_medicine_01.shtml). Published: 2002-02-01.

[51] A portrait of Britain in 2031 (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ uk/ home-news/ a-portrait-of-britain-in-2031-395231. html). TheIndependent. October 24, 2007.

[52] "The UK population: past, present and future" (http:/ / www. statistics. gov. uk/ downloads/ theme_compendia/ fom2005/01_FOPM_Population. pdf) (PDF). Statistics.gov.uk. . Retrieved 2009-09-05.

[53] "UK population breaks through 60m" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ uk/ 5281360. stm). BBC, 24 August 2006. Retrieved 2012-04-14.[54] "US population through history" (http:/ / geography. about. com/ od/ obtainpopulationdata/ a/ uspop. htm). About.com. Retrieved

2012-04-14.[55] Mark Harrison (2002). " Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945 (http:/ / books. google.

com/ books?id=yJcD7_Q_rQ8C& pg=PA167& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". Cambridge University Press. p.167. ISBN0-521-89424-7

[56] Stephen J. Lee (2000). " European dictatorships, 1918–1945 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=KnvJO9yfvEAC& pg=PA86& dq&hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". Routledge. p.86. ISBN 0-415-23046-2

[57] "Vladimir Putin vows to reverse Russian population decline" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ worldnews/ vladimir-putin/ 9078672/Vladimir-Putin-vows-to-reverse-Russian-population-decline. html). The Daily Telegraph, 13 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-13.

[58] "China's demographic evolution 1850-1953 reconsidered" (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ discover/ 10. 2307/ 652987?uid=3738032&uid=2460337935& uid=2460338175& uid=2129& uid=2& uid=70& uid=4& uid=83& uid=63& sid=56034385973). The China Quarterly,1978, via JSTOR. Retrieved 2012-04-13.

[59] Reintegrating India with the World Economy (http:/ / www. petersoninstitute. org/ publications/ chapters_preview/ 98/ 1iie2806. pdf).Peterson Institute for International Economics.

[60] CIA World Factbook (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ in. html). July 2010 est. Retrieved2011-11-28.

[61] Java (island, Indonesia) (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 301673/ Java). Encyclopædia Britannica.[62] " From Traitors to Heroes: 100 Years of Mexican Migration Policies (http:/ / www. migrationinformation. org/ Feature/ display.

cfm?ID=203)". Jorge Durand, University of Guadalajara. March 2004.[63] " Kenya's Violence: Exploding population (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 01/ 17/ opinion/ 17iht-edheinsohn. 1. 9292632. html)". The

New York Times. January 7, 2008. Gunnar Heinsohn[64] World Demographics Profile 2011 (http:/ / www. indexmundi. com/ world/ demographics_profile. html), Index Mundi. Retrieved

2011-11-18.[65] "Sex-ratio imbalance in Asia: Trends, consequences and policy responses" (http:/ / www. unfpa. org/ gender/ docs/ studies/ summaries/

reg_exe_summary. pdf). UNFPA. 2007. . Retrieved 2012-05-20.

World population 15

[66] World (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ xx. html). CIA World Factbook, 13 April 2012. Retrieved2012-04-25.

[67] "What It Will Take to 'Graduate' 1.2 Billion People Out of Extreme Poverty" (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ susan-davis/the-worlds-ultrapoor-reach_b_1400233. html). Huffington Post, 4 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-26.

[68] 2012 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics (http:/ / www. worldhunger. org/ articles/ Learn/ world hunger facts 2002. htm).WorldHunger.org, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-26.

[69] Internet World Stats (http:/ / www. internetworldstats. com/ stats. htm). December 2011 data. Retrieved 2012-04-22.[70] "World’s Most Typical Person: Han Chinese Man" (http:/ / blogs. wsj. com/ chinarealtime/ 2011/ 03/ 04/

worlds-most-typical-person-han-chinese-man/ ). Wall Street Journal, March 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-18.[71] Including various separate national white ethnic groups, such as Germans, French and English.[72] Religions by adherents (http:/ / www. adherents. com/ Religions_By_Adherents. html). Adherents.com – 2005 data. Retrieved 2011-12-19.[73] Figure refers to Mainland China only. It excludes the special administrative regions and Taiwan.[74] Chinese Official Population Clock (in Chinese) (http:/ / www. cpdrc. org. cn/ index. asp). CPDRC.org.cn. Updated daily. Retrieved

2012-05-22.[75] 2011 Census (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ indiaatglance. html). Census of India, 2011. Retrieved 2012-05-22.[76] United States Official Population Clock (http:/ / www. census. gov/ population/ www/ popclockus. html). USCB. Updated daily. Retrieved

2012-05-22.[77] SuluhNusantara Indonesia Census report (http:/ / www. suluhnusantara. com/ mags/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article&

id=7379:penduduk-indonesia-tembus-2384-juta-jiwa& catid=76:hot-topic& Itemid=294).[78] Brazilian Official Population Clock (http:/ / www. ibge. gov. br/ english). IBGE.gov.br. Retrieved 2012-05-22.[79] Official Pakistani Population Clock (http:/ / www. statpak. gov. pk/ depts/ pco).[80] Nigeria (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ ni. html). CIA World Factbook estimate, 10 May 2012.

Retrieved 2012-05-22.[81] Bangladesh (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bg. html). CIA World Factbook estimate, 7 May 2012.

