Poodle Breed Technical Brochure

Intelligent Nutritionfor the Purebred Dog™

Meet the Needs of Your BreedThe Poodle

poodle_fin_Poodle GB 4/14/10 4:35 PM Page 1

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It is with great pleasure that I write this preface to a brochure dedicated to the Poodleand the food specially formulated for it – POODLE 30™.

The Poodle is one of those rare breeds whose paternity was finally granted to Francein 1936, after sometimes emotive debates in the dog fancy world. Royal Canin, abrand established in France over 40 years ago, cannot but take pride in praising thisbreed that is part of French dog fancy’s heritage.

Passion is probably the best word to characterize Royal Canin, whose maxim proclaims loud and proud “Knowledge and Respect” and it is certainly this passionthat has driven us to contemplate the needs of the Poodle, a fascinating breed forevery dog-lover.

Intelligent beyond compare, the Poodle is a marvellously versatile dog: hunting dog,truffle dog and pleasure dog, it is also an exceptional assistant for humans. In somecases, it is even able to prevent an epileptic seizure or detect certain diseases.

Those who know the Poodle best have called the attention of Royal Canin’s nutritioniststo some of its biological characteristics, such as the structure of its constantly growinghair, its record longevity and its susceptibility to dental complaints, among others.

To improve the response to their needs, Research and Development at Royal Caninhas formulated this exceptional food, which benefits the health of the skin, the beautyof the hair, oral hygiene and permanent protection of articular capital, to name but a few.

Once again, the irreplaceable expertise of breeders and the world’s foremost expertson the Poodle has enabled Royal Canin to develop this exceptional food.

INTRODUCTIONTable of Contents

Introduction 2The unique characteristics of the Poodle 4

Specific nutritional solutions 5

The history of the Poodle 6

Hair that grows continuously 8Maintaining the distinct coat andprotecting the skin 12Unequalled intelligence allied to record longevity 14

Preserving the cognitive function 16Increased incidence of cataracts with age 18Strengthening the anti-oxidant defenses of the eye 19Known predispositionto oral complaints 20A tailor-made kibble thatslows down the formation of tartar 22Progressive deteriorationof the cartilage with age 24

Protecting articular cartilage 26A nutritional program for everystage of the Poodle’s life 28The Poodle from the tips of theirtoes to the tip of their nose 30

References 32

Glossary 34A history of innovation at Royal Canin 35


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We have never allowed our approach to be diluted by marketing gimmicks. Ournutritional innovation is sincere, authentic and built on studies published in the mostreputable and scrupulous scientific journals.

In 1980, then in 1997 and again in 2000, Royal Canin took three decisive steps inCanine Nutrition, demonstrating the morphological and particularly biological diversityof dog breeds and providing very precise, scientific nutritional responses to help thesedogs live a better, longer life. This innovation has established us as the standard bearerof scientific authenticity in the minds of veterinarians and professional breeders inEurope and beyond.

While Royal Canin’s products are constantly evolving, fundamentally the philosophyof our brand remains the same: Knowledge and Respect.

- “Knowledge of the Animal” above all, because Royal Canin is one of the few companiesalmost never to conduct opinion polls among owners, the “buyers.” Our true consumers are dogs and cats. It is them and them alone that we place at the centerof our studies and our thinking.

Respect then. Respect for men and women of course, for our employees, partners andcustomers, but Respect for dogs and cats too. Respect for their true biological nature,their proper needs, their actual distinctive characteristics. A dog is a dog, not a childfor example. Its nature and its needs are profoundly different. That makes respect forits animal nature our most important duty.

Pascal JouannetChief Executive OfficeRoyal Canin Group


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1 HAIR THAT GROWS CONTINUOUSLY: FINE AND CURLY, MUCH LIKE A PUPPY’S

2 UNEQUALLED INTELLIGENCE ALLIED TO RECORD LONGEVITY

3 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF CATARACTS WITH AGE

4 AN ESTABLISHED VULNERABILITY TO ORAL COMPLAINTS

5 PROGRESSIVE DETERIORATION OF THE CARTILAGE WITH AGE

THE POODLE …Unique characteristics


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1 Maintaining the distinct coat, protecting the skin (p.12)

With: � the balanced association of sources of omega 6 unsaturated fatty acids (including borage oil) and omega 3 (fish oil)

� an optimized supply of proteins to enable fast regeneration of skin cells� a complex of pantothenic acid, nicotinamide, histidine, inositol and choline

to strengthen the effectiveness of the skin barrier

2 Preserving the cognitive function (p.16)� With the synergic association of antioxidants: vitamins E and C,

taurine, and green tea polyphenols

3 Strengthening the pigments of the eye (p.19)

� With an enrichment of xanthophyll pigments: lutein and zeaxanthin, the pigments of the eye

4 Slowing down the appearance of tartar (p.22)

� With a kibble shape and texture that encourages the dog to chew and through the addition of calcium chelating agents and the use

of the antiseptic properties of zinc and polyphenols

5 Protecting articular cartilage (p.26)� With the presence of natural cartilage extracts:

glucosamine and chondroitin

POODLE 30™:Specific nutritional solutions


The History of the Poodle

The first Poodles appeared in the Middle Ages. Even then they were groomed in a distinctive way,with some parts of their body completely shaven. This was connected to the breed’s use as a waterdog, as it ensured that the Poodle’s coat did not get caught on brambles and branches as it movedaround the marshes to retrieve ducks.

A truly European dogThe Poodle takes its name from the German Pudel, which is inturn derived from the verb Puddeln – German for “to splashabout in water.” In French, the breed goes under the nameCaniche, from the longer name chien à cane or canichon,which translates as duck dog.

The experts agree that the Poodle is one of theoldest breeds specializing in hunting aftergame in water. The Poodle is the resultof crosses between several Europeanwater dogs: Spanish, Portuguese,French, German, Hungarianand Russian.

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© Yves Lanceau


By the fifteenth century the Poodle was beginning to exchange the marsh for the drawing room.Breeders focused on the selection of smaller dogs to meet the demand from the Parisian bourgeoisie. It was at that time that the Miniature emerged, followed in due course by the Toy, bothof which are simply smaller versions of the original Poodle with exactly the same behavioral andmorphological characteristics. This shows that the Poodle was a much sought after dog well before the advent of modern dog fanciers.

No other canine breed has aroused so much passion, especially on the subject of its paternity,which is claimed by many countries. It was only after long discussions and a laborious process thatthe World Canine Organization (Fédération Cynologique Internationale) recognized France as the breed’s home country, awarding it the paternity of the breed standard in 1936.

A global starThe number of sizes differs from one country to another. Japan, the USA and the UK, among others, recognize only 3 sizes: Toy, Miniature and Standard. France and the majority of FCI member countries distinguish four sizes: Toy, Dwarf, Miniature and Standard.

Regardless of its size, every Poodle is famed for its vivacity of spirit, curiosity and ability to learn. Noamateur can forget the roots of the breed, as a water dog, war dog and shepherd dog, but also usedin many utilitarian disciplines (truffle dog, guide dog, etc).

As a fundamental characteristic of the breed, regular grooming is essential and thorough knowledge of the various types of trims – Continental, Puppy, etc – is a must. Every owner is awareof the necessity of grooming, to ensure that the dog is always in good condition, with a coat thatexudes good health.

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1 Hair that grows continuously: fine and curly, much like a puppy’s

1. A woolen coat: 80% secogoairs

The finest, lightest secondaryhairs dominate a Poodle’scoat. Placed end to end, agram of secondary hairswould stretch for about980 meters, or 1071yards,while a gram’s worth of primary hairs, which aremuch thicker, would extendfor only 690 meters, or 754yards. (Royal Canin, 2003).

When you compare the hairs of a10-week Poodle with those of a 28-week Poodle, you see that thereis no marked difference in diameter(Credille & al, 2000). An adultPoodle’s hair is very similar to apuppy’s, although its coat becomesdenser. The number of hair folliclesincrease by about 50% between thetenth and twenty-eighth week.

Simple folliclee.g.: hair, rodents, ruminants

Hair follicles seen in vertical section(from Credille 2000)

Hair follicles are compound follicles: several hairs originatefrom the same follicle.The primary hairs aresurrounded with finersecondary hairs.

Compound folliclee.g.: dog, cat

Infundibulum

Isthmus

Dermal papilla

Arrector pili muscle

Adult miniature Poodle hair.

© L. M

ercier

© L. M

ercier

Miniature Poodle hair at month 2.


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2. Curly hair

Curly-haired dogs have “twisted” follicles that determine the shape of the hair strand. The adult Poodle retains almost the same hair curvatureas the puppy (Credille & al, 2002).

Hair follicles seen in cross section(from Credille 2002)

Primary hairs

Secondary hairsHair arrector pili muscles

Initially, a puppy hassimple hair follicles that hold a single hair.The secondary hairsemerge at about the age of 12 weeks.

Relationship between primary(thick) and (fine)secondary hairs.

Initial length

Time (days)

Length

Day 1 Day 3 Day 4 Day 7 Day 8

In humans, the curvature of a hairis genetically determined in thelower part of the follicle, independent of the cutaneous environment.

Growth of a hair in vitro(from Bernard 2003)

© L. M

ercier


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3. Continuous hair growth

The duration of the three hair growth phases is genetically determined. The anagen phase dominates in the Poodle, similar to those of a human (Credille, 2000). Poodle hair needs to be cutregularly like that of a Yorkshire or a Maltese. The hair grows about 10-14 mm a month throughoutthe year (Royal Canin, 2003).

4. Regular coat clipping

The skin of a Poodle possesses little in the way of skin lipids (< 5µg/cm2). That is five times less thana Labrador or a Siberian Husky (Dunstan & al, 2000). As a result, the coat is not water repellent,and retains water when the dog is wet. That makes clipping important so that the dog is notweighed down unnecessarily when it comes out of water.

During the show season, 70% of breeders clip their dogs at least once a month and 37% at leastonce every 15 days (Royal Canin survey).

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Hair bulbDermal papilla

Dormancy phase (telogen): the hair isanchored by only a few keratin roots before it drops out

Intermediatephase (catagen):the hair bulbgradually disorganizesitself

Phase of growth (anagen)

The three phases of hair growth


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Continental Clip

Modern or Lamb Clip:hair cut to a uniform lengthover the wholebody

Several clipping styles have developed, but the Lion clip or 1960 clip continues to be the reference for competition.

Clipping the hair accelerates the regeneration of epidermal cells,from 22 days to an average of 15 days (Baker & al, 1974).

The Miniature Poodle’s skin pH is acidic, on average a pH of 5.9 (Royal Canin, 2003, Dunstan & al, 2000). That is clearly one ofthe reasons why the Poodle does not often suffer from bacterial pyoderma, like some other breeds.

The Poodle has an acidic skin pH(compared to a German

Shepherd)pHunits

Miniature Poodle German Shepherd

Source: Royal Canin, 2003

5.9

8.6

Puppy Clip

Examples of Poodle clips

English Saddle Clip orLion Clip


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MAINTAINING THE DISTINCTCOAT AND PROTECTING THE SKIN

Objective #1: Reinforce the coat’snatural beautyFatty acids are a source of energy for the skin and are essential to a shiny coat.Borage oil, which is used extensively in the cosmetics industry, is one of the sourcesof omega 6 fatty acids, particularly gamma linolenic acid or GLA (Quoc & al, 1996).

Fish oil provides long-chain omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), which play avery important anti-inflammatory role in the fight against skin irritations(Mooney & al, 1998, Vaughn & al, 1994).

Objective #2: Provide proteins essential to the growth of the coatThe hair of a Poodle grows constantly. That means that it is necessary to provide the dog with proteins essential to thesynthesis of keratin, the primary protein constituent of hair. A deficiency will lead to brittle hairs.A high protein content (30%) and a guaranteed supply of sulfur amino acids (methionine and cystine) help assure an adequate supply. Cystine is the most common amino acid in Poodle hair, representing 14% of thetotal (Royal Canin, 2003).

The word keratin comes from theGreek keratos, which means horn. There are several types of keratin,which all share the same basichelix structure on the inside of the molecule.

The hinges give them flexibility and allow them to interconnect to form resistant filaments.

Structure of a keratin molecule(from Crédille 2003)

Amine termination

Disc

Alpha helix Carbon termination

Hinges


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Nutrients directly incorporated into the skin barrierVitaminsNicotinamide(Vitamin PP or anti-pellagra vitamin) helps transport oxygen, essential to the health and elasticity of the skinPantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) transformed into co-enzyme A, necessary to the synthesis of fatty acidsCholine and inositol The two vitamins act in tandem.

Choline: combined with phosphorus it forms phospholipids thatmake up the cell membranes. Inositol: plays the role of a signal essential to the proper functioning of the cell membrane. A deficiency increases the risk of eczema and hair loss.

Amino acidHistidine amino acid essential to the growth and differentiation of cells

generated by keratin.

Objective #3: Reinforce the effectiveness of the skin barrierPoodle 30™ contains a complex of 5 nutrients (4 vitamins and 1 amino acid), identified as havingthe greatest impact on skin metabolism among 27 nutrients, to promote the synthesis of ceramides (skin lipidsessential for the integrity of the upper layer of the epidermis) and limit skin dehydration (Watson & al, 2003).

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From the 9th week of treatment,water loss through the skin wasreduced significantly among dogs given a food enriched withPantothenic acid, Nicotinamide,Choline and Inositol, and Histidine,compared with control dogs.(*P<0.05, **P<0.01 between the groups).

Proof of the positive action of certain nutrients on the effectiveness of the skin barrier in vivo

(from Watson 2003)

Transcutaneouswater loss(ml/m2/24h)

Control(n = 16)

weeks weeks weeks weeks

Dogs given the enriched food (n = 16)

Start


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2Unequalled intelligence allied to record longevity

If you measured canine intelligence by a dog’sability to adapt to all kinds of situations thenyou’d have to give the Poodle a prize.Humans have made the most of its ability to understand things quickly combined with itsvivacious desire to make its owner happy.

The Poodle is everywhere. Although originallya hunting dog, it is just as excellent as a truffle hound. And did you know that it is evenan assistant to the disabled, able to anticipatean imminent epileptic seizure or detect arange of diseases?

Diseases like cancer lead to major cellulardegeneration and the appearance of by-products of oxidation in the blood stream andthen into the expired air. These molecules(aldehydes, alkanes, formaldehyde, etc) havean odor and can be detected by the dog,whose sense of smell can distinguish certaincompounds at concentrations 1,000 times

lower than the human detection threshold(Broffman, 2001).

That allows it to alert others quickly. It can evenlearn to press a button to accomplish this task(Pfeiff, 2001).

© Lanceau/Cogis


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Owners will want their Poodles to retain all of their faculties for as long as they can. Signs of agingactually appear fairly late: at around 10-11 years, compared to 5-6 years among large dogs(Pageat, 2002).

The life expectancy of the Poodle (especially the Miniature and the Toy) is one of the longest in the canine world: 12 years according to a recent Danish study (Proschowsky & al, 2003), 14-15 years according to other authors (Michell, 1999).

The final third of a Poodle’s life is a sensitive period in which everything possible must be done to preserve the cognitive function intact, in the interests of the dog and its owner. Otherwise, thereis a risk that the Poodle’s proverbial vivacity will deteriorate. Behavioral problems due to anxietyattacks are also more common as the dog grows older.

* Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, Pekingese and Pug

Years

Small companiondogs

StandardwirehairedDachshund

Standard shorthairedDachshund

All sizes of Poodle

Average life expectancy of several small breed dogs(from Proschowsky & al, 2003)


The cells are constantly under attack by free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that initiate chain oxidation reactions. These free radicals form naturally and constantly in the body, but their production intensifies as aging speeds up and the effectiveness of the body’s defense mechanisms gradually diminishes.

The dog perceives its environment through itscognitive function, which depends on thedegree of sensorial acuity. The older a dog getsthe more important it is to reinforce its defensesagainst oxidative stress and its consequences,including aging and the higher risk of metaboliccomplaints. The blood concentration ofantioxidant molecules (vitamins E and C, taurine,etc.) largely depends on the daily intake of food.

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PRESERVING THE COGNITIVEFUNCTION

Impact of vitamin E concentration in the food on plasma concentration(unpublished Trial Report, Heaton 2002)

Plasma vitamin E(microg/ml)

Dietary tocopherolcontent(UI/400 kcal)DN

A lesions

(arbitrary units)

Control group (n=20)

Supplementary antioxidant vitaminand mineral supplemented group

(n=20)

GROUPS:

When blood levels are high, the antioxidants protect against cellulardegeneration: damage suffered by the DNA, which carries the cell’sgenetic material, is restricted (Heaton & al, 2002).

When the vitamin E content in the food is raised,the plasma concentration also increases. The body’santioxidant defenses are strengthened.

Protection of the cellular DNA by the administration of antioxidants

in the dog’s food (Heaton & al, 2002)


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The synergic action of antioxidants

� Vitamin E: protects the membranous lipid structures against attack by free radicals. Manystudies among humans confirm the role played by vitamin E in the prevention of certain neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s and diabeti neuropathy.

� Vitamin C: has an antioxidant effect in the extracellular fluids and also promotes the regeneration of vitamin E, which is then able to act against other free radicals. The dog produces vitamin C itself, but a nutritional supply helps it to defend itself against oxidative stress.

� Polyphenols from green tea: they have an antioxidant effect inside the cells to protect theDNA in the nucleus.

� Taurine: an amino acid that is essential to the retina, taurine is a major component of muscular and immune cells, particularly cells that produce antibodies (lymphocytes). It also playsa part in protecting the cells from oxidation.

A diet rich in antioxidants is very good for a dog like the Poodle once it stops growing, becauseits longevity means it is susceptible to degenerative diseases. Additionally, it appears that thetraining of an older dog can be stimulated by the addition of antioxidants (Milgram & al, 2001).

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Evidence of DNA lesions with the Comet-Assay test(Heaton & al, 2002)

Compared to the control group (n = 20), there is a significant reduction in DNA lesions among dogsgiven more antioxidants in their food (vitamins, minerals and carotenoids) for 8 weeks.

Increase in the seriousness of DNA lesions


3 Increased incidence of cataracts with age

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A cataract is an opacification of the lens characterized by a grey-bluish color to the eye. Dogs over 10 years old traditionally suffer from this condition, but the Poodle is particularly susceptible (Maroille, 2001). The risk to the Poodle is three times as high as it is in the canine population as a whole (Veterinary Medical Data Base). It is also mentioned as the principal sign ofaging by 70% of breeders (Royal Canin survey). The incidence will be higher among black andgrey Poodles compared with other colors (Barnett, 1985). When the cataract is bilateral, vision isvery badly affected or even completely lost.

In old dogs, the cataract goes hand in hand witha modification in the metabolism of the lens; freeradicals are mentioned as a decisive factor.

It may appear as a complication of diabetesor be associated with Progressive RetinalAtrophy (PRA), which a Miniature or ToyPoodle is almost 10 times more susceptible to,on average (Veterinary Medical Data Base).The initial symptoms appear around the ageof 5 or 6 years (Bedford, 2001). Breeders nowsystematically screen for this disease.

“Cataract” is derived from the Greek kataraktès(rupture): the lens loses its transparency.

© L. M

ercier


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STRENGTHENING THE ANTIOXIDANTDEFENSES OF THE EYE

Generally speaking, a synergistic cocktail ofantioxidants (vitamins E and C, polyphenolsand taurine) protects the cells against lightaccelerated oxidation. That means that theyprotect against the development of the cataract(Valero & al, 2002, Taylor & al, 2002).

� Increased supply of xanthophyll pigments: lutein and zeaxanthinDeserving of special attention are lutein andzeaxanthin, which are carotenoid-class xanthophyll pigments found in high quantitiesin the lens and retina. Their incorporation inPoodle 30™ allows a dog to benefit fromtheir protective powers from a very early age.In humans, susceptibility to cataracts isinversely proportional to the content in theserum and the quantity of lutein ingested(Fullmer & al, 2001, Moeller & al, 2000).

� Lutein: a nutritional supply helps to improve thedensity of the retinal macula. Lutein specificallyprotects elongated cells.

� Zeaxanthin: this works in synergy withlutein, particularly protecting the retinalcones.

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The macula (the retinal zone of maximum visual acuity) owes its yellow color to carotenoid pigments (lutein andzeaxanthin). These pigments absorb UVrays and act as a protective filter forthe cells of the retina.

1 - Retina2 - Optic nerve3 - Cornea4 - Lens5 - Vitreous liquid

Lutein and zeaxanthin help limit the degeneration of the lens


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95% of breeders surveyed considered the Poodle to be particularly sensitive to dental complaints.On average, tartar appears around 3.5 years, although in certain cases dental prophylaxisbecomes necessary much earlier (Royal Canin 2003, Hoffman & al, 1996).

How does tartar develop?

Tartar forms as a result of calcification of dental plaque. A few hours after tooth cleaning and polishing, dental plaque is deposited on the enamel. It is formed by hundreