Pool of Argument Topics

7/25/2019 Pool of Argument Topics

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Pool of Argument Topics

1. Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been foundonly in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believedto have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discoveredsuch a Palean basket in !ithos, an ancient village across the "rim River from Palea. #he"rim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only byboat, and no Palean boats have been found. #hus it follows that the so$called Palean baskets

were not uni%uely Palean. #he following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scienti&c 'ournal.(. ) recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the e*ects of birth order

on an individual+s levels of stimulation. #he study showed that in stimulating situationssuch as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey-, &rstborn infant monkeys produce up totwice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels,as do their younger siblings. irstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisolin stimulating situations such as the return of a parent after an absence-. #he study alsofound that during pregnancy, &rst$time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol thandid those who had had several o*spring.

#he following appeared as a letter to the editor from a /entral Plaza store owner.0. ver the past two years, the number of shoppers in /entral Plaza has been steadily

decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. 2any /entralPlaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number ofskateboard users in the plaza. #here has also been a dramatic increase in the amount oflitter and vandalism throughout the plaza. #hus, we recommend that the city prohibitskateboarding in /entral Plaza. 3f skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that businessin /entral Plaza will return to its previously high levels.

#he following appeared in a letter from a homeowner to a friend.4. f the two leading real estate &rms in our town5)dams Realty and itch Realty5)dams

Realty is clearly superior. )dams has 46 real estate agents7 in contrast, itch has (8, manyof whom work only part$time. 2oreover, )dams+ revenue last year was twice as high as thatof itch and included home sales that averaged 91:;,666, compared to itch+s 9144,666.<omes listed with )dams sell faster as well= ten years ago 3 listed my home with itch, and it

took more than four months to sell7 last year, when 3 sold another home, 3 listed it with)dams, and it took only one month. #hus, if you want to sell your home %uickly and at agood price, you should use )dams Realty.

#he following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.8. n "almer 3sland, where mopeds serve as a popular form of transportation, the population

increases to 166,666 during the summer months. #o reduce the number of accidentsinvolving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of "almer 3sland should limit thenumber of mopeds rented by the island+s moped rental companies from 86 per day to (8per day during the summer season. "y limiting the number of rentals, the town council wilattain the 86 percent annual reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year onthe neighboring island of >eaville, when >eaville+s town council enforced similar limits onmoped rentals.

:. )rctic deer live on islands in /anada+s arctic regions. #hey search for food by moving overice from island to island during the course of the year. #heir habitat is limited to areas warmenough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year,for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it.?nfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining.>ince these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea iceto melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deer populations is the result of thedeer+s being unable to follow their age$old migration patterns across the frozen sea.

#he following is a recommendation from the "oard of @irectors of 2onarch "ooks.A. We recommend that 2onarch "ooks open a cafB in its store. 2onarch, having been in

business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer base



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because it is known for its wide selection of books on all sub'ects. /learly, opening the cafBwould attract more customers. >pace could be made for the cafB by discontinuing thechildren+s book section, which will probably become less popular given that the most recentnational census indicated a signi&cant decline in the percentage of the population underage ten. pening a cafB will allow 2onarch to attract more customers and better competewith Regal "ooks, which recently opened its own cafB.

#he following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at "uckingham/ollege.

;. #o serve the housing needs of our students, "uckingham /ollege should build a number ofnew dormitories. "uckingham+s enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, willdouble over the neCt 86 years, thus making eCisting dormitory space inade%uate. 2oreover,the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. /onse%uently,students will &nd it increasingly diDcult to a*ord o*$campus housing. inally, attractive newdormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at "uckingham.

E. Fature+s Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health$related products, isopening its neCt franchise in the town of Plainsville. #he store should prove to be verysuccessful= Fature+s Way franchises tend to be most pro&table in areas where residents leadhealthy lives, and clearly Plainsville is such an area. Plainsville merchants report that salesof running shoes and eCercise clothing are at all$time highs. #he local health club has moremembers than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. inally,

Plainsville+s schoolchildren represent a new generation of potential customers= theseschoolchildren are re%uired to participate in a &tness$for$life program, which emphasizes thebene&ts of regular eCercise at an early age.

16. #wenty years ago, @r. ield, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of #ertia. ?sing anobservation$centered approach to studying #ertian culture, he concluded from hisobservations that children in #ertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their ownbiological parents. Recently another anthropologist, @r. Garp, visited the group of islandsthat includes #ertia and used the interview$centered method to study child$rearing practices.3n the interviews that @r. Garp conducted with children living in this group of islands, thechildren spent much more time talking about their biological parents than about otheradults in the village. @r. Garp decided that @r. ield+s conclusion about #ertian village culturemust be invalid. >ome anthropologists recommend that to obtain accurate information on

#ertian child$rearing practices, future research on the sub'ect should be conducted via theinterview$centered method.

11. #he council of 2aple /ounty, concerned about the county+s becoming overdeveloped, isdebating a proposed measure that would prevent the development of eCisting farmland inthe county. "ut the council is also concerned that such a restriction, by limiting the supply ofnew housing, could lead to signi&cant increases in the price of housing in the county.Proponents of the measure note that /hestnut /ounty established a similar measure tenyears ago, and its housing prices have increased only modestly since. <owever, opponentsof the measure note that Pine /ounty adopted restrictions on the development of newresidential housing &fteen years ago, and its housing prices have since more than doubled.

#he council currently predicts that the proposed measure, if passed, will result in asigni&cant increase in housing prices in 2aple /ounty.

1(. ifteen years ago, mega ?niversity implemented a new procedure that encouragedstudents to evaluate the teaching e*ectiveness of all their professors. >ince that time,mega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall studentgrade averages at mega have risen by 06 percent. Potential employers, looking at thisdramatic rise in grades, believe that grades at mega are inHated and do not accuratelyreHect student achievement7 as a result, mega graduates have not been as successful atgetting 'obs as have graduates from nearby )lpha ?niversity. #o enable its graduates tosecure better 'obs, mega ?niversity should terminate student evaluation of professors.

10. 3n an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty /ounty last year lowered its speed limitfrom 88 to 48 miles per hour on all county highways. "ut this e*ort has failed= the numberof accidents has not decreased, and, based on reports by the highway patrol, many drivers



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are eCceeding the speed limit. Prunty /ounty should instead undertake the same kind ofroad improvement pro'ect that "utler /ounty completed &ve years ago= increasing lanewidths, resurfacing rough highways, and improving visibility at dangerous intersections.

#oday, ma'or "utler /ounty roads still have a 88 mph speed limit, yet there were (8 percentfewer reported accidents in "utler /ounty this past year than there were &ve years ago.

#he following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.14. ) recent study rating 066 male and female 2entian advertising eCecutives according to the

average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount

of sleep the eCecutives need and the success of their &rms. f the advertising &rms studied,those whose eCecutives reported needing no more than : hours of sleep per night hadhigher pro&t margins and faster growth. #hese results suggest that if a business wants toprosper, it should hire only people who need less than : hours of sleep per night.

#he following memorandum is from the business manager of <appy Pancake <ouserestaurants.

18. Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in <appy Pancake <ouse restaurantsthroughout the southwestern ?nited >tates. #his change, however, has had little impact onour customers. 3n fact, only about ( percent of customers have complained, indicating thatan average of E; people out of 166 are happy with the change. urthermore, many servershave reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when theyare given margarine instead. /learly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from

margarine or they use the term +butter+ to refer to either butter or margarine.1:. 3n surveys 2ason /ity residents rank water sports swimming, boating, and &shing- among

their favorite recreational activities. #he 2ason River Howing through the city is rarely usedfor these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget tomaintaining riverside recreational facilities. or years there have been complaints fromresidents about the %uality of the river+s water and the river+s smell. 3n response, the statehas recently announced plans to clean up 2ason River. ?se of the river for water sports is,therefore, sure to increase. #he city government should for that reason devote more moneyin this year+s budget to riverside recreational facilities.

#he following appeared in a memorandum from the manager of WW)/ radio station.1A. #o reverse a decline in listener numbers, our owners have decided that WW)/ must change

from its current rock$music format. #he decline has occurred despite population growth in

our listening area, but that growth has resulted mainly from people moving here after theirretirement. We must make listeners of these new residents. We could switch to a musicformat tailored to their tastes, but a continuing decline in local sales of recorded musicsuggests limited interest in music. 3nstead we should change to a news and talk format, aform of radio that is increasingly popular in our area.

#he following is a memorandum from the business manager of a television station.1;. ver the past year, our late$night news program has devoted increased time to nationa

news and less time to weather and local news. @uring this period, most of the complaintsreceived from viewers were concerned with our station+s coverage of weather and localnews. 3n addition, local businesses that used to advertise during our late$night newsprogram have canceled their advertising contracts with us. #herefore, in order to attractmore viewers to our news programs and to avoid losing any further advertising revenues,

we should eCpand our coverage of weather and local news on all our news programs.1E. #wo years ago, radio station W/IP in Rockville decided to increase the number of call$in

advice programs that it broadcast7 since that time, its share of the radio audience in theRockville listening area has increased signi&cantly. Jiven W/IP+s recent success with call$inadvice programming, and citing a nationwide survey indicating that many radio listeners are%uite interested in such programs, the station manager of G3/G in 2edway recommends thatG3/G include more call$in advice programs in an attempt to gain a larger audience share inits listening area.

#he following is a memorandum from the business manager of a television station.(6. ver the past year, our late$night news program has devoted increased time to nationa

news and less time to weather and local news. @uring this time period, most of the



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complaints received from viewers were concerned with our station+s coverage of weatherand local news. 3n addition, local businesses that used to advertise during our late$nightnews program have 'ust canceled their advertising contracts with us. #herefore, in order toattract more viewers to the program and to avoid losing any further advertising revenues,we should restore the time devoted to weather and local news to its former level.

#he following appeared in an article written by @r. Garp, an anthropologist.(1. #wenty years ago, @r. ield, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of #ertia and

concluded from his observations that children in #ertia were reared by an entire village

rather than by their own biological parents. <owever, my recent interviews with childrenliving in the group of islands that includes #ertia show that these children spend much moretime talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. #hisresearch of mine proves that @r. ield+s conclusion about #ertian village culture is invalid andthus that the observation$centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. #heinterview$centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in #ertiawill establish a much more accurate understanding of child$rearing traditions there and inother island cultures.

((. )ccording to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise<owever, Jroveton /ollege has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honorcode, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and tonotify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Jroveton+s honor code

replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students7 under that system,teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. 3n the &rst year the honorcode was in place, students reported twenty$one cases of cheating7 &ve years later, this&gure had dropped to fourteen. 2oreover, in a recent survey, a ma'ority of Jrovetonstudents said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place thanwithout. #hus, all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Jroveton+s inorder to decrease cheating among students.

#he following appeared in an article written by @r. Garp, an anthropologist.(0. #wenty years ago, @r. ield, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of #ertia and

concluded from his observations that children in #ertia were reared by an entire villagerather than by their own biological parents. <owever, my recent interviews with childrenliving in the group of islands that includes #ertia show that these children spend much more

time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. #hisresearch of mine proves that @r. ield+s conclusion about #ertian village culture is invalid andthus that the observation$centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. #heinterview$centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in #ertiawill establish a much more accurate understanding of child$rearing traditions there and inother island cultures.

(4. ) recently issued twenty$year study on headaches su*ered by the residents of 2entiainvestigated the possible therapeutic e*ect of consuming salicylates. >alicylates aremembers of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches.)lthough many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, food$processing companies also addsalicylates to foods as preservatives. #he twenty$year study found a correlation between therise in the commercial use of salicylates and a steady decline in the average number of

headaches reported by study participants. )t the time when the study concluded, food$processing companies had 'ust discovered that salicylates can also be used as Havoradditives for foods, and, as a result, many companies plan to do so. "ased on these studyresults, some health eCperts predict that residents of 2entia will su*er even fewerheadaches in the future.

#he following was written as a part of an application for a small$business loan by a group ofdevelopers in the city of 2onroe.

(8. ) 'azz music club in 2onroe would be a tremendously pro&table enterprise. /urrently, thenearest 'azz club is :8 miles away7 thus, the proposed new 'azz club in 2onroe, the /$Fote,would have the local market all to itself. Plus, 'azz is eCtremely popular in 2onroe= over166,666 people attended 2onroe+s annual 'azz festival last summer7 several well$known 'azz



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musicians live in 2onroe7 and the highest$rated radio program in 2onroe is +Kazz Fightly,+which airs every weeknight at A P.2. inally, a nationwide study indicates that the typica

'azz fan spends close to 91,666 per year on 'azz entertainment. #he following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches su*ered by the residents

of 2entia.(:. >alicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat

headaches. )lthough many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past severadecades, food$processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as

preservatives. #his rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate witha steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in ourtwenty$year study. Recently, food$processing companies have found that salicylates can alsobe used as Havor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can eCpect acontinued steady decline in the number of headaches su*ered by the average citizen of2entia.

#he following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.(A. /ommuters complain that increased rush$hour traDc on "lue <ighway between the

suburbs and the city center has doubled their commuting time. #he favored proposal of themotorists+ lobby is to widen the highway, adding an additional lane of traDc. "ut last year+saddition of a lane to the nearby Jreen <ighway was followed by a worsening of traDc 'amson it. ) better alternative is to add a bicycle lane to "lue <ighway. 2any area residents are

keen bicyclists. ) bicycle lane would encourage them to use bicycles to commute, and sowould reduce rush$hour traDc rather than fostering an increase.

#he following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches su*ered by the residentsof 2entia.

(;. >alicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treatheadaches. )lthough many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past severadecades, food$processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods aspreservatives. #his rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate witha steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in ourtwenty$year study. Recently, food$processing companies have found that salicylates can alsobe used as Havor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can eCpect acontinued steady decline in the number of headaches su*ered by the average citizen of

2entia.

#he following appeared in an editorial in a local newspaper.(E. /ommuters complain that increased rush$hour traDc on "lue <ighway between the

suburbs and the city center has doubled their commuting time. #he favored proposal of themotorists+ lobby is to widen the highway, adding an additional lane of traDc. pponentsnote that last year+s addition of a lane to the nearby Jreen <ighway was followed by aworsening of traDc 'ams on it. #heir suggested alternative proposal is adding a bicycle laneto "lue <ighway. 2any area residents are keen bicyclists. ) bicycle lane would encouragethem to use bicycles to commute, it is argued, thereby reducing rush$hour traDc.

#he following appeared as a recommendation by a committee planning a ten$year budgetfor the city of /alatrava.

06. #he birthrate in our city is declining= in fact, last year+s birthrate was only one$half that of&ve years ago. #hus the number of students enrolled in our public schools will soondecrease dramatically, and we can safely reduce the funds budgeted for education duringthe neCt decade. )t the same time, we can reduce funding for athletic playing &elds andother recreational facilities. )s a result, we will have suDcient money to fund city facilitiesand programs used primarily by adults, since we can eCpect the adult population of the cityto increase.

#he following appeared in a letter to the editor of Parson /ity+s local newspaper.



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01. 3n our region of #rillura, the ma'ority of money spent on the schools that most studentsattend5the city$run public schools5comes from taCes that each city government collects.

#he region+s cities di*er, however, in the budgetary priority they give to public education.or eCample, both as a proportion of its overall taC revenues and in absolute terms, Parson/ity has recently spent almost twice as much per year as "lue /ity has for its public schools5even though both cities have about the same number of residents. /learly, Parson /ityresidents place a higher value on providing a good education in public schools than "lue/ity residents do.

#he following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Iuiot 2anufacturing.0(. @uring the past year, Iuiot 2anufacturing had 06 percent more on$the$'ob accidents thanat the nearby Panoply 3ndustries plant, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours.LCperts say that signi&cant contributing factors in many on$the$'ob accidents are fatigueand sleep deprivation among workers. #herefore, to reduce the number of on$the$'obaccidents at Iuiot and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our threework shifts by one hour so that employees will get ade%uate amounts of sleep.

#he following appeared in a memorandum from the planning department of an electricpower company.

00. >everal recent surveys indicate that home owners are increasingly eager to conserveenergy. )t the same time, manufacturers are now marketing many home appliances, suchas refrigerators and air conditioners, that are almost twice as energy eDcient as those sold

a decade ago. )lso, new technologies for better home insulation and passive solar heatingare readily available to reduce the energy needed for home heating. #herefore, the totaldemand for electricity in our area will not increase5and may decline slightly. >ince ourthree electric generating plants in operation for the past twenty years have always met ourneeds, construction of new generating plants will not be necessary.

#he vice president of human resources at /limpson 3ndustries sent the followingrecommendation to the company+s president.

04. 3n an e*ort to improve our employees+ productivity, we should implement electronicmonitoring of employees+ 3nternet use from their workstations. Lmployees who use the3nternet from their workstations need to be identi&ed and punished if we are to reduce thenumber of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities, such as shopping orplaying games. "y installing software to detect employees+ 3nternet use on company

computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better work ethic at/limpson, and improve our overall pro&ts.

#he following appeared in a letter from the owner of the >unnyside #owers apartmentcompleC to its manager.

08. ne month ago, all the showerheads in the &rst three buildings of the >unnyside #owerscompleC were modi&ed to restrict maCimum water How to one$third of what it used to be.)lthough actual readings of water usage before and after the ad'ustment are not yetavailable, the change will obviously result in a considerable savings for >unnyside/orporation, since the corporation must pay for water each month. LCcept for a fewcomplaints about low water pressure, no problems with showers have been reported sincethe ad'ustment. 3 predict that modifying showerheads to restrict water How throughout alltwelve buildings in the >unnyside #owers compleC will increase our pro&ts even more

dramatically. #he following report appeared in the newsletter of the West 2eria Public <ealth /ouncil.0:. )n innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to signi&cantly reduce

absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. ) study reports that in nearby Last 2eria,where &sh consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year forthe treatment of colds. /learly, eating a substantial amount of &sh can prevent colds. >incecolds represent the most fre%uently given reason for absences from school and work, werecommend the daily use of 3chthaid5a nutritional supplement derived from &sh oil5as agood way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism.

#he following appeared in a recommendation from the planning department of the city of #ransopolis.



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0A. #en years ago, as part of a comprehensive urban renewal program, the city of #ransopolisadapted for industrial use a large area of severely substandard housing near the freeway.>ubse%uently, several factories were constructed there, crime rates in the area declined,and property taC revenues for the entire city increased. #o further revitalize the city, weshould now take similar action in a declining residential area on the opposite side of the city.>ince some houses and apartments in eCisting nearby neighborhoods are currentlyunoccupied, alternate housing for those displaced by this action will be readily available.

#he following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of >artorian, a company that

manufactures men+s clothing.0;. ive years ago, at a time when we had diDculties in obtaining reliable supplies of high%uality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our alpaca overcoat. Fow that we have anew fabric supplier, we should resume production. #his coat should sell very well= since wehave not o*ered an alpaca overcoat for &ve years and since our ma'or competitor no longermakes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent$up customer demand. )lso, since the price ofmost types of clothing has increased in each of the past &ve years, customers should bewilling to pay signi&cantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did &ve years ago,and our company pro&ts will increase.

0E. ) recent sales study indicates that consumption of seafood dishes in "ay /ity restaurantshas increased by 06 percent during the past &ve years. Met there are no currently operatingcity restaurants whose specialty is seafood. 2oreover, the ma'ority of families in "ay /ity

are two$income families, and a nationwide study has shown that such families eatsigni&cantly fewer home$cooked meals than they did a decade ago but at the same timeeCpress more concern about healthful eating. #herefore, the new /aptain >eafoodrestaurant that specializes in seafood should be %uite popular and pro&table.

46. 2ilk and dairy products are rich in vitamin @ and calcium5substances essential for buildingand maintaining bones. 2any people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can helpprevent osteoporosis, a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors andthat causes the bones to weaken signi&cantly with age. "ut a long$term study of a largenumber of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughoutthe years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants inthe study. >ince bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis, this study result showsthat a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of

osteoporosis. #he following appeared in a health newsletter.41. ) ten$year nationwide study of the e*ectiveness of wearing a helmet while bicycling

indicates that ten years ago, approCimately 08 percent of all bicyclists reported wearinghelmets, whereas today that number is nearly ;6 percent. )nother study, howeversuggests that during the same ten$year period, the number of bicycle$related accidents hasincreased (66 percent. #hese results demonstrate that bicyclists feel safer because they arewearing helmets, and they take more risks as a result. #hus, to reduce the number ofserious in'uries from bicycle accidents, the government should concentrate more oneducating people about bicycle safety and less on encouraging or re%uiring bicyclists towear helmets.

#he following is a letter to the head of the tourism bureau on the island of #ria.

4(. Lrosion of beach sand along the shores of #ria 3sland is a serious threat to our island andour tourist industry. 3n order to stop the erosion, we should charge people for using thebeaches. )lthough this solution may annoy a few tourists in the short term, it will raisemoney for replenishing the sand. Replenishing the sand, as was done to protect buildings onthe nearby island of "atia, will help protect buildings along our shores, thereby reducingthese buildings+ risk of additional damage from severe storms. )nd since beaches andbuildings in the area will be preserved, #ria+s tourist industry will improve over the longterm.

#he following appeared in a memorandum written by the chairperson of the West Lgg #own/ouncil.



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40. #wo years ago, consultants predicted that West Lgg+s land&ll, which is used for garbagedisposal, would be completely &lled within &ve years. @uring the past two years, however,the town+s residents have been recycling twice as much material as they did in previousyears. FeCt month the amount of recycled material5which includes paper, plastic, andmetal5should further increase, since charges for pickup of other household garbage willdouble. urthermore, over E6 percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that theywould do more recycling in the future. "ecause of our town+s strong commitment torecycling, the available space in our land&ll should last for considerably longer than

predicted. #he following appeared in a letter to the editor of a 'ournal on environmental issues.44. ver the past year, the /rust /opper /ompany ///- has purchased over 16,666 s%uare

miles of land in the tropical nation of West redonia. 2ining copper on this land wilinevitably result in pollution and, since West redonia is the home of several endangeredanimal species, in environmental disaster. "ut such disasters can be prevented if consumerssimply refuse to purchase products that are made with ///+s copper unless the companyabandons its mining plans.

#he following is part of a memorandum from the president of <umana ?niversity.48. !ast year the number of students who enrolled in online degree programs o*ered by

nearby mni ?niversity increased by 86 percent. @uring the same year, mni showed asigni&cant decrease from prior years in eCpenditures for dormitory and classroom space,

most likely because instruction in the online programs takes place via the 3nternet. 3ncontrast, over the past three years, enrollment at <umana ?niversity has failed to grow, andthe cost of maintaining buildings has increased along with our budget de&cit. #o addressthese problems, <umana ?niversity will begin immediately to create and actively promoteonline degree programs like those at mni. We predict that instituting these online degreeprograms will help <umana both increase its total enrollment and solve its budgetproblems.

#he following appeared in a health magazine published in /orpora.4:. 2edical eCperts say that only one$%uarter of /orpora+s citizens meet the current standards

for ade%uate physical &tness, even though twenty years ago, one$half of all of /orpora+scitizens met the standards as then de&ned. "ut these eCperts are mistaken when theysuggest that spending too much time using computers has caused a decline in &tness. >ince

overall &tness levels are highest in regions of /orpora where levels of computer ownershipare also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically &t.3nstead, as shown by this year+s unusually low eCpenditures on &tness$related products andservices, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and &tness levels willimprove when the economy does.

#he following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of 2ovies Jalore, a chain ofmovie$rental stores.

4A. "ecause of declining pro&ts, we must reduce operating eCpenses at 2ovies Jalore+s tenmovie$rental stores. Raising prices is not a good option, since we are famous for our lowprices. 3nstead, we should reduce our operating hours. !ast month our store in downtown2arston reduced its hours by closing at :=66 p.m. rather than E=66 p.m. and reduced itsoverall inventory by no longer stocking any @N@ released more than &ve years ago. >ince

we have received very few customer complaints about these new policies, we should nowadopt them at all other 2ovies Jalore stores as our best strategies for improving pro&ts.

#he following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement.4;. /learview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire, because it has

spectacular natural beauty and a consistent climate. )nother advantage is that housingcosts in /learview have fallen signi&cantly during the past year, and taCes remain lowerthan those in neighboring towns. 2oreover, /learview+s mayor promises many newprograms to improve schools, streets, and public services. )nd best of all, retirees in/learview can also eCpect eCcellent health care as they grow older, since the number ofphysicians in the area is far greater than the national average.

#he following is part of a memorandum from the president of <umana ?niversity.



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4E. !ast year the number of students who enrolled in online degree programs o*ered bynearby mni ?niversity increased by 86 percent. @uring the same year, mni showed asigni&cant decrease from prior years in eCpenditures for dormitory and classroom space,most likely because online instruction takes place via the 3nternet. 3n contrast, over the pastthree years, enrollment at <umana ?niversity has failed to grow and the cost of maintainingbuildings has increased. #hus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budgetde&cits at <umana ?niversity, we should initiate and actively promote online degreeprograms like those at mni.

86. )n ancient, traditional remedy for insomnia5the scent of lavender Howers5has now beenproved e*ective. 3n a recent study, 06 volunteers with chronic insomnia slept each night forthree weeks on lavender$scented pillows in a controlled room where their sleep wasmonitored electronically. @uring the &rst week, volunteers continued to take their usualsleeping medication. #hey slept soundly but wakened feeling tired. )t the beginning of thesecond week, the volunteers discontinued their sleeping medication. @uring that week, theyslept less soundly than the previous week and felt even more tired. @uring the third week,the volunteers slept longer and more soundly than in the previous two weeks. #herefore, thestudy proves that lavender cures insomnia within a short period of time.


81. "utter has now been replaced by margarine in <appy Pancake <ouse restaurants

throughout the southwestern ?nited >tates. nly about ( percent of customers havecomplained, indicating that E; people out of 166 are happy with the change. urthermore,many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complainwhen they are given margarine instead. /learly, either these customers cannot distinguishbutter from margarine or they use the term +butter+ to refer to either butter or margarine.

#hus, to avoid the eCpense of purchasing butter and to increase pro&tability, the <appyPancake <ouse should eCtend this cost$saving change to its restaurants in the southeastand northeast as well.

#he following appeared in a letter from the owner of the >unnyside #owers apartmentbuilding to its manager.

8(. ne month ago, all the showerheads on the &rst &ve Hoors of >unnyside #owers weremodi&ed to restrict the water How to approCimately one$third of its original How. )lthough

actual readings of water usage before and after the ad'ustment are not yet available, thechange will obviously result in a considerable savings for >unnyside /orporation, since thecorporation must pay for water each month. LCcept for a few complaints about low waterpressure, no problems with showers have been reported since the ad'ustment. /learlyrestricting water How throughout all the twenty Hoors of >unnyside #owers will increase ourpro&ts further.

#he following appeared in a health magazine.80. #he citizens of orsythe have adopted more healthful lifestyles. #heir responses to a recent

survey show that in their eating habits they conform more closely to government nutritionalrecommendations than they did ten years ago. urthermore, there has been a fourfoldincrease in sales of food products containing kiran, a substance that a scienti&c study hasshown reduces cholesterol. #his trend is also evident in reduced sales of sulia, a food that

few of the most healthy citizens regularly eat.84. <umans arrived in the Galiko 3slands about A,666 years ago, and within 0,666 years most of

the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Galiko 3slands had becomeeCtinct. Met humans cannot have been a factor in the species+ eCtinctions, because there isno evidence that the humans had any signi&cant contact with the mammals. urtherarchaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of &sh had been discarded,but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humanscannot have hunted the mammals. #herefore, some climate change or other environmentafactor must have caused the species+ eCtinctions.

#he following appeared in an editorial in a business magazine.



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88. )lthough the sales of Whirlwind video games have declined over the past two years, arecent survey of video$game players suggests that this sales trend is about to be reversed.

#he survey asked video$game players what features they thought were most important in avideo game. )ccording to the survey, players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics,which re%uire the most up$to$date computers. Whirlwind has 'ust introduced several suchgames with an eCtensive advertising campaign directed at people ten to twenty$&ve yearsold, the age$group most likely to play video games. 3t follows, then, that the sales ofWhirlwind video games are likely to increase dramatically in the neCt few months.

#he following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at @ura$>ock, 3nc.8:. ) recent study of our customers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spendson its patented Lndure manufacturing process, which ensures that our socks are strongenough to last for two years. We have always advertised our use of the Lndure process, butthe new study shows that despite our socks+ durability, our average customer actuallypurchases new @ura$>ocks every three months. urthermore, our customers surveyed in ourlargest market, northeastern ?nited >tates cities, say that they most value @ura$>ocks+stylish appearance and availability in many colors. #hese &ndings suggest that we canincrease our pro&ts by discontinuing use of the Lndure manufacturing process.

#he following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at @ura$>ock, 3nc.8A. ) recent study of our customers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spends

on its patented Lndure manufacturing process, which ensures that our socks are strong

enough to last for two years. We have always advertised our use of the Lndure process, butthe new study shows that despite our socks+ durability, our average customer actuallypurchases new @ura$>ocks every three months. urthermore, our customers surveyed in ourlargest market, northeastern ?nited >tates cities, say that they most value @ura$>ocks+stylish appearance and availability in many colors. #hese &ndings suggest that we canincrease our pro&ts by discontinuing use of the Lndure manufacturing process.

#he vice president for human resources at /limpson 3ndustries sent the followingrecommendation to the company+s president.

8;. 3n an e*ort to improve our employees+ productivity, we should implement electronicmonitoring of employees+ 3nternet use from their workstations. Lmployees who use the3nternet inappropriately from their workstations need to be identi&ed and punished if we areto reduce the number of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities, such as

shopping or playing games. 3nstalling software on company computers to detect employees3nternet use is the best way to prevent employees from wasting time on the 'ob. 3t will fostera better work ethic at /limpson and improve our overall pro&ts.

#he following appeared in a memo from the president of "ower "uilders, a company thatconstructs new homes.

8E. ) nationwide survey reveals that the two most$desired home features are a large familyroom and a large, well$appointed kitchen. ) number of homes in our area built by ourcompetitor @omus /onstruction have such features and have sold much faster and atsigni&cantly higher prices than the national average. #o boost sales and pro&ts, we shouldincrease the size of the family rooms and kitchens in all the homes we build and shouldmake state$of$the$art kitchens a standard feature. 2oreover, our larger family rooms andkitchens can come at the eCpense of the dining room, since many of our recent buyers say

they do not need a separate dining room for family meals. #he following appeared in a letter from a &rm providing investment advice for a client.:6. 2ost homes in the northeastern ?nited >tates, where winters are typically cold, have

traditionally used oil as their ma'or fuel for heating. !ast heating season that regioneCperienced E6 days with below$normal temperatures, and climate forecasters predict thatthis weather pattern will continue for several more years. urthermore, many new homesare being built in the region in response to recent population growth. "ecause of thesetrends, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in/onsolidated 3ndustries, one of whose ma'or business operations is the retail sale of homeheating oil.

#he following appeared in an article in the Grandview Beacon.



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:1. or many years the city of Jrandview has provided annual funding for the Jrandview>ymphony. !ast year, however, private contributions to the symphony increased by (66percent and attendance at the symphony+s concerts$in$the$park series doubled. #hesymphony has also announced an increase in ticket prices for neCt year. Jiven suchdevelopments, some city commissioners argue that the symphony can now be fully self$supporting, and they recommend that funding for the symphony be eliminated from neCtyear+s budget.

#he following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.

:(. 3n a laboratory study of li%uid antibacterial hand soaps, a concentrated solution of?ltra/lean produced a 46 percent greater reduction in the bacteria population than did theli%uid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. @uring a subse%uent test of ?ltra/lean atour hospital in Workby, that hospital reported signi&cantly fewer cases of patient infectionthan did any of the other hospitals in our group. #herefore, to prevent serious patientinfections, we should supply ?ltra/lean at all hand$washing stations throughout our hospitalsystem.

#he following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily newspaper.:0. #hroughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine

participated in youth$league sports, over 46,666 of these young players su*ered in'uries.When interviewed for a recent study, youth$league soccer players in several ma'or citiesalso reported psychological pressure eCerted by coaches and parents to win games

urthermore, education eCperts say that long practice sessions for these sports take awaytime that could be used for academic activities. >ince the disadvantages outweigh anyadvantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for childrenunder nine.

:4. /ollectors prize the ancient life$size clay statues of human &gures made on Gali 3sland buthave long wondered how Galinese artists were able to depict bodies with such realisticprecision. >ince archaeologists have recently discovered molds of human heads and handson Gali, we can now conclude that the ancient Galinese artists used molds of actual bodies,not sculpting tools and techni%ues, to create these statues. #his discovery eCplains whyGalinese miniature statues were abstract and entirely di*erent in style= molds could be usedonly for life$size sculptures. 3t also eCplains why few ancient Galinese sculpting tools havebeen found. 3n light of this discovery, collectors predict that the life$size sculptures will

decrease in value while the miniatures increase in value.:8. When >tanley Park &rst opened, it was the largest, most heavily used public park in town. 3t

is still the largest park, but it is no longer heavily used. Nideo cameras mounted in thepark+s parking lots last month revealed the park+s drop in popularity= the recordings showedan average of only 86 cars per day. 3n contrast, tiny /arlton Park in the heart of the businessdistrict is visited by more than 186 people on a typical weekday. )n obvious di*erence isthat /arlton Park, unlike >tanley Park, provides ample seating. #hus, if >tanley Park is everto be as popular with our citizens as /arlton Park, the town will obviously need to providemore benches, thereby converting some of the unused open areas into spaces suitable forsocializing.

#he following appeared in a memo from the owner of a chain of cheese stores locatedthroughout the ?nited >tates.

::. or many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic andimported cheeses. !ast year, however, all of the &ve best$selling cheeses at our neweststore were domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. urthermore, a recent survey byCheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheesesamong its subscribers. >ince our company can reduce eCpenses by limiting inventory, thebest way to improve pro&ts in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of ourvarieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses.

#he following appeared as part of a business plan developed by the manager of the Rialto2ovie #heater.

:A. @espite its downtown location, the Rialto 2ovie #heater, a local institution for &ve decadesmust make big changes or close its doors forever. 3t should follow the eCample of the new



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)peC #heater in the mall outside of town. When the )peC opened last year, it featured avideo arcade, plush carpeting and seats, and a state$of$the$art sound system. urthermore,in a recent survey, over ;8 percent of respondents reported that the high price of newlyreleased movies prevents them from going to the movies more than &ve times per year.

#hus, if the Rialto intends to hold on to its share of a decreasing pool of moviegoers, it musto*er the same features as )peC.

:;. ) recent study reported that pet owners have longer, healthier lives on average than dopeople who own no pets. >peci&cally, dog owners tend to have a lower incidence of heart

disease. 3n light of these &ndings, >herwood <ospital should form a partnership with>herwood )nimal >helter to institute an adopt$a$dog program. #he program wouldencourage dog ownership for patients recovering from heart disease, which should reducethese patients+ chance of eCperiencing continuing heart problems and also reduce theirneed for ongoing treatment. )s a further bene&t, the publicity about the program wouldencourage more people to adopt pets from the shelter. )nd that will reduce the incidence ofheart disease in the general population.

#he following appeared in a memo from a vice president of a large, highly diversi&edcompany.

:E. #en years ago our company had two new oDce buildings constructed as regionahead%uarters for two regions. #he buildings were erected by di*erent constructioncompanies5)lpha and Oeta. )lthough the two buildings had identical Hoor plans, the

building constructed by Oeta cost 06 percent more to build. <owever, that building+seCpenses for maintenance last year were only half those of )lpha+s. 3n addition, the energyconsumption of the Oeta building has been lower than that of the )lpha building every yearsince its construction. Jiven these data, plus the fact that Oeta has a stable workforce withlittle employee turnover, we recommend using Oeta rather than )lpha for our new buildingpro'ect, even though )lpha+s bid promises lower construction costs.


A6. #en years ago our company had two new oDce buildings constructed as regionahead%uarters for two regions. #he buildings were erected by di*erent constructioncompanies5)lpha and Oeta. )lthough the two buildings had identical Hoor plans, thebuilding constructed by Oeta cost 06 percent more to build. <owever, that building+s

eCpenses for maintenance last year were only half those of )lpha+s. urthermore, the energyconsumption of the Oeta building has been lower than that of the )lpha building every yearsince its construction. >uch data indicate that we should use Oeta rather than )lpha for ourcontemplated new building pro'ect, even though )lpha+s bid promises lower constructioncosts.

#he following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times.A1. #raDc here in Waymarsh is becoming a problem. )lthough 'ust three years ago a state

traDc survey showed that the typical driving commuter took (6 minutes to get to work, thecommute now takes closer to 46 minutes, according to the survey 'ust completed. 2embersof the town council already have suggested more road building to address the problem, butas well as being eCpensive, the new construction will surely disrupt some of our residentianeighborhoods. 3t would be better to follow the eCample of the nearby city of Jarville. !ast

year Jarville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work, givingthem coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Jarville have dropped since the policy wasimplemented, and people from Jarville tell me that commuting times have fallenconsiderably. #here is no reason why a policy like Jarville+s shouldn+t work e%ually well inWaymarsh.

#he following appeared as a letter to the editor of a national newspaper.A(. Mour recent article on corporate downsizing in Llthyria maintains that the ma'ority of

competent workers who have lost 'obs as a result of downsizing face serious economichardship, often for years, before &nding other suitable employment. "ut this claim isundermined by a recent report on the Llthyrian economy, which found that since 1EEE farmore 'obs have been created than have been eliminated, bringing the unemployment rate



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in Llthyria to its lowest level in decades. 2oreover, two$thirds of these newly created 'obshave been in industries that tend to pay above$average wages, and the vast ma'ority ofthese 'obs are full$time.@ownsizing is the process whereby corporations deliberately makethemselves smaller, reducing the number of their employees.

#he following appeared on the 2ozart >chool of 2usic Web site.A0. #he 2ozart >chool of 2usic should be the &rst choice for parents considering enrolling their

child in music lessons. irst of all, the 2ozart >chool welcomes youngsters at all ability andage levels7 there is no audition to attend the school. >econd, the school o*ers instruction in

nearly all musical instruments as well a wide range of styles and genres from classical torock. #hird, the faculty includes some of the most distinguished musicians in the area.inally, many 2ozart graduates have gone on to become well$known and highly paidprofessional musicians.

A4. #he president of Jrove /ollege has recommended that the college abandon its century$oldtradition of all$female education and begin admitting men. Pointing to other all$femalecolleges that eCperienced an increase in applications after adopting coeducation, thepresident argues that coeducation would lead to a signi&cant increase in applications andenrollment. <owever, the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan. )rguing thatall$female education is essential to the very identity of the college, the director cites annualsurveys of incoming students in which these students say that the school+s all$female statuswas the primary reason they selected Jrove. #he director also points to a survey of Jrove

alumnae in which a ma'ority of respondents strongly favored keeping the college all female. #he following appeared in a letter to the editor of a "atavia newspaper.A8. #he department of agriculture in "atavia reports that the number of dairy farms throughout

the country is now (8 percent greater than it was 16 years ago. @uring this same timeperiod, however, the price of milk at the local LCcello ood 2arket has increased from 91.86to over 90.66 per gallon. #o prevent farmers from continuing to receive eCcessive pro&ts onan apparently increased supply of milk, the "atavia government should begin to regulateretail milk prices. >uch regulation is necessary to ensure fair prices for consumers.

#he following appeared in a newsletter o*ering advice to investors.A:. ver ;6 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their

intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol, and today low$fat products abound in manyfood stores. >ince many of the food products currently marketed by ld @airy 3ndustries are

high in fat and cholesterol, the company+s sales are likely to diminish greatly and companypro&ts will no doubt decrease. We therefore advise ld @airy stockholders to sell theirshares, and other investors not to purchase stock in this company.

#he following recommendation appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of <opewell.AA. #wo years ago, the nearby town of cean Niew built a new municipal golf course and resort

hotel. @uring the past two years, tourism in cean Niew has increased, new businesses haveopened there, and cean Niew+s taC revenues have risen by 06 percent. #herefore, the bestway to improve <opewell+s economy5and generate additional taC revenues5is to build agolf course and resort hotel similar to those in cean Niew.

#he following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a food distribution companywith food storage warehouses in several cities.

A;. Recently, we signed a contract with the ly$)way Pest /ontrol /ompany to provide pest

control services at our fast$food warehouse in Palm /ity, but last month we discovered thatover 9(6,666 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. 2eanwhile, the"uzzo* Pest /ontrol /ompany, which we have used for many years, continued to service ourwarehouse in Wintervale, and last month only 916,666 worth of the food stored there hadbeen destroyed by pest damage. Lven though the price charged by ly$)way is considerablylower, our best means of saving money is to return to "uzzo* for all our pest controlservices.

AE. >ince those issues of Newsbeat magazine that featured political news on their front coverwere the poorest$selling issues over the past three years, the publisher of Newsbeat hasrecommended that the magazine curtail its emphasis on politics to focus more eCclusivelyon economics and personal &nance. >he points to a recent survey of readers of general



P a g e | 14

interest magazines that indicates greater reader interest in economic issues than in politicalones. Newsbeat +s editor, however, opposes the proposed shift in editorial policy, pointingout that very few magazines o*er eCtensive political coverage anymore.

#he following is taken from a memo from the advertising director of the >uper >creen 2ovieProduction /ompany.

;6. )ccording to a recent report from our marketing department, during the past year, fewerpeople attended >uper >creen$produced movies than in any other year. )nd yet thepercentage of positive reviews by movie reviewers about speci&c >uper >creen movies

actually increased during the past year. /learly, the contents of these reviews are notreaching enough of our prospective viewers. #hus, the problem lies not with the %uality ofour movies but with the public+s lack of awareness that movies of good %uality are available.>uper >creen should therefore allocate a greater share of its budget neCt year to reachingthe public through advertising.

#he following appeared in a business magazine.;1. )s a result of numerous complaints of dizziness and nausea on the part of consumers of

Promofoods tuna, the company re%uested that eight million cans of its tuna be returned fortesting. Promofoods concluded that the canned tuna did not, after all, pose a health risk.

#his conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemistsfrom Promofoods7 the chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonlyblamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, &ve were not found in any of the

tested cans. #he chemists did &nd small amounts of the three remaining suspectedchemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods.

#he following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at @ura$>ocks, 3nc.;(. ) recent study of @ura$>ocks customers suggests that our company is wasting the money

it spends on its patented Lndure manufacturing process, which ensures that our socks arestrong enough to last for two years. We have always advertised our use of the Lndureprocess, but the new study shows that despite the socks+ durability, our customers, onaverage, actually purchase new @ura$>ocks every three months. urthermore, customerssurveyed in our largest market5northeastern ?nited >tates cities5say that they most value@ura$>ocks+ stylish appearance and availability in many colors. #hese &ndings suggest thatwe can increase our pro&ts by discontinuing use of the Lndure manufacturing process.

#he following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine.

;0. 3n 1EA8 a wildlife census found that there were seven species of amphibians in QanaduFational Park, with abundant numbers of each species. <owever, in (66( only four speciesof amphibians were observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drasticallyreduced. #here has been a substantial decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide, andglobal pollution of water and air is clearly implicated. #he decline of amphibians in QanaduFational Park, however, almost certainly has a di*erent cause= in 1EA8, trout5which areknown to eat amphibian eggs5were introduced into the park.

#he following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine.;4. #wo studies of amphibians in Qanadu Fational Park con&rm a signi&cant decline in the

numbers of amphibians. 3n 1EA8 there were seven species of amphibians in the park, andthere were abundant numbers of each species. <owever, in (66( only four species ofamphibians were observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically

reduced. ne proposed eCplanation is that the decline was caused by the introduction oftrout into the park+s waters, which began in 1EA8. #rout are known to eat amphibian eggs.-

;8. 3n a study of the reading habits of Waymarsh citizens conducted by the ?niversity ofWaymarsh, most respondents said that they preferred literary classics as reading material.<owever, a second study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of bookmost fre%uently checked out of each of the public libraries in Waymarsh was the mysterynovel. #herefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the &rst study hadmisrepresented their reading habits.

#he following appeared in a memo at QMO company.;:. When QMO lays o* employees, it pays @elany Personnel irm to o*er those employees

assistance in creating rBsumBs and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. !aid$o*



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employees have bene&ted greatly from @elany+s services= last year those who used @elanyfound 'obs much more %uickly than did those who did not. Recently, it has been proposedthat we use the less eCpensive Walsh Personnel irm in place of @elany. #his would be amistake because eight years ago, when QMO was using Walsh, only half of the workers welaid o* at that time found 'obs within a year. 2oreover, @elany is clearly superior, asevidenced by its bigger sta* and larger number of branch oDces. )fter all, last year@elany+s clients took an average of siC months to &nd 'obs, whereas Walsh+s clients tooknine.

;A. 3n a study of the reading habits of Waymarsh citizens conducted by the ?niversity ofWaymarsh, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material<owever, a second study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of bookmost fre%uently checked out of each of the public libraries in Waymarsh was the mysterynovel. #herefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the &rst study hadmisrepresented their reading preferences.

#he following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of <ealth Faturally, asmall but eCpanding chain of stores selling health food and other health$related products.

;;. ur previous eCperience has been that our stores are most pro&table in areas whereresidents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build one ofour new stores in Plainsville, which clearly has many such residents. Plainsville merchantsreport that sales of running shoes and eCercise e%uipment are at all$time highs. #he local

health club, which nearly closed &ve years ago due to lack of business, has more membersthan ever, and the weight$training and aerobics classes are always full. We can evenanticipate a new generation of customers= Plainsville+s schoolchildren are re%uired toparticipate in a program called itness for !ife, which emphasizes the bene&ts of regulareCercise at an early age.

#he following appeared in a memo at QMO company.;E. When QMO lays o* employees, it pays @elany Personnel irm to o*er those employees

assistance in creating rBsumBs and developing interviewing skills, if they so desire. !aid$o*employees have bene&ted greatly from @elany+s services= last year those who used @elanyfound 'obs much more %uickly than did those who did not. Recently, it has been proposedthat we use the less eCpensive Walsh Personnel irm in place of @elany. #his would be amistake because eight years ago, when QMO was using Walsh, only half of the workers we

laid o* at that time found 'obs within a year. 2oreover, @elany is clearly superior, asevidenced by its bigger sta* and larger number of branch oDces. )fter all, last year@elany+s clients took an average of siC months to &nd 'obs, whereas Walsh+s clients tooknine.

#he following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of <ealth Faturally, asmall but eCpanding chain of stores selling health food and other health$related products.

E6. ur previous eCperience has been that our stores are most pro&table in areas whereresidents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build one ofour new stores in Plainsville, which clearly has many such residents. Plainsville merchantsreport that sales of running shoes and eCercise e%uipment are at all$time highs. #he localhealth club, which nearly closed &ve years ago due to lack of business, has more membersthan ever, and the weight$training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even

anticipate a new generation of customers= Plainsville+s schoolchildren are re%uired toparticipate in a program called itness for !ife, which emphasizes the bene&ts of regulareCercise at an early age.

E1. #hree years ago, because of Hooding at the Western Palean Wildlife Preserve, 166 lions and166 western gazelles were moved to the Last Palean Preserve, an area that is home to mostof the same species that are found in the western preserve, though in larger numbers, andto the eastern gazelle, a close relative of the western gazelle. #he only di*erence in climateis that the eastern preserve typically has slightly less rainfall. ?nfortunately, after threeyears in the eastern preserve, the imported western gazelle population has been virtuallyeliminated. >ince the slight reduction in rainfall cannot be the cause of the virtua



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elimination of western gazelle, their disappearance must have been caused by the largernumber of predators in the eastern preserve.

E(. Workers in the small town of !eeville take fewer sick days than workers in the large city of2asonton, 86 miles away. 2oreover, relative to population size, the diagnosis of stress$related illness is proportionally much lower in !eeville than in 2asonton. )ccording to the!eeville /hamber of /ommerce, these facts can be attributed to the health bene&ts of therelatively relaCed pace of life in !eeville.

#he following appeared in a memorandum from the manager of WW)/ radio station.

E0. WW)/ must change from its current rock$music format because the number of listenershas been declining, even though the population in our listening area has been growing. #hepopulation growth has resulted mainly from people moving to our area after theirretirement, and we must make listeners of these new residents. "ut they seem to havelimited interest in music= several local stores selling recorded music have recently closed.

#herefore, 'ust changing to another kind of music is not going to increase our audience.3nstead, we should adopt a news$and$talk format, a form of radio that is increasingly popularin our area.

#he vice president of human resources at /limpson 3ndustries sent the followingrecommendation to the company+s president.

E4. ) recent national survey found that the ma'ority of workers with access to the 3nternet atwork had used company computers for personal or recreational activities, such as banking

or playing games. 3n an e*ort to improve our employees+ productivity, we should implementelectronic monitoring of employees+ 3nternet use from their workstations. ?sing electronicmonitoring software is the best way to reduce the number of hours /limpson employeesspend on personal or recreational activities. We predict that installing software to monitoremployees+ 3nternet use will allow us to prevent employees from wasting time, therebyincreasing productivity and improving overall pro&ts.

#he following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of >artorian, a company thatmanufactures men+s clothing.

E8. ive years ago, at a time when we had diDculty obtaining reliable supplies of high$%ualitywool fabric, we discontinued production of our popular alpaca overcoat. Fow that we have anew fabric supplier, we should resume production. Jiven the outcry from our customerswhen we discontinued this product and the fact that none of our competitors o*ers a

comparable product, we can eCpect pent$up consumer demand for our alpaca coats. #hisdemand and the overall increase in clothing prices will make >artorian+s alpaca overcoatsmore pro&table than ever before.

#he following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of >artorian, a company thatmanufactures men+s clothing.

E:. ive years ago, at a time when we had diDculty obtaining reliable supplies of high$%ualitywool fabric, we discontinued production of our popular alpaca overcoat. Fow that we have anew fabric supplier, we should resume production. Jiven the outcry from our customerswhen we discontinued this product and the fact that none of our competitors o*ers acomparable product, we can eCpect pent$up consumer demand for our alpaca coats. @ue tothis demand and the overall increase in clothing prices, we can predict that >artorian+salpaca overcoats will be more pro&table than ever before.

#he following appeared in an e$mail sent by the marketing director of the /lassica>hakespeare #heatre of "ardville.

EA. ver the past ten years, there has been a (6 percent decline in the size of the averageaudience at /lassical >hakespeare #heatre productions. 3n spite of increased advertising, weare attracting fewer and fewer people to our shows, causing our pro&ts to decreasesigni&cantly. We must take action to attract new audience members. #he best way to do sois by instituting a +>hakespeare in the Park+ program this summer. #wo years ago the nearby)von Repertory /ompany started a +ree Plays in the Park+ program, and its pro&ts haveincreased 16 percent since then. 3f we start a +>hakespeare in the Park+ program, we canpredict that our pro&ts will increase, too.

#he following is a recommendation from the business manager of 2onarch "ooks.



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E;. >ince its opening in /ollegeville twenty years ago, 2onarch "ooks has developed a largecustomer base due to its reader$friendly atmosphere and wide selection of books on alsub'ects. !ast month, "ook and "ean, a combination bookstore and co*ee shop, announcedits intention to open a /ollegeville store. 2onarch "ooks should open its own in$store cafB inthe space currently devoted to children+s books. Jiven recent national census dataindicating a signi&cant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten, sales ofchildren+s books are likely to decline. "y replacing its children+s books section with a cafB,2onarch "ooks can increase pro&ts and ward o* competition from "ook and "ean.

#he following is a recommendation from the business manager of 2onarch "ooks.EE. >ince its opening in /ollegeville twenty years ago, 2onarch "ooks has developed a largecustomer base due to its reader$friendly atmosphere and wide selection of books on alsub'ects. !ast month, "ook and "ean, a combination bookstore and co*ee shop, announcedits intention to open a /ollegeville store. 2onarch "ooks should open its own in$store cafB inthe space currently devoted to children+s books. Jiven recent national census dataindicating a signi&cant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten, sales ofchildren+s books are likely to decline. "y replacing its children+s books section with a cafB,2onarch "ooks can increase pro&ts and ward o* competition from "ook and "ean.


166. Kazz music is eCtremely popular in the city of 2onroe= over 166,666 people attended

2onroe+s annual 'azz festival last summer, and the highest$rated radio program in 2onroe is+Kazz Fightly,+ which airs every weeknight. )lso, a number of well$known 'azz musicians ownhomes in 2onroe. Fevertheless, the nearest 'azz club is over an hour away. Jiven thepopularity of 'azz in 2onroe and a recent nationwide study indicating that the typical 'azzfan spends close to 91,666 per year on 'azz entertainment, a 'azz music club in 2onroewould be tremendously pro&table.

161. #here is now evidence that the relaCed pace of life in small towns promotes better healthand greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. "usinesses in the smalltown of !eeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than dobusinesses in the nearby large city of 2asonton. urthermore, !eeville has only onephysician for its one thousand residents, but in 2asonton the proportion of physicians toresidents is &ve times as high. inally, the average age of !eeville residents is signi&cantly

higher than that of 2asonton residents. #hese &ndings suggest that people seeking longerand healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.


16(. Kazz music is eCtremely popular in the city of 2onroe= over 166,666 people attended2onroe+s annual 'azz festival last summer, and the highest$rated radio program in 2onroe is+Kazz Fightly,+ which airs every weeknight. )lso, a number of well$known 'azz musicians ownhomes in 2onroe. Fevertheless, the nearest 'azz club is over an hour away. Jiven thepopularity of 'azz in 2onroe and a recent nationwide study indicating that the typical 'azzfan spends close to 91,666 per year on 'azz entertainment, we predict that our new 'azzmusic club in 2onroe will be a tremendously pro&table enterprise.

160. #here is now evidence that the relaCed pace of life in small towns promotes better health

and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. "usinesses in the smalltown of !eeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than dobusinesses in the nearby large city of 2asonton. urthermore, !eeville has only onephysician for its one thousand residents, but in 2asonton the proportion of physicians toresidents is &ve times as high. inally, the average age of !eeville residents is signi&cantlyhigher than that of 2asonton residents. #hese &ndings suggest that the relaCed pace of lifein !eeville allows residents to live longer, healthier lives.

#he following appeared in a memo from a vice president of a manufacturing company.164. @uring the past year, workers at our newly opened factory reported 06 percent more on$

the$'ob accidents than workers at nearby Panoply 3ndustries. Panoply produces productsvery similar to those produced at our factory, but its work shifts are one hour shorter than



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ours. LCperts say that fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers are signi&cantcontributing factors in many on$the$'ob accidents. Panoply+s superior safety record cantherefore be attributed to its shorter work shifts, which allow its employees to get ade%uateamounts of rest.

#he following appeared in a memo from the vice president of "utler 2anufacturing.168. @uring the past year, workers at "utler 2anufacturing reported 06 percent more on$the$

'ob accidents than workers at nearby Panoply 3ndustries, where the work shifts are one hourshorter than ours. ) recent government study reports that fatigue and sleep deprivation

among workers are signi&cant contributing factors in many on$the$'ob accidents. 3f weshorten each of our work shifts by one hour, we can improve "utler 2anufacturing+s safetyrecord by ensuring that our employees are ade%uately rested.

#he following appeared in a memo from the "oard of @irectors of "utler 2anufacturing.16:. @uring the past year, workers at "utler 2anufacturing reported 06 percent more on$the$

'ob accidents than workers at nearby Panoply 3ndustries, where the work shifts are one hourshorter than ours. ) recent government study reports that fatigue and sleep deprivationamong workers are signi&cant contributing factors in many on$the$'ob accidents. #herefore,we recommend that "utler 2anufacturing shorten each of its work shifts by one hour>horter shifts will allow "utler to improve its safety record by ensuring that its employeesare ade%uately rested.

#he following appeared in a memo from the business manager of a chain of cheese stores

located throughout the ?nited >tates.16A. or many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic

and imported cheeses. !ast year, however, all of the &ve best$selling cheeses at our neweststore were domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. urthermore, a recent survey byCheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheesesamong its subscribers. >ince our company can reduce eCpenses by limiting inventory, thebest way to improve pro&ts in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of ourvarieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses.

#he following appeared in a memo from the owner of a chain of cheese stores locatedthroughout the ?nited >tates.

16;. or many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domesticand imported cheeses. !ast year, however, all of the &ve best$selling cheeses at our newest

store were domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. urthermore, a recent survey byCheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheesesamong its subscribers. >ince our company can reduce eCpenses by limiting inventory, thebest way to improve pro&ts in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of ourvarieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses.

#he following appeared in a memorandum from the general manager of GFW radio station.16E. >everal factors indicate that radio station GFW should shift its programming from rock$

and$roll music to a continuous news format. /onsider, for eCample, that the number ofpeople in our listening area over &fty years of age has increased dramatically, while ourtotal number of listeners has declined. )lso, music stores in our area report decreased salesof recorded music. inally, continuous news stations in neighboring cities have been verysuccessful. #he switch from rock$and$roll music to (4$hour news will attract older listeners

and secure GFW radio+s future. #he following appeared in a memorandum from the manager of GFW radio station.116. >everal factors indicate that GFW radio can no longer succeed as a rock$and$roll music

station. /onsider, for eCample, that the number of people in our listening area over &ftyyears of age has increased dramatically, while our total number of listeners has declined.)lso, music stores in our area report decreased sales of rock$and$roll music. inallycontinuous news stations in neighboring cities have been very successful. We predict thatswitching GFW radio from rock$and$roll music to (4$hour news will allow the station toattract older listeners and make GFW radio more pro&table than ever.

#he following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of 2ovies Jalore, a chain of movie$rental stores.



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111. 3n order to stop the recent decline in our pro&ts, we must reduce operating eCpenses at2ovies Jalore+s ten movie$rental stores. >ince we are famous for our special bargainsraising our rental prices is not a viable way to improve pro&ts. !ast month our store indowntown 2arston signi&cantly decreased its operating eCpenses by closing at :=66 P.2.rather than E=66 P.2. and by reducing its stock by eliminating all movies released more than&ve years ago. "y implementing similar changes in our other stores, 2ovies Jalore canincrease pro&ts without 'eopardizing our reputation for o*ering great movies at low prices.

#he following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of 2ovies Jalore, a chain of movie$

rental stores.11(. 3n order to reverse the recent decline in our pro&ts, we must reduce operating eCpensesat 2ovies Jalore+s ten movie$rental stores. >ince we are famous for our special bargains,raising our rental prices is not a viable way to improve pro&ts. !ast month our store indowntown 2arston signi&cantly decreased its operating eCpenses by closing at :=66 p.m.rather than E=66 p.m. and by reducing its stock by eliminating all movies released morethan &ve years ago. #herefore, in order to increase pro&ts without 'eopardizing ourreputation for o*ering great movies at low prices, we recommend implementing similarchanges in our other nine 2ovies Jalore stores.

#he following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of )cmePublishing /ompany.

110. 2any other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Lasy

Read >peed$Reading /ourse has greatly improved productivity. ne graduate of the coursewas able to read a 866$page report in only two hours7 another graduate rose from anassistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. bviously, the fasteryou can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. 2oreover, LasyRead would cost )cme only 9866 per employee5a small price to pay when you consider thebene&ts. 3ncluded in this fee is a three$week seminar in >pruce /ity and a lifelongsubscription to the Lasy Read newsletter. /learly, to improve productivity, )cme shouldre%uire all of our employees to take the Lasy Read course.


114. Recently, we signed a contract with the ly$)way Pest /ontrol /ompany to provide pestcontrol services at our warehouse in Palm /ity, but last month we discovered that over

9(6,666 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. 2eanwhile, the "uzzo*Pest /ontrol /ompany, which we have used for many years in Palm /ity, continued toservice our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only 916,666 worth of the food storedthere had been destroyed by pest damage. Lven though the price charged by ly$)way isconsiderably lower, our best means of saving money is to return to "uzzo* for all our pestcontrol services.


118. #en years ago our company had two new oDce buildings constructed as regionahead%uarters for two di*erent regions. #he buildings were erected by two di*erentconstruction companies5)lpha and Oeta. Lven though the two buildings had identical Hoorplans, the building constructed by Oeta cost 06 percent more to build, and its eCpenses for

maintenance last year were twice those of the building constructed by )lpha. urthermore,the energy consumption of the Oeta building has been higher than that of the )lpha buildingevery year since its construction. >uch data, plus the fact that )lpha has a stable workforcewith little employee turnover, indicate that we should use )lpha rather than Oeta for ourcontemplated new building pro'ect.


11:. Recently, we signed a contract with the ly$)way Pest /ontrol /ompany to provide pestcontrol services at our warehouse in Palm /ity, but last month we discovered that over9(6,666 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. 2eanwhile, the "uzzo*Pest /ontrol /ompany, which we have used for many years in Palm /ity, continued to



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service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only 916,666 worth of the food storedthere had been destroyed by pest damage. #his di*erence in pest damage is best eCplainedby the negligence of ly$)way.


11A. Recently, we signed a contract with the ly$)way Pest /ontrol /ompany to provide pestcontrol services at our warehouse in Palm /ity, but last month we discovered that over9(6,666 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. 2eanwhile, the "uzzo*

Pest /ontrol /ompany, which we have used for many years in Palm /ity, continued toservice our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only 916,666 worth of the food storedthere had been destroyed by pest damage. Lven though the price charged by ly$)way isconsiderably lower, our best means of saving money is to return to "uzzo* for all our pestcontrol services.

#he following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.11;. ) recent study rating 066 male and female advertising eCecutives according to the

average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amountof sleep the eCecutives need and the success of their &rms. f the advertising &rms studied,those whose eCecutives reported needing no more than siC hours of sleep per night hadhigher pro&t margins and faster growth. n the basis of this study, we recommend thatbusinesses hire only people who need less than siC hours of sleep per night.

11E. Lvidence suggests that academic honor codes, which call for students to agree not tocheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect thatothers have cheated, are far more successful than are other methods at deterring cheatingamong students at colleges and universities. >everal years ago, Jroveton /ollege adoptedsuch a code and discontinued its old$fashioned system in which teachers closely monitoredstudents. ?nder the old system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheatingper year. 3n the &rst year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty$one casesof cheating7 &ve years later, this &gure had dropped to fourteen. 2oreover, in a recentsurvey, a ma'ority of Jroveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with anhonor code in place than without.

1(6. >everal years ago, Jroveton /ollege adopted an honor code, which calls for students toagree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they

suspect that others have cheated. Jroveton+s honor code replaced a system in whichteachers closely monitored students. ?nder that system, teachers reported an average ofthirty cases of cheating per year. #he honor code has proven far more successful= in the &rstyear it was in place, students reported twenty$one cases of cheating7 &ve years later, this&gure had dropped to fourteen. 2oreover, in a recent survey, a ma'ority of Jrovetonstudents said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place thanwithout. >uch evidence suggests that all colleges and universities should adopt honor codessimilar to Jroveton+s. #his change is sure to result in a dramatic decline in cheating amongcollege students.

#he following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.1(1. 3n a controlled laboratory study of li%uid hand soaps, a concentrated solution of eCtra

strength ?ltra/lean hand soap produced a 46 percent greater reduction in harmful bacteria

than did the li%uid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. @uring our recent test ofregular$strength ?ltra/lean with doctors, nurses, and visitors at our hospital in Worktown,the hospital reported signi&cantly fewer cases of patient infection a (6 percent reduction-than did any of the other hospitals in our group. #herefore, to prevent serious patientinfections, we should supply ?ltra/lean at all hand$washing stations, including those usedby visitors, throughout our hospital system.

#he following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.1((. 3n a controlled laboratory study of li%uid hand soaps, a concentrated solution of eCtra

strength ?ltra/lean hand soap produced a 46 percent greater reduction in harmful bacteriathan did the li%uid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. @uring our recent test ofregular$strength ?ltra/lean with doctors, nurses, and visitors at our hospital in Worktown,



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the hospital reported signi&cantly fewer cases of patient infection a (6 percent reduction-than did any of the other hospitals in our group. #he eCplanation for the (6 percentreduction in patient infections is the use of ?ltra/lean soap.

#he following appeared in a health newsletter.1(0. ) ten$year nationwide study of the e*ectiveness of wearing a helmet while bicycling

indicates that ten years ago, approCimately 08 percent of all bicyclists reported wearinghelmets, whereas today that number is nearly ;6 percent. )nother study, howeversuggests that during the same ten$year period, the number of accidents caused by bicycling

has increased (66 percent. #hese results demonstrate that bicyclists feel safer becausethey are wearing helmets, and they take more risks as a result. #hus, there is clearly a callfor the government to strive to reduce the number of serious in'uries from bicycle accidentsby launching an education program that concentrates on the factors other than helmet usethat are necessary for bicycle safety.

#he following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.1(4. 3n a controlled laboratory study of li%uid hand soaps, a concentrated solution of eCtra

strength ?ltra/lean hand soap produced a 46 percent greater reduction in harmful bacteriathan did the li%uid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. @uring our recent test ofregular$strength ?ltra/lean with doctors, nurses, and visitors at our hospital in Worktown,the hospital reported signi&cantly fewer cases of patient infection a (6 percent reduction-than did any of the other hospitals in our group. #herefore, to prevent serious patient

infections, we should supply ?ltra/lean at all hand$washing stations, including those usedby visitors, throughout our hospital system.

#he following appeared in a health newsletter.1(8. ) ten$year nationwide study of the e*ectiveness of wearing a helmet while bicycling

indicates that ten years ago, approCimately 08 percent of all bicyclists reported wearinghelmets, whereas today that number is nearly ;6 percent. )nother study, howeversuggests that during the same ten$year period, the number of accidents caused by bicyclinghas increased (66 percent. #hese results demonstrate that bicyclists feel safer becausethey are wearing helmets, and they take more risks as a result. #hus there is clearly a callfor the government to strive to reduce the number of serious in'uries from bicycle accidentsby launching an education program that concentrates on the factors other than helmet usethat are necessary for bicycle safety.


1(:. 2any other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the LasyRead >peed$Reading /ourse has greatly improved productivity. ne graduate of the coursewas able to read a 866$page report in only two hours7 another graduate rose from anassistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. bviously, the fasteryou can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. 2oreover, LasyRead would cost )cme only 9866 per employee5a small price to pay when you consider thebene&ts. 3ncluded in this fee is a three$week seminar in >pruce /ity and a lifelongsubscription to the Lasy Read newsletter. /learly, )cme would bene&t greatly by re%uiringall of our employees to take the Lasy Read course.

#he following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of )cme

Publishing /ompany.1(A. 2any other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Lasy

Read >peed$Reading /ourse has greatly improved productivity. ne graduate of the coursewas able to read a 866$page report in only two hours7 another graduate rose from anassistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. bviously, the fasteryou can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. 2oreover, LasyRead would cost )cme only 9866 per employee5a small price to pay when you consider thebene&ts. 3ncluded in this fee is a three$week seminar in >pruce /ity and a lifelongsubscription to the Lasy Read newsletter. /learly, to improve overall productivity, )cmeshould re%uire all of our employees to take the Lasy Read course.



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#he following appeared in a letter from the owner of the >unnyside #owers apartmentcompleC to its manager.

1(;. ne month ago, all the showerheads in the &rst three buildings of the >unnyside #owerscompleC were modi&ed to restrict maCimum water How to one$third of what it used to be.)lthough actual readings of water usage before and after the ad'ustment are not yetavailable, the change will obviously result in a considerable savings for >unnyside/orporation, since the corporation must pay for water each month. LCcept for a fewcomplaints about low water pressure, no problems with showers have been reported since

the ad'ustment. /learly, modifying showerheads to restrict water How throughout all twelvebuildings in the >unnyside #owers compleC will increase our pro&ts further. #he following appeared in a letter from the owner of the >unnyside #owers apartment

compleC to its manager.1(E. !ast week, all the showerheads in the &rst three buildings of the >unnyside #owers

compleC were modi&ed to restrict maCimum water How to one$third of what it used to be.)lthough actual readings of water usage before and after the ad'ustment are not yetavailable, the change will obviously result in a considerable savings for >unnyside/orporation, since the corporation must pay for water each month. LCcept for a fewcomplaints about low water pressure, no problems with showers have been reported sincethe ad'ustment. /learly, modifying showerheads to restrict water How throughout all twelvebuildings in the >unnyside #owers compleC will increase our pro&ts further.


106. "utter has now been replaced by margarine in <appy Pancake <ouse restaurantsthroughout the southwestern ?nited >tates. nly about ( percent of customers have &led aformal complaint, indicating that an average of E; people out of 166 are happy with thechange. urthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask forbutter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. /learly, either thesecustomers cannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term +butter+ to refer toeither butter or margarine. #hus, to avoid the eCpense of purchasing butter, the <appyPancake <ouse should eCtend this cost$saving change to its restaurants throughout the restof the country.

#he following memorandum is from the business manager of <appy Pancake <ouse

restaurants.101. "utter has now been replaced by margarine in <appy Pancake <ouse restaurants

throughout the southwestern ?nited >tates. nly about ( percent of customers havecomplained, indicating that an average of E; people out of 166 are happy with the change.urthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter donot complain when they are given margarine instead. /learly, either these customerscannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term +butter+ to refer to eitherbutter or margarine. #hus, we predict that <appy Pancake <ouse will be able to increasepro&ts dramatically if we eCtend this cost$saving change to all our restaurants in thesoutheast and northeast as well.

#he following appeared in a letter to the school board in the town of /enterville.10(. )ll students should be re%uired to take the driver+s education course at /enterville <igh

>chool. 3n the past two years, several accidents in and around /enterville have involvedteenage drivers. >ince a number of parents in /enterville have complained that they are toobusy to teach their teenagers to drive, some other instruction is necessary to ensure thatthese teenagers are safe drivers. )lthough there are two driving schools in /enterville,parents on a tight budget cannot a*ord to pay for driving instruction. #herefore an e*ectiveand mandatory program sponsored by the high school is the only solution to this seriousproblem.


100. "utter has now been replaced by margarine in <appy Pancake <ouse restaurantsthroughout the southwestern ?nited >tates. nly about ( percent of customers have



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complained, indicating that an average of E; people out of 166 are happy with the change.urthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter donot complain when they are given margarine instead. /learly, either these customerscannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term +butter+ to refer to eitherbutter or margarine. #hus, to avoid the eCpense of purchasing butter and to increasepro&tability, the <appy Pancake <ouse should eCtend this cost$saving change to itsrestaurants in the southeast and northeast as well.

#he following appeared in a letter to the school board in the town of /enterville.

104. )ll students should be re%uired to take the driver+s education course at /enterville <igh>chool. 3n the past two years, several accidents in and around /enterville have involvedteenage drivers. >ince a number of parents in /enterville have complained that they are toobusy to teach their teenagers to drive, some other instruction is necessary to ensure thatthese teenagers are safe drivers. )lthough there are two driving schools in /enterville,parents on a tight budget cannot a*ord to pay for driving instruction. #herefore an e*ectiveand mandatory program sponsored by the high school is the only solution to this seriousproblem.

108. #he data from a survey of high school math and science teachers show that in the districtof >anlee many of these teachers reported assigning daily homework, whereas in thedistrict of 2arlee, most science and math teachers reported assigning homework no morethan two or three days per week. @espite receiving less fre%uent homework assignments,

2arlee students earn better grades overall and are less likely to be re%uired to repeat a yearof school than are students in >anlee. #hese results call into %uestion the usefulness offre%uent homework assignments. 2ost likely the 2arlee students have more time toconcentrate on individual assignments than do the >anlee students who have homeworkevery day. #herefore teachers in our high schools should assign homework no more thantwice a week.

#he following appeared in a letter to the school board in the town of /enterville.10:. )ll students should be re%uired to take the driver+s education course at /enterville <igh

>chool. 3n the past two years, several accidents in and around /enterville have involvedteenage drivers. >ince a number of parents in /enterville have complained that they are toobusy to teach their teenagers to drive, some other instruction is necessary to ensure thatthese teenagers are safe drivers. )lthough there are two driving schools in /enterville,

parents on a tight budget cannot a*ord to pay for driving instruction. #herefore an e*ectiveand mandatory program sponsored by the high school is the only solution to this seriousproblem.

10A. While the @epartment of Lducation in the state of )ttra recommends that high schoostudents be assigned homework every day, the data from a recent statewide survey of highschool math and science teachers give us reason to %uestion the usefulness of dailyhomework. 3n the district of >anlee, ;: percent of the teachers reported assigninghomework three to &ve times a week, whereas in the district of 2arlee, less than (8 percentof the teachers reported assigning homework three to &ve times a week. Met the students in2arlee earn better grades overall and are less likely to be re%uired to repeat a year ofschool than are the students in >anlee. #herefore, all teachers in our high schools shouldassign homework no more than twice a week.

#he following appeared as an editorial in the student newspaper of Jroveton /ollege.10;. #o combat the recently reported dramatic rise in cheating among college students

colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Jroveton+s, which calls forstudents to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty memberif they suspect that others have cheated. Jroveton+s honor code replaced an old$fashionedsystem in which teachers closely monitored students. ?nder that system, teachers reportedan average of thirty cases of cheating per year. #he honor code has proven far moresuccessful= in the &rst year it was in place, students reported twenty$one cases of cheating7&ve years later, this &gure had dropped to fourteen. 2oreover, in a recent survey conductedby the Jroveton honor council, a ma'ority of students said that they would be less likely tocheat with an honor code in place than without.



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#he following appeared in a memo from a budget planner for the city of Jrandview.10E. ur citizens are well aware of the fact that while the Jrandview >ymphony rchestra was

struggling to succeed, our city government promised annual funding to help support itsprograms. !ast year, however, private contributions to the symphony increased by (66percent, and attendance at the symphony+s concerts$in$the$park series doubled. #hesymphony has also announced an increase in ticket prices for neCt year. >uch developmentsindicate that the symphony can now succeed without funding from city government and wecan eliminate that eCpense from neCt year+s budget. #herefore, we recommend that the city

of Jrandview eliminate its funding for the Jrandview >ymphony from neCt year+s budget. "ydoing so, we can prevent a city budget de&cit without threatening the success of thesymphony.

146. While the @epartment of Lducation in the state of )ttra suggests that high school studentsbe assigned homework every day, the data from a recent statewide survey of high schoolmath and science teachers give us reason to %uestion the usefulness of daily homework. 3nthe district of >anlee, ;: percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to &vetimes a week, whereas in the district of 2arlee, less than (8 percent of the teachersreported assigning homework three to &ve times a week. Met the students in 2arlee earnbetter grades overall and are less likely to be re%uired to repeat a year of school than arethe students in >anlee. #herefore, we recommend that all teachers in our high schoolsshould assign homework no more than twice a week.

#he following appeared in a memo to the board of the Jrandview >ymphony.141. #he city of Jrandview has provided annual funding for the Jrandview >ymphony since

the symphony+s inception ten years ago. !ast year the symphony hired an internationallyknown conductor, who has been able to attract high$pro&le guest musicians to perform withthe symphony. >ince then, private contributions to the symphony have doubled andattendance at the symphony+s concerts$in$the$park series has reached new highs. Fow thatthe Jrandview >ymphony is an established success, it can raise ticket prices. 3ncreasedrevenue from larger audiences and higher ticket prices will enable the symphony to succeedwithout funding from the city government.

14(. <ospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after roller$skatingaccidents indicate the need for more protective e%uipment. Within that group of people, A8percent of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots had not been wearing any

protective clothing helmets, knee pads, etc.- or any light$reHecting material clip$on lights,glow$in$the$dark wrist pads, etc.-. /learly, the statistics indicate that by investing in high$%uality protective gear and reHective e%uipment, roller skaters will greatly reduce their riskof being severely in'ured in an accident.

#he following appeared in a memo from a budget planner for the city of Jrandview.140. When the Jrandview >ymphony was established ten years ago, the city of Jrandview

agreed to provide the symphony with annual funding until the symphony became self$sustaining. #wo years ago, the symphony hired an internationally known conductor, who hasbeen able to attract high$pro&le guest musicians to perform with the symphony. >ince then,private contributions to the symphony have tripled and attendance at the symphony+soutdoor summer concert series has reached record highs. Fow that the symphony hassucceeded in &nding an audience, the city can eliminate its funding of the symphony.

144. #he citizens of orsythe have adopted more healthful lifestyles. #heir responses to arecent survey show that in their eating habits they conform more closely to governmentnutritional recommendations than they did ten years ago. urthermore, there has been afourfold increase in sales of food products containing kiran, a substance that a scienti&cstudy has shown reduces cholesterol. #his trend is also evident in reduced sales of sulia, afood that few of the healthiest citizens regularly eat.

#he following appeared in a memo to the board of directors of a company that specializes inthe delivery of heating oil.

148. 2ost homes in the northeastern ?nited >tates, where winters are typically cold, havetraditionally used oil as their ma'or fuel for heating. !ast heating season, that regioneCperienced E6 days with below$normal temperatures, and climate forecasters predict that



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this weather pattern will continue for several more years. urthermore, many new homesare being built in the region in response to recent population growth. "ecause of thesetrends, we can safely predict that this region will eCperience an increased demand forheating oil during the neCt &ve years.

#he following appeared in a memo to the board of directors of a company that specializes inthe delivery of heating oil.

14:. 2ost homes in the northeastern ?nited >tates, where winters are typically cold, havetraditionally used oil as their ma'or fuel for heating. !ast heating season, that region

eCperienced E6 days with below$normal temperatures, and climate forecasters predict thatthis weather pattern will continue for several more years. urthermore, many new homesare being built in the region in response to recent population growth. "ecause of thesetrends, we can safely predict that this region will eCperience an increased demand forheating oil during the neCt &ve years.

#he following recommendation was made by the president and administrative sta* of Jrove/ollege, a private institution, to the college+s governing committee.

14A. We recommend that Jrove /ollege preserve its century$old tradition of all$femaleeducation rather than admit men into its programs. 3t is true that a ma'ority of facultymembers voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would encourage more students toapply to Jrove. "ut ;6 percent of the students responding to a survey conducted by thestudent government wanted the school to remain all female, and over half of the alumnae

who answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation. Geeping the college all femalewill improve morale among students and convince alumnae to keep supporting the college&nancially.


14;. We recommend that Jrove /ollege preserve its century$old tradition of all$femaleeducation rather than admit men into its programs. 3t is true that a ma'ority of facultymembers voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would encourage more students toapply to Jrove. "ut ;6 percent of the students responding to a survey conducted by thestudent government wanted the school to remain all female, and over half of the alumnaewho answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation. Geeping the college all femalewill improve morale among students and convince alumnae to keep supporting the college

&nancially. #he following recommendation was made by the president and administrative sta* of Jrove

/ollege, a private institution, to the college+s governing committee.14E. We recommend that Jrove /ollege preserve its century$old tradition of all$female

education rather than admit men into its programs. 3t is true that a ma'ority of facultymembers voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would encourage more students toapply to Jrove. "ut ;6 percent of the students responding to a survey conducted by thestudent government wanted the school to remain all female, and over half of the alumnaewho answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation. Geeping the college all femalewill improve morale among students and convince alumnae to keep supporting the college&nancially.

#he following appeared in a letter from a &rm providing investment advice to a client.

186. <omes in the northeastern ?nited >tates, where winters are typically cold, havetraditionally used oil as their ma'or fuel for heating. !ast year that region eCperienced E6days with below$average temperatures, and climate forecasters at Waymarsh ?niversitypredict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years. urthermore, manynew homes have been built in this region during the past year. "ecause these developmentswill certainly result in an increased demand for heating oil, we recommend investment in/onsolidated 3ndustries, one of whose ma'or business operations is the retail sale of homeheating oil.

181. "enton /ity residents have adopted healthier lifestyles. ) recent survey of city residentsshows that the eating habits of city residents conform more closely to governmentnutritional recommendations than they did ten years ago. @uring those ten years, local



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sales of food products containing kiran, a substance that a scienti&c study has shownreduces cholesterol, have increased fourfold, while sales of sulia, a food rarely eaten by thehealthiest residents, have declined dramatically. "ecause of these positive changes in theeating habits of "enton /ity residents, we predict that the obesity rate in the city will soonbe well below the national average.

#he following appeared in a memo to the board of directors of "argain "rand /ereals.18(. ne year ago we introduced our &rst product, "argain "rand breakfast cereal. ur very

low prices %uickly drew many customers away from the top$selling cereal companies

)lthough the companies producing the top brands have since tried to compete with us bylowering their prices and although several plan to introduce their own budget brands, notonce have we needed to raise our prices to continue making a pro&t. Jiven our success inselling cereal, we recommend that "argain "rand now eCpand its business and beginmarketing other low$priced food products as %uickly as possible.

#he following appeared in a memo to the board of directors of "argain "rand /ereals.180. ne year ago we introduced our &rst product, "argain "rand breakfast cereal. ur very

low prices %uickly drew many customers away from the top$selling cereal companies)lthough the companies producing the top brands have since tried to compete with us bylowering their prices and although several plan to introduce their own budget brands, notonce have we needed to raise our prices to continue making a pro&t. Jiven our success inselling cereal, we recommend that "argain "rand now eCpand its business and begin

marketing other low$priced food products as %uickly as possible. #he following appeared in a letter from a &rm providing investment advice to a client.184. <omes in the northeastern ?nited >tates, where winters are typically cold, have

traditionally used oil as their ma'or fuel for heating. !ast year that region eCperiencedtwenty days with below$average temperatures, and local weather forecasters throughoutthe region predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more yearsurthermore, many new homes have been built in this region during the past year. "ased onthese developments, we predict a large increase in the demand for heating oil. #herefore,we recommend investment in /onsolidated 3ndustries, one of whose ma'or businessoperations is the retail sale of home heating oil.

#he following appeared in a letter from a &rm providing investment advice to a client.188. <omes in the northeastern ?nited >tates, where winters are typically cold, have

traditionally used oil as their ma'or fuel for heating. !ast year that region eCperiencedtwenty days with below$average temperatures, and local weather forecasters throughoutthe region predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more yearsurthermore, many new homes have been built in this region during the past year. "ecauseof these developments, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommendinvestment in /onsolidated 3ndustries, one of whose ma'or business operations is the retailsale of home heating oil.


18:. Recently, there have been discussions about ending Jrove /ollege+s century$old traditionof all$female education by admitting male students into our programs. )t a recent facultymeeting, a ma'ority of faculty members voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would

encourage more students to apply to Jrove. <owever, Jrove students, both past andpresent, are against the idea of coeducation. Lighty percent of the students responding to asurvey conducted by the student government wanted the school to remain all female, andover half of the alumnae who answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation

#herefore, we recommend maintaining Jrove /ollege+s tradition of all$female education. Wepredict that keeping the college all$female will improve morale among students andconvince alumnae to keep supporting the college &nancially.

#he following appeared in a memo from the marketing director of #op @og Pet >tores.18A. ive years ago ish Lmporium started advertising in the magazine Eotic Pets !onthly

#heir stores saw sales increase by 18 percent after their ads began appearing in themagazine. #he three ish Lmporium stores in Julf /ity saw an even greater increase than



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that. "ecause #op @og Pet >tores is based in Julf /ity, it seems clear that we should startplacing our own ads in Eotic Pets !onthly . 3f we do so, we will be sure to reverse the recenttrend of declining sales and start making a pro&t again.

#he following appeared in a memo from the marketing director of #op @og Pet >tores.18;. ive years ago, ish Lmporium started advertising in the magazine Eotic Pets !onthly

#heir stores saw sales increase by 18 percent. #he three ish Lmporium stores in Julf /itysaw an even greater increase than that. "ecause #op @og has some of its largest stores inJulf /ity, it seems clear that we should start placing our own ads in Eotic Pets !onthly . 3f

we do so, we will be sure to reverse the recent trend of declining sales and start making apro&t again. #he following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.18E. #he population on "almer 3sland increases to 166,666 during the summer months. #o

reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of"almer 3sland plans to limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island+s siC mopedrental companies from 86 per day to 06 per day during the summer season. !ast year, theneighboring island of #orseau enforced similar limits on moped rentals and saw a 86 percentreduction in moped accidents. We predict that putting these limits into e*ect on "almer3sland will result in the same reduction in moped accidents.

#he following appeared in a recommendation from the President of the )mburg /hamber of/ommerce.

1:6. !ast ctober, the city of "elleville installed high$intensity lighting in its central businessdistrict, and vandalism there declined almost immediately. #he city of )mburg, on the otherhand, recently instituted police patrols on bicycles in its business district. <owever, the rateof vandalism here remains constant. >ince high$intensity lighting is clearly the moste*ective way to combat crime, we recommend using the money that is currently beingspent on bicycle patrols to install such lighting throughout )mburg. 3f we install this high$intensity lighting, we will signi&cantly reduce crime rates in )mburg.


1:1. 2any other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the LasyRead >peed$Reading /ourse has greatly improved productivity. ne graduate of the coursewas able to read a 866$page report in only two hours7 another graduate rose from an

assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. bviously, the fasteryou can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. 2oreover, LasyRead would cost )cme only 9866 per employee5a small price to pay when you consider thebene&ts. 3ncluded in this fee is a three$week seminar in >pruce /ity and a lifelongsubscription to the Lasy Read newsletter. /learly, )cme would bene&t greatly by re%uiringall of our employees to take the Lasy Read course.

#he following appeared in a memo from a budget planner for the city of Jrandview.1:(. 3t is time for the city of Jrandview to stop funding the Jrandview >ymphony rchestra. 3t

is true that the symphony struggled &nancially for many years, but last year privatecontributions to the symphony increased by (66 percent and attendance at the symphony+sconcerts$in$the$park series doubled. 3n addition, the symphony has 'ust announced anincrease in ticket prices for neCt year. or these reasons, we recommend that the city

eliminate funding for the Jrandview >ymphony rchestra from neCt year+s budget. Wepredict that the symphony will Hourish in the years to come even without funding from thecity.

#he following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West 2eria Public <ealth /ouncil.1:0. )n innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to signi&cantly reduce

absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. ) study reports that in nearby Last 2eria,where consumption of the plant bene&cia is very high, people visit the doctor only once ortwice per year for the treatment of colds. /learly, eating a substantial amount of bene&ciacan prevent colds. >ince colds are the reason most fre%uently given for absences fromschool and work, we recommend the daily use of nutritional supplements derived from



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bene&cia. We predict this will dramatically reduce absenteeism in our schools andworkplaces.

#he following was written by a group of developers in the city of 2onroe.1:4. ) 'azz music club in 2onroe would be a tremendously pro&table enterprise. )t present

the nearest 'azz club is over :6 miles away from 2onroe7 thus, our proposed club, the /Fote, would have the local market all to itself. 3n addition, there is ample evidence of thepopularity of 'azz in 2onroe= over 166,666 people attended 2onroe+s 'azz festival lastsummer, several well$known 'azz musicians live in 2onroe, and the highest$rated radio

program in 2onroe is +Kazz Fightly.+ inally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical 'azzfan spends close to 91,666 per year on 'azz entertainment. We therefore predict that the /Fote cannot help but make money.

1:8. <umans arrived in the Galiko 3slands about A,666 years ago, and within 0,666 years mostof the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Galiko 3slands were eCtinct.Previous archaeological &ndings have suggested that early humans generally relied on both&shing and hunting for food7 since archaeologists have discovered numerous sites in theGaliko 3slands where the bones of &sh were discarded, it is likely that the humans alsohunted the mammals. urthermore, researchers have uncovered simple tools, such as stoneknives, that could be used for hunting. #he only clear eCplanation is that humans caused theeCtinction of the various mammal species through eCcessive hunting.

#he following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West 2eria Public <ealth /ouncil.

1::. )n innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to signi&cantly reduceabsenteeism in our schools and workplaces. ) study reports that in nearby Last 2eria,where &sh consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year forthe treatment of colds. #his shows that eating a substantial amount of &sh can clearlyprevent colds. urthermore, since colds are the reason most fre%uently given for absencesfrom school and work, attendance levels will improve. #herefore, we recommend the dailyuse of a nutritional supplement derived from &sh oil as a good way to prevent colds andlower absenteeism.

#he following appeared in a memo from a vice president of )lta 2anufacturing.1:A. @uring the past year, )lta 2anufacturing had thirty percent more on$the$'ob accidents

than nearby Panoply 3ndustries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours.LCperts believe that a signi&cant contributing factor in many accidents is fatigue caused by

sleep deprivation among workers. #herefore, to reduce the number of on$the$'ob accidentsat )lta, we recommend shortening each of our three work shifts by one hour. 3f we do this,our employees will get ade%uate amounts of sleep.

#he following is a letter that recently appeared in the "ak City Gazette, a local newspaper.1:;. #he primary function of the /ommittee for a "etter ak /ity is to advise the city

government on how to make the best use of the city+s limited budget. <owever, at some ofour recent meetings we failed to make important decisions because of the foolish ob'ectionsraised by committee members who are not even residents of ak /ity. People who work inak /ity but who live elsewhere cannot fully understand the business and politics of the city.)fter all, only ak /ity residents pay city taCes, and therefore only residents understandhow that money could best be used to improve the city. We recommend, then, that the/ommittee for a "etter ak /ity vote to restrict its membership to city residents only. We

predict that, without the interference of non$residents, the committee will be able to makeak /ity a better place in which to live and work.

#he following appeared in a memo from the mayor of "rindleburg to the city council.1:E. #wo years ago, the town of >easide Nista opened a new municipal golf course and resort

hotel. >ince then, the >easide Nista #ourism "oard has reported a (6 increase in visitors.3n addition, local banks reported a steep rise in the number of new business loanapplications they received this year. #he amount of taC money collected by >easide Nistahas also increased, allowing the town to announce plans to improve >easide Nista+s roadsand bridges. We recommend building a similar golf course and resort hotel in "rindleburg.We predict that this pro'ect will generate additional taC revenue that the city can use to fundmuch$needed public improvements.



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#he following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a company that builds shoppingmalls around the country.

1A6. #he surface of a section of Route 161, paved 'ust two years ago by Jood 3ntentionsRoadways, is now badly cracked with a number of dangerous potholes. 3n another part ofthe state, a section of Route 46, paved by )ppian Roadways more than four years ago, isstill in good condition. 3n a demonstration of their continuing commitment to %uality, )ppianRoadways recently purchased state$of$the$art paving machinery and hired a new %uality$control manager. #herefore, 3 recommend hiring )ppian Roadways to construct the access

roads for all our new shopping malls. 3 predict that our )ppian access roads will not have tobe repaired for at least four years. #he following appeared as a letter to the editor from the owner of a skate shop in /entra

Plaza.1A1. #wo years ago the city voted to prohibit skateboarding in /entral Plaza. #hey claimed that

skateboard users were responsible for the litter and vandalism that were keeping othervisitors from coming to the plaza. 3n the past two years, however, there has only been asmall increase in the number of visitors to /entral Plaza, and litter and vandalism are stillproblematic. >kateboarding is permitted in 2onroe Park, however, and there is no problemwith litter or vandalism there. 3n order to restore /entral Plaza to its former glory, then, werecommend that the city lift its prohibition on skateboarding in the plaza.

#he following appeared in a recommendation from the president of )mburg+s /hamber of

/ommerce.1A(. !ast ctober the city of "elleville installed high$intensity lighting in its central business

district, and vandalism there declined within a month. #he city of )mburg has recentlybegun police patrols on bicycles in its business district, but the rate of vandalism thereremains constant. We should install high$intensity lighting throughout )mburg, then,because doing so is a more e*ective way to combat crime. "y reducing crime in this way,we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city.

#he following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.1A0. #he population on "almer 3sland doubles during the summer months. @uring the summer,

then, the town council of "almer 3sland should decrease the maCimum number of mopedrentals allowed at each of the island+s siC moped and bicycle rental companies from 86 perday to 06 per day. #his will signi&cantly reduce the number of summertime accidents

involving mopeds and pedestrians. #he neighboring island of #orseau actually saw a 86percent reduction in moped accidents last year when #orseau+s town council enforcedsimilar limits on moped rentals. #o help reduce moped accidents, therefore, we should alsoenforce these limitations during the summer months.

1A4. ) recent sales study indicates that consumption of seafood dishes in "ay /ity restaurantshas increased by 06 percent during the past &ve years. Met there are no currently operatingcity restaurants whose specialty is seafood. 2oreover, the ma'ority of families in "ay /ityare two$income families, and a nationwide study has shown that such families eatsigni&cantly fewer home$cooked meals than they did a decade ago but at the same timeeCpress more concern about healthful eating. #herefore, the new /aptain >eafoodrestaurant that specializes in seafood should be %uite popular and pro&table.

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