Retrieved 2012-05-22.[82] Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Excel document, in Russian) (http:/ / www. gks. ru/ free_doc/ 2010/ popul10-Pr. xls). GKS.ru,

2010. Retrieved 2012-05-22.[83] Official Japan Statistics Bureau (http:/ / www. stat. go. jp/ english/ data/ jinsui/ tsuki/ index. htm). May 2012 estimate. Retrieved

2012-05-22.[84] UK population 'to increase to 70 million by 2027' (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ uk-15461579). BBC, October 26, 2011. Retrieved

2012-04-10.[85] "Why Has Taiwan's Birthrate Dropped So Low?" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ world/ article/ 0,8599,1945937,00. html) TIME, December

7, 2009. Retrieved 2011-12-17.[86] "Taiwan Birth Rate Falls to World’s Lowest" (http:/ / www. voanews. com/ english/ news/ asia/

Taiwan-Birth-Rate-Falls-to-Worlds-Lowest-Challenging-Productivity-127933153. html). VoA, August 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-17.[87] "The limits of a Green Revolution?" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ in_depth/ 6496585. stm). BBC News. 2007-03-29. . Retrieved

2010-08-01.[88] "The Real Green Revolution" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080623070232/ http:/ / www. energybulletin. net/ 19525. html).

Energybulletin.net. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. energybulletin. net/ 19525. html) on 2008-06-23. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.[89] World Population to 2300 (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ longrange2/ WorldPop2300final. pdf) Economic and Social

Affairs, United Nations, 2004[90] "census.gov" (http:/ / www. census. gov/ ipc/ www/ worldpop. html). census.gov. 2009-01-07. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.[91] "Current world population (ranked)" (http:/ / www. xist. org/ earth/ population1. aspx). Xist.org. 2009-07-01. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.[92] Ron Nielsen, The little green handbook, Picador, New York (2006) ISBN 0-312-42581-3[93] "UN 2006 report highlights" (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ wpp2006/ WPP2006_Highlights_rev. pdf) (PDF). .

Retrieved 2010-08-01.[94] "UN population estimates and projections, database query, August 2009" (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unpp/ ). Esa.un.org. 2009-03-11. . Retrieved

2010-08-01.[95] "World Population Prospects – The 2010 Revision Population Database" (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unpd/ wpp/ unpp/ panel_population. htm).

Esa.un.org. 2011-05-03. . Retrieved 2011-05-06.[96] "US Census Bureau – Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950–2050" (http:/ / www. census. gov/ ipc/ www/ idb/ worldpoptotal. php).

Census.gov. 2010-12-01. . Retrieved 2011-06-05.[97] "Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events" (http:/ / www. census. gov/ ipc/ www/ popwnote. html). US Census Bureau. .[98] World Population Prospects (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unpp): The 2008 Revision Population Database[99] "The World at" (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ sixbillion/ sixbillion. htm). Un.org. 1999-10-12. . Retrieved

2010-08-01.[100] "Population Growth over Human History" (http:/ / www. globalchange. umich. edu/ globalchange2/ current/ lectures/ human_pop/

human_pop. html). Globalchange.umich.edu. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.

World population 16

[101] "Geo Hive: the population of continents, regions and countries (Jul. 1, 2008)" (http:/ / www. xist. org/ earth/ pop_region. aspx). Xist.org. .Retrieved 2010-08-01.

[102] Figures include the former Soviet Union in Europe. Caselli, Graziella; Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005-12-20). Demography:Analysis and Synthesis, Four Volume Set: A Treatise in Population. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-12-765660-1.

[103] "UN report 2004 data" (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ sixbillion/ sixbilpart1. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2010-08-01.[104] Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America: Canada, the United States, Greenland,

Bermuda, and St. Pierre and Miquelon. Latin America comprises Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and South America.[105] Fewer than 15,000 individuals, according to the Toba catastrophe theory; see also Humans lived in tiny, separate bands for 100,000 years

(http:/ / www. breitbart. com/ article. php?id=080425101050. cni2ks3u& show_article=1). Breitbart.com.[106] an average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population (http:/ / www.

census. gov/ ipc/ www/ worldhis. html); see also *Kremer, Michael. 1993. "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C.to 1990," The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 681–716.

[107] The range of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population (http:/ / www.census. gov/ ipc/ www/ worldhis. html) put the world population in AD 1 between 170 million and 400 million.

[108] "The population of continents, regions and countries" (http:/ / www. xist. org/ earth/ pop_region. aspx). GeoHive, July 2010 data. Retrieved2012-05-22.

The figures for North America only refer to post-European contact settlers, and not native populations from beforeEuropean settlement.

Mathematical approximationsHoerner (1975) proposed a formula for population growth[1] which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinitepopulation in 2025. The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s has recently beencorrelated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technologicaldevelopment. This feedback can be described as follows: technological growth → increase in the carrying capacityof land for people →demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration oftechnological growth →accelerating growth of the carrying capacity - faster population growth →acceleratinggrowth of the number of potential inventors →faster technological growth → hence, the faster growth of the Earth'scarrying capacity for people, and so on.[2]

According to Kapitsa (1997),[3] the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the followingformula:

where•• N is current population•• T is the current year• C = (1.86±0.01)•1011

• T0 = 2007±1• = 42±1The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition.

World population 17

Years for world population to doubleUsing linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates, the world population has doubled, orwill double, in the following years (with two different starting points). Note how, during the 2nd millennium, eachdoubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling, fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above.However, after 2025 it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century.[4]

Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken todouble, from 1700 to 2000.

Starting at 500 million

Population(in billions)

0.5 1 2 4 8

Year 1500 1804 1927 1974 2025

Years elapsed 304 123 47 51

Starting at 375 million

Population(in billions)

0.375 0.75 1.5 3 6

Year 1171 1715 1881 1960 1999

Years elapsed 544 166 79 39

OverpopulationThe scientific consensus is that the current population expansion and accompanying increase in usage of resources islinked to threats to the global ecosystem.[5][6] The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which wasratified by 58 member national academies in 1994, called the growth in human numbers "unprecedented", and statedthat many environmental problems, such as rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, andpollution, were aggravated by the population expansion.[7] At the time, the world population stood at 5.5 billion, andlower-bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050, a number that current estimates show will be reachedin the late 2020s.

World population 18

Population controlHuman population control is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population.Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting the population's birth rate, bycontraception or by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including high orincreasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, religious reasons, and overpopulation. The use of abortion insome strategies has made human population control a controversial issue, with organizations such as the RomanCatholic Church explicitly opposing the artificial limitation of the human population.[8]

Forecasts of scarcityIn 1798, the economist Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust theglobal food supply by the mid-19th century. In 1968, Paul R. Ehrlich reprised this argument in The PopulationBomb, predicting mass global famine in the 1970s and 1980s. The dire predictions of Ehrlich and otherneo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists, notably Julian Lincoln Simon. Agriculturalresearch already under way, such as the Green Revolution, led to dramatic improvements in crop yields. Foodproduction has so far kept pace with population growth, but neo-Malthusians point out that the Green Revolutionrelies heavily on petroleum-based fertilizers, and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a cropfailure could potentially have global repercussions. Food prices in the early 21st century are rising sharply on aglobal scale, and causing serious malnutrition to spread widely.[9]

Graph of the global human population from 10,000 BC to 2010 AD, from the US CensusBureau. The graph shows the extremely rapid growth in the world population that has

taken place since the 18th century.

From 1950 to 1984, as the GreenRevolution transformed agriculturearound the world, grain productionincreased by over 250%.[10] The worldpopulation has grown by about fourbillion since the beginning of theGreen Revolution and most believethat, without the Revolution, therewould be greater famine andmalnutrition than the UN presentlydocuments (approximately 850 millionpeople suffering from chronicmalnutrition in 2005).[11] The energyfor the Green Revolution was providedby fossil fuels, in the form of naturalgas-derived fertilizers, oil-derivedpesticides, and hydrocarbon-fueled irrigation.[12]

The potential peaking of world oil production may test the critics of Malthus and Ehrlich, as oil is of crucialimportance to global transportation, power generation and agriculture.[13] In May 2008, the price of grain waspushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels,[14] the increase of world oil prices to over $140 perbarrel ($880/m3),[15] global population growth,[16] the effects of climate change,[17] the loss of agricultural land toresidential and industrial development,[18][19] and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China andIndia.[20][21] Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries across the world.[22] However, oil prices then fellsharply, and remaining below $100/barrel until around 2010. Resource demands are expected to ease as populationgrowth declines, but it is unclear whether rising living standards in developing countries will once again createresource shortages.[23]

World population 19

Richard C. Duncan claims the that the world population will decline to about 2 billion around 2050.[24] DavidPimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, estimates that the sustainable agriculturalcarrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people; its population as of 2011 is over 310 million.[25]

In 2009, the UK government's chief scientific advisor, Professor John Beddington, warned that growing populations,falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a "perfect storm" by 2030. Beddington claimed that foodreserves were at a fifty-year low, and that the world would require 50% more energy, food and water by 2030.[26][27]

According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the world will have toproduce 70% more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people.[28]

The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world,with 923 million undernourished in 2007, versus 832 million in 1995.[29] The 2009 FAO estimates showed an evenmore dramatic increase, to 1.02 billion.[30]

Number of humans who have ever livedFurther information: PaleodemographyAn estimate of the total number of humans who have ever lived was prepared by Carl Haub of the nonprofitPopulation Reference Bureau in 1995, and was subsequently updated in 2002; the updated figure totalledapproximately 106 billion.[31][32] Haub characterized this figure as an estimate that required "selecting populationsizes for different points from antiquity to the present and applying assumed birth rates to each period".[32] Given anestimated global population of 6.2 billion in 2002, it could be inferred that about 6% of all people who had everexisted were alive in 2002.[31] Various estimates published in the first decade of the 21st century give figures rangingfrom approximately 100 billion to 115 billion. In the 1970s, claims emerged alleging that 75% of all the people whohad ever lived were alive at that time. This view was eventually debunked as unscientific.[33]

MethodologiesAn accurate estimate of the number of humans who have ever lived is difficult to produce for numerous reasons.Firstly, the set of specific characteristics that define a "human" is a matter of definition, and it is open to debatewhich members of early Homo sapiens and earlier or related species of Homo to include in the estimate (see alsoSorites paradox). Even if the scientific community reached a broad consensus regarding which characteristicsdistinguished human beings, it would be nearly impossible to pinpoint the time of their first appearance to even thenearest millennium, due to the scarcity of fossil evidence. However, the very limited size of the world population inprehistoric times (as compared to its current size) makes this source of uncertainty of limited importance.More importantly, robust population data only exist for the last two or three centuries. Until the late 18th century,few governments had ever performed an accurate census. In many early attempts, such as Ancient Egypt and in thePersian Empire, the focus was on counting merely a subset of the people for purposes of taxation or militaryservice.[34] All claims of population sizes preceding the 18th century are imprecise estimates, and thus the margin oferror for the total number of humans who have ever lived should be in the billions, or even tens of billions of people.Another critical factor for such an estimate is life expectancy. Using an average figure of twenty years and thepopulation estimates above, one can compute a total of about 58 billion. Using a figure of forty yields around 30billion. However, life expectancy varies greatly when taking into account children who died before their firstbirthday, a number very difficult to estimate for earlier times. Haub states that "life expectancy at birth probablyaveraged only about ten years for most of human history".[32] His estimates for infant mortality suggest that around40% of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond their first birthday.

World population 20

United Nations population agenciesThe United Nations operates several organisations with various population-related competencies, including theCommission on Population and Development, the United Nations Population Division, and the United NationsPopulation Fund.

References[1][1] Hoerner, von S. Journal of British Interplanetary Society 28691 (1975)[2] Introduction to Social Macrodynamics (http:/ / urss. ru/ cgi-bin/ db. pl?cp=& page=Book& id=37484& lang=en& blang=en& list=14) by

Andrey Korotayev et al.; for a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue see A Compact Mathematical Model of the World SystemEconomic and Demographic Growth, 1 CE - 1973 CE (http:/ / arxiv. org/ abs/ 1206. 0496)).

[3] Sergei P Kapitza. The phenomenological theory of world population growth. (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20090511041230/ http:/ / srs. dl.ac. uk/ SPEAKERS/ KAPITZA/ Uspekhi_96. html) Physics-Uspekhi 39(1) 57–71 (1996).

[4] Letters to Nature: Doubling of world population unlikely (http:/ / www. nature. com/ nature/ journal/ v387/ n6635/ full/ 387803a0. html)Nature, June 19, 1997

[5] "Ecological Debt Day" (http:/ / www. footprintnetwork. org/ gfn_sub. php?content=overshoot). . Retrieved 2011-05-08.[6] "Planetary Boundaries: Specials" (http:/ / www. nature. com/ news/ specials/ planetaryboundaries/ index. html#feature). Nature. 2009-09-23. .

Retrieved 2011-05-08.[7] IAP (login required) (http:/ / www. interacademies. net/ ?id=3547). Retrieved 2012-05-22.[8] "Fighting poverty to build peace" (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ benedict_xvi/ messages/ peace/ documents/

hf_ben-xvi_mes_20081208_xlii-world-day-peace_en. html). Vatican.va, January 1, 2009. Retrieved 2011-10-24.[9] "Assessing the global food crisis" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ in_depth/ 7361945. stm). BBC. April 22, 2008. . Retrieved 2010-04-06.[10] Kindall, Henery W & Pimentel, David (May 1994). "Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply" (http:/ / dieoff. org/ page36.

htm). Ambio. 23 (3). .[11] The limits of a Green Revolution? (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ in_depth/ 6496585. stm). BBC News. March 29, 2007.[12] "Eating Fossil Fuels" (http:/ / www. energybulletin. net/ 281. html). Energy Bulletin. .[13] "Peak Oil And Famine: Four Billion Deaths" (http:/ / www. countercurrents. org/ goodchild291007. htm). Countercurrents. .[14] "2008: The year of global food crisis" (http:/ / www. sundayherald. com/ news/ heraldnews/ display. var. 2104849. 0.

2008_the_year_of_global_food_crisis. php). Sunday Herald. .[15] "The global grain bubble" (http:/ / www. csmonitor. com/ 2008/ 0118/ p08s01-comv. html). Csmonitor.com. 2008-01-18. . Retrieved

2010-08-01.[16] James Randerson, science correspondent (2008-03-07). "Food crisis will take hold before climate change, warns chief scientist" (http:/ /

www. guardian. co. uk/ science/ 2008/ mar/ 07/ scienceofclimatechange. food). London: Guardian. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.[17] John Vidal, environment editor (2007-11-03). "Global food crisis looms as climate change and fuel shortages bite" (http:/ / www. guardian.

co. uk/ environment/ 2007/ nov/ 03/ food. climatechange). London: Guardian. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.[18] Walsoft (2008-02-22). "Experts: Global Food Shortages Could ‘Continue for Decades'" (http:/ / www. marketoracle. co. uk/ Article3782.

html). Marketoracle.co.uk. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.[19] "Has Urbanization Caused a Loss to Agricultural Land?" (http:/ / www. moyak. com/ papers/ urbanization-agriculture. html). Moyak.com. .

Retrieved 2010-08-01.[20] Walt, Vivienne (2008-02-27). "The World's Growing Food-Price Crisis" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ world/ article/ 0,8599,1717572,00.

html). Time.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.[21] The cost of food: Facts and figures (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ 7284196. stm). BBC News. October 16, 2008.[22] Julian Borger, diplomatic editor (2008-02-26). "Feed the world? We are fighting a losing battle, UN admits" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/

environment/ 2008/ feb/ 26/ food. unitednations). London: Guardian. . Retrieved 2010-08-01.[23] " Oil shock could push world food prices higher (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ 2011/ 03/ 03/ news/ economy/ food_prices/ index. htm)".

CNNMoney. March 3, 2011.[24] Steven Stoft (2008). " Carbonomics: how to fix the climate and charge it to OPEC (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Q39FaYsb7gsC&

pg=PA24& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". p.24. ISBN 0-9818775-0-8[25] P. Crabbè, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division (2000). " Implementing ecological integrity: restoring regional

and global environmental and human health (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=denet95NNzkC& pg=PA411& dq& hl=en#v=onepage&q=& f=false)". Springer. p.411. ISBN 0-7923-6351-5

[26] World faces 'perfect storm' of problems by 2030, chief scientist to warn (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ science/ 2009/ mar/ 18/perfect-storm-john-beddington-energy-food-climate). The Guardian. March 18, 2009.

[27] Global crisis 'to strike by 2030' (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ 7951838. stm). BBC News. March 19, 2009.[28] Global food production will have to increase 70% for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050 (http:/ / www. finfacts. ie/ irishfinancenews/

article_1017966. shtml). Finfacts.com. September 24, 2009.

World population 21

[29] Food and Agriculture Organization Economic and Social Development Department. “The State of Food Insecurity in the World, 2008 : Highfood prices and food security – threats and opportunities” (http:/ / www. fao. org/ docrep/ 011/ i0291e/ i0291e00. htm). Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations, 2008, p. 2.

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[31] Curtin, Ciara (2007-03-01). "Fact or Fiction?: Living People Outnumber the Dead" (http:/ / www. sciam. com/ article.cfm?id=fact-or-fiction-living-outnumber-dead). Scientific American (Scientific American, Inc.) 297 (3): 126. September 2007.doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-126. . Retrieved 2008-08-04. Note: text of paper publication slightly different from text of on-linepublication

[32] Haub, Carl (November/December 2002). "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?" (http:/ / www. prb. org/ pdf/ PT_novdec02. pdf).Population Today (Population Reference Bureau) 30 (8): pp. 3–4. . Retrieved 2008-08-04.

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External linksFurther reading• World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unpd/ wpp/ index. htm) (United Nations

Population Division).• Symptoms of The Global Demographic Decline (http:/ / demographia. ru/ eng/ articles/ index. html?idR=67&

idArt=1815)• Central Intelligence Agency (2004). CIA The World Factbook 2004 (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/

the-world-factbook/ geos/ xx. html). URL accessed on 2005-02-13.• The World in Balance (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ nova/ transcripts/ 3108_worldbal. html) Transcript of

two-part PBS' Nova on World Population• The Environmental Politics of Population and Overpopulation (http:/ / berkeley. academia. edu/ OzzieZehner/

Papers/ 911571/ The_Environmental_Politics_of_Population_and_Overpopulation/ ) A University of California,Berkeley summary covering historical and contemporary population dynamics, forecasts, resource scarcity,population control, and environmental concerns

Organizations• Optimum Population Trust (http:/ / www. optimumpopulation. org/ )• The Day of 6 Billion (http:/ / www. unfpa. org/ 6billion/ ) official homepage• World Population Day (http:/ / www. unfpa. org/ wpd/ ) United Nations: July 11• United Nations (2001). United Nations Population Information Network (http:/ / www. un. org/ popin/ ). URL

accessed on 2005-02-13.• Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org – News and issues related to population (http:/ / www. prb. org/ ).• Berlin Institute for Population and Development "English" (http:/ / www. berlin-institut. org/ index. php?id=48).

Berlin-institut.org. 2010-03-23.

Statistics and maps• World population statistics presented in a treemap interface (http:/ / www. hivegroup. com/ gallery/ worldpop/ )• World Population Map, Statistical Graph (http:/ / www. populationlabs. com/ World_Population. asp)• Year-by-Year World Population Estimates: 10,000 BC to AD 2007. (http:/ / www. scottmanning. com/ content/

year-by-year-world-population-estimates/ )• Trend of growth rate with total global population (http:/ / base. google. com/ base/ a/ 1121639/

D3593813974111928662)• United States Census Bureau (2004). Historical Estimates of World Population (http:/ / www. census. gov/ ipc/

www/ worldhis. html). URL accessed on 2005-02-13.• The AfriPop Project, showing African population statistics (http:/ / www. afripop. org)

World population 22

• PopulationData.net (2005). PopulationData.net – Information and maps about populations around the world(http:/ / www. populationdata. net/ ).

• GeoHive GeoHive.com – World Statistics including population and future predictions (http:/ / www. geohive.com/ ).

• World maps, including maps of population from 1 AD to 2300 AD (http:/ / www. sasi. group. shef. ac. uk/worldmapper/ )

• World countries mapped by population size (http:/ / www. win. tue. nl/ ~speckman/ Cartograms/ WorldCarto.html)

• World Population from the US Census Bureau in an interactive Excel dashboard (http:/ / charts. jorgecamoes.com/ how-to-create-an-excel-dashboard/ )

• Trendalyzer: interactive population graphs (http:/ / www. gapminder. org/ )Population clocks• U.S. Census Bureau – World Population Clock (http:/ / www. census. gov/ population/ popclockworld. html)• Population Counter (http:/ / rumkin. com/ tools/ population/ )• World Population (http:/ / www. ibiblio. org/ lunarbin/ worldpop)• World Population Counter (http:/ / www. counttheworld. com/ ?counter=pop_world)• Live World Population (http:/ / opr. princeton. edu/ popclock/ )• (French) World Population Clock (2005). WorldPopClock.com – World population clock (http:/ / www.

populationmondiale. com/ ).

Article Sources and Contributors 23

Article Sources and ContributorsWorld population  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=496883183  Contributors: -Majestic-, .:.Critical.:., .mau., 16@r, 1exec1, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 336, 5 albert square, 7, A.di M., A3RO, AMK152, ASSASSINking, Aagusuab, Aarktica, Abdowiki, AbigailAbernathy, Aboyle1, Acalamari, Achim Jäger, Acmoney21, Acroterion, Adam McMaster, Adam78,AdamSteckel, Adamw4, AdjustShift, Aetheling, Afasmit, Againme, Aicheung, Aitias, Al.locke, Alan Liefting, Alansohn, Aleksd, Alex1996Ne, Alex7andra, AlexCovarrubias, AlexGWU,AlexNebraska, AlexR.L., Alexander Domanda, Alexbrewer, Alexkin, Alexwcovington, Alfio66, Alison, Alterego, Amalgamation, Aman2100, Amitch, Anarko, Anaxial, Andre.mostert,Andreasu, AndrewHowse, Andrwsc, Andy M. Wang, Andy Marchbanks, AngChenrui, AniRaptor2001, Anir1uph, Ankur007govil, Anomalocaris, Anomie, Anoriega, Antandrus, Apothecia,Arakunem, Aridd, Arne182, Arthur Rubin, Arthuralee, Artist Formerly Known As Whocares, Artur Buchhorn, Asher196, Ashmoo, Asimov123, Astanhope, Ataraxy22, Atatem, Atomicdor,Austein11, Avenue, Axolotl Nr.733, BanyanTree, Barneca, Barryz1, Bazingawaters, Bbik, Bcasterline, Beano, Beeblebrox, Belligero, Belsavis, Ben.connor.7o, Benc, Bender235, Bergsten,Bernardino lima, Bertie W., Betacommand, Beyond My Ken, Bgpaulus, Bibleman7777, BigT27, Bigwyrm, Biruitorul, Blaxthos, Bmitch2, Bo98, Boanj, Bob2020220, Bobathon71, Bobo159,Bobo192, Bogfjellmo, Bohdanmaks, Bokeeks, Boltengagen, Bongwarrior, Bowei Huang, Brady4mvp, Brambleclawx, Bravo-Alpha, Brekass, Brian Crawford, Brookie, Brutannica, BryanDerksen, Bsroiaadn, Bullzeye, Burntsauce, By George, Bücherwürmlein, C.Fred, CBDunkerson, CIS, Cab88, Cabiria, Cadby Waydell Bainbrydge, Calvin 1998, Camoesjo, Cantcblue39,CapitalR, Capricorn42, CardinalDan, Cargoking, Carlosguitar, Carmichael, Carstensen, Carwil, Casito, Casmith 789, Cassowary, Cdapoz, Cephal-odd, Ceyockey, Chait2001, Challengetheodds,Chaser, Cheryl.nelson, Chill5940, Chinneeb, Chonhan, Chris 73, Chris the speller, Chris.mtl, Chuyalex, Cirt, Cjd111, Ck lostsword, Ckatz, ClamDip, Clarince63, Claycrete, ClosedEyesSeeing,Closedmouth, Cmglee, Cmichael, Comingintoland, CommonsDelinker, Comte de Maistre, Conny, Conscious, Cool123man, Cool63kall, Copysan, CorneliusStump, Corpx, Cosmic Latte,Courcelles, Cremepuff222, Crispy78, Crohnie, Cromis, Cxz111, D, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DEC42, DJ Tricky86, DMacks, DOSGuy, Da Vynci, Daanschr, Dabomb87, Dacoutts, Daemonward,Daniel5127, DanniDK, Danntm, Dannyhoffman, DarkAudit, Darkfight, Darkflame V, Darkvindak, Darth Mike, Davidresseguie, Dawesome, Dawn Bard, Dba1990, Dbachmann, Dbfirs, Dcf3001,DeadEyeArrow, DearPrudence, Dearyunkyu, Deavenger, Decltype, Delirium, Delldot, Deltabeignet, Delusion23, Deon Steyn, Deor, Der Statistiker, DerHexer, Dia^, Diiick, Diplodoc, DirkvdM,Discospinster, Dissident, Dmytro, DocWatson42, DoctorW, Donarreiskoffer, Dondegroovily, Dontworry, Doomshifter, Dori, Doron, DoubleBlue, Dougz1, Dr.enh, DrKiernan, Driftwoodzebulin,Droll, Dude1818, Duke wellington 1815, Durova, Dwilzon, Dwrcan, E. Fokker, ENeville, EScrewy, ESkog, EamonnPKeane, Ec5618, EdGlaze, Editpop, Edknol, Edmoil, Edward, Edward321,Eeblefish, Effervescent, EhJJ, El C, El T, Eldskegg, Eleassar777, Eleland, Elemesh, Elilienstein, Elockid, ElockidAlternate, Emeraldcityserendipity, Emurph, Enchanter, Enigmaman, Enviroboy,Envirocorrector, Epbr123, Epicadam, Eppyie, Equilibrium007, Eragonrulz, Eraserhead1, Eric Kvaalen, Eric-Wester, Eric76, Errantsignal, Esaburrido, Escape Orbit, Estheroliver, Europe101,EvenBetter, Everyme, Evil saltine, Ewiniarsonca, Excirial, Extra999, EyeKnows, Eyob07, Ezzex, FFMG, Facorread, Falcon8765, Fama21, Father Goose, Favonian, Fbs. 13, Felipito1.966,Ferbcb, Ferox117, Field Marshal Montgomery, Fiftyishung, Fiftytwo thirty, Finalnight, Firstorm, Flewis, Florian Blaschke, Fluri, Foxj, Freddy S., Fredrik, Fredwerner, Frood, Funnyfarmofdoom,Future Perfect at Sunrise, Futurepopo, Fyyer, Fæ, GabEuro, Gadfium, Gadget850, Gail, Gap9551, Garjr, Garsonjr, Gary King, GenestealerUK, GeoGreg, Giantcalledgrawp, Gilliam, GintongLiwanag Ng Araw, Giorgi13, Giudicarie, Glacialfox, Glane23, Glenn, Gogo Dodo, Golbez, Goodvac, Grafen, Graham87, GrahamColm, Gran2, Grayshi, Gregcaletta, GregorTT, Grim23, Gurch,Gwernol, GwydionM, Gökhan, H2g2bob, HJ Mitchell, Hadi Payami, Hadrianoliver, Hairchrm, Hairy Dude, Hall Monitor, Halo, Hamiltha, HappyTruths, Happyhaydn, Hapsiainen, Hardhercules,Harel, Harmster, Haruo, HawkoChoco, Hda3ku, Hectorguinness, Hellojoe2, Hellosmileyface63, HemperorOfSmokeLandVillez.dum, Hgilbert, Hibernian, Hmains, Hobos296, Hogne, Homostannous, HonorTheKing, Hronir, Hu12, Hugobowman1234, Husond, Huysman, Hydrogen Iodide, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, IZAK, Icemaniceman1111, Icemark100, Iciac, Igrek, Imjtblanton,Immunize, Impa1er, Imyourfoot, Inemanja, Innab, Insanity Incarnate, Intgr, Introgressive, Inwit, Iridescent, Irishguy, Islamomt, Ivirivi00, J.delanoy, JCO312, JD554, JForget, JHunterJ, JJlink,JQF, JYi, Ja 62, JaGa, Jackfork, JaffaHead, Jake Wartenberg, Jake900, Jakezing, James xeno, JamesBWatson, Janejellyroll, Jarwulf, Jebba, Jennavecia, Jerry teps, Jfeltjack, Jh spann, JimVC3,JimWae, Jimp, Jitterro, Jivecat, Jj137, Jmanjmanjman, Jmanrazor, JocK, Johann Wolfgang, Johantheghost, John Broughton, John Stattic, JohnArmagh, JohnCub, JohnOwens, Johnleemk,Johnthescavenger, Jojhutton, Jon kare, Jonathansfox, Jonny-mt, JorgePeixoto, JorisvS, Joseph Solis in Australia, JoshG, Joshua Issac, Jossfans, Jovianeye, Jpeob, Jprg1966, Jtim2, Juansempere,Jugger90, Jujutacular, Juliancolton, Junglecat, Just James, Jwab-wiki, Kairos, Kaletamvp, Katalaveno, Katoa, Katydidit, Keenan Pepper, Keeper9000, Keraunos, Keresaspa, Kestasjk, Kevinred93,Kewp, Khazar, Kieff, Kier07, Kilon22, Kim'sfool, Kingpin13, Kinst, Kintetsubuffalo, Kmarinas86, KnowledgeOfSelf, Koglowa, Konchevnik81, Kpufferfish, Kr1st1 crazydeejay97, Krazykenny,Kristof vt, Kshitij, Kurieeto, Kuru, Kyle Cronan, Kyng, L.tak, LA2, LOL, LOLMUCHWAYNE, LaMenta3, Lambiam, Laurips, Le Anh-Huy, Le Canari, Leandrod, Leflyman, LegolasGreenleaf,Lemonade100, Lenoxus, Lethe, Levineps, Lightmouse, Liquidluck, Lisahorse, Livrocaneca, Locke411, Lofty, Logan, Loodog, Loor99, Lovepool2001, Luckyherb, Luk, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters,Lupin, Lupusmaximus, Lynn Wilbur, M.nelson, MBisanz, MER-C, Macarenses, MacedonianBoy, Mack2, MadTaco, Madhero88, Mahanga, Maharashtraexpress, Maijinsan, Majorly, Maldek,Mango Lassi, Marcelo.garza, Marcus Qwertyus, Marcus1234, Mardus, MarioIsL337, Marsbound2024, Marskell, Martin451, Materialscientist, Math Champion, Matt Deres, Matt me, MattM1997,MaxBech1975, McSly, Mcot, Mdwh, Meaghan, Meclee, Meco, Meekywiki, Mel Etitis, Mentifisto, Mephistophelian, Metahacker, Mets501, Mezzanine, Mfero, Michael C Price,Michaelandsandy, Michaelmas1957, Mightymights, Mikael Häggström, Mikekearn, Milen, Millahnna, Mindmatrix, Minimac's Clone, Miranche, Miros 0571, Mitchell333222111,MithrandirAgain, Mittfh, Mmxx, Mollwollfumble, Monni1995, Monoape, Moonlight1987, Morgankevinj huggle, Mountainsdenve, Mouse is back, Moyogo, Mr Stephen, Mrdtmedia, Mrelectro,Mrmewe, Mrsdsoddities, Muntuwandi, Murgh, Muscovite99, Myanw, Mặt trời đỏ, N3k74r, N5iln, NHJG, Nadiatalent, Nat32, NawlinWiki, Ncboy2010, Nealmcb, NeilN, Nentrex,Neptuniandroid, Netalarm, Neutralis, Newt08, Nick C, NickW557, Nivix, Nneonneo, No1lakersfan, Noah Salzman, Noe, Nomi887, Novasource, NpipNick, Nsaa, Nubiatech, NuclearWarfare,Nukeless, Nyttend, Nø, ONEder Boy, Ocaasi, Octan1990, Ohnoitsjamie, Oliverparish, Omegatron, Omgilyxd, Ordinary Person, Ottawa4ever, Oxymoron83, PFSLAKES1, Pacomartin, Parister,Patman, Patrick, Paul foord, Paul08816319433322, Pauli133, Pb30, Pcarbonn, Pdcook, Pedia123456789, Persian Poet Gal, Petrb, Pgan002, Pgecaj, Pharkie, Philip Trueman, PhilipO,Philipgamboa, Piano non troppo, Pikiwyn, Pile0nades, Pinethicket, PinkPig, Piotrek54321, Piotrus, Pizzapale, Pleasantville, Poetaris, Poingweb, Poke mass 74, Polaron, Polihale, Polymerbringer,Portia327, Preslethe, Prestonmag, Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, Profwiki122, Prolog, Promethean, Qazzzaq1, QuaziK, Quess, Quest for Truth, Quibik, Qworty, R Lowry, R'n'B, Radhaknkr, Raeky,Rajah, Ramboacdc, Ran4, RandomAct, Ranjithsutari, Rarelibra, Raslis, Ravimetre, Raymond arritt, Rbonvall, Rchaninm, Rdsmith4, Reaper Eternal, Recoil42, Reconsider the static, Reinyday,Res2216firestar, Rettetast, ReviewDude, RexNL, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richard001, Richardmayne, Richerman, Richyhamm, Rickard Vogelberg,Ricky81682, Riverbed333, Rjanag, Rjwilmsi, Rmhermen, Rmosler2100, RobertG, Robin S, Robsavoie, RoddyYoung, Roentgenium111, RonMaine, Ronhjones, Rossg21, Rprpr, Rracecarr,Rrburke, Rrsmck, Rudi argento, Ruyn, Ryajinor, Ryan Albrey, Ryan Gittins, S Chapin, SILVERicon, SJP, SMC, SMcCandlish, Salvio giuliano, Sam, Sampi, Samsoncity, Sandstein, Saravananarun kumar, SchfiftyThree, Scottk, Scottmanning13, Scwlong, SeNeKa, SeanCastillo, Searchz, Seb823, Secret of success, Seethakathi, Senzangakhona, Setanta747, Shafkatsharif, Shanes,Shawnnicholsonca, Shengwei95, Shirik, Shirulashem, Shoeofdeath, Shredder2012, Siebrand, Signalhead, Sihmm, Simetrical, Simonross99, SiobhanHansa, Sjoffutt, Sk8element373, Skarebo,Skarl the Drummer, Skizzik, Skymnnit, Smallzee, Snarescience, Snowmanradio, Snowolf, Soelo, Solid State Survivor, Some jerk on the Internet, Somearemoreequal, Someone65, Somerdowns,Sonett72, Sorakeyes, Souldier77, SpK, SparrowsWing, Spellage, Spentready, Spesh531, Spettro9, Sphayros, Spiffy sperry, SpikeToronto, Spitfire, Spitfire8520, Spot87, SpuriousQ, Sqrt169,Squire of the Infernal Knight-Lord of Penguins, Srippon, Srushe, Starnestommy, Staszek Lem, StaticGull, Stephan Leeds, Steveprutz, Stevertigo, StewieK, Stiangk, Storm Rider,Strandedmusicians, Sunray, Superm401, Supermage, Suruena, Svick, Swpb, T, T.A.K.W.P, TBoeus, TFBCT1, Tabletop, Tafbills, Tango, Tasc, TastyCakes, Tbobboby, Tcncv, TechPurism,Teles, Tellyaddict, Terrace4, TexMurphy, Tgberfsdj43391, The Article Creator, The Man in Question, The Rambling Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Transhumanist, The idiot, Thepersistent invincible, TheDJ, TheFreeloader, TheGame564, Thecatinthebag, Themanwithoutapast, Theone256, Thepodcasticator, Thesluts, Thezeus109, Thingg, Thorenn, Threefourseven, Tiderolls, Tiiliskivi, TimShell, Timc, Time3000, Timothy Newport, Tiramisoo, Tobby72, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Tom, TomCat4680, Tombomp, Tommy2010, Tonicblue, Tonicthebrown, Topdeck,Topilsky, Topspeak, Torarnepedersen, Tpbradbury, TransUtopian, Trasman, Travürsa, Troydavis, Truthanado, Ttiotsw, Tty29a, TyrS, Tyrol5, U5K0, UberScienceNerd, Ufwuct, Ukexpat,Ultramarine, Undertakeranshu, UnitedStatesian, Urocyon, Urod, Usb10, Vahid11, VegaDark, Velella, Verdadero, Versus22, Vijayanandakumar, ViolinGirl, Vitalintel12, Vmagas, VoxLuna,Vranak, WAS 4.250, WadeSimMiser, Wafulz, Waggers, Waldir, Wanderingstan, Wangi, Watti Renew, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Wcp07, Whall2004, Whateley23, Widefox, WikHead, Wikiwisdom, Wiki-uk, WikiDao, WikiJedits, WikiLaurent, WikiSlasher, Wikieditor06, Wikipelli, Wikizeta, Williameis, Willking1979, Wimt, Winchelsea, Winhunter, Wjfox2005, Wknight94,Woohookitty, Worldmaps, Worloq, Wotnow, Wtmitchell, Xennik, Xeno8, XenonEngine, Xevi, Xezbeth, Xor4200, Xp54321, Xris0, Y0u, Yamaguchi先 生, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yay8,Yelizandpaul, Ymirfrostgiant, Yongho, Z.E.R.O., ZS, Zach Vega, Zafiroblue05, Zagsa, Zer T, ZetaReveal, Zetawoof, Zginder, Zntrip, Zomputer, Zz414, Zzuuzz, ^demon, Шиманський Василь,रामा, 2719 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:World-Population-1800-2100.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World-Population-1800-2100.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Jmanrazor based on Aetheling's workFile:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors)File:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Nigeria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:JhsFile:Flag of Egypt.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Open Clip ArtFile:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Mexico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the armsby Juan Gabino.

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 24

File:Flag of Brazil.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Australia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:2006megacities.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2006megacities.PNG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Original uploaderwas Anwar saadat at en.wikipediaFile:World population.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_population.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:SchzmoFile:Flag of India.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Indonesia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten byUser:GabbeFile:Flag of Pakistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Zscout370File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:World_population_density_1994.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_population_density_1994.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S.departement of agriculture. Converted to png format by QuartierLatin1968File:Flag of Singapore.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Bahrain.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten byUser:Zscout370File:Flag of Mauritius.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Gabbe, User:SKoppFile:Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 555, Abner1069,Bestalex, Bigmorr, Denelson83, Ed veg, Gzdavidwong, Herbythyme, Isletakee, Kakoui, Kallerna, Kibinsky, Mattes, Mizunoryu, Neq00, Nickpo, Nightstallion, Odder, Pymouss, R.O.C, Reisio,Reuvenk, Rkt2312, Rocket000, Runningfridgesrule, Samwingkit, Sasha Krotov, Shizhao, Tabasco, Vzb83, Wrightbus, ZooFari, Zscout370, 74 anonymous editsFile:Flag of South Korea.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Rwanda.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Created by User:Zscout370 with Inkscape.File:Flag of Lebanon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook withsome modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi.File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of Israel.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of theFlag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flagis not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flaglegislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm × 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained).File:Flag of the Philippines.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Achim1999File:Flag of Vietnam.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lưu Ly vẽ lại theo nguồn trênFile:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, GoodOlfactory, MifterFile:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:World population (UN).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_population_(UN).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:ConsciousFile:Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Supaman89Image:Population curve.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Population_curve.svg  License: Public domain  Contributors: El TFile:World population growth (lin-log scale).png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_population_growth_(lin-log_scale).png  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: WaldirImage:World population history.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_population_history.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Demmo, ConsciousImage:World_population_growth_rate_1950–2050.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_population_growth_rate_1950–2050.svg  License: GNU FreeDocumentation License  Contributors: User:Conscious, User:SecurigerImage:UN_DESA_continent_population_1950_to_2100.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UN_DESA_continent_population_1950_to_2100.svg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: CmgleeFile:World Population Forecast to 2050 from International Futures.png  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_Population_Forecast_to_2050_from_International_Futures.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic Contributors: Pardee Center for International FuturesFile:Population-doubling.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Population-doubling.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BS ( Barryz1)File:Population curve.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Population_curve.svg  License: Public domain  Contributors: El T

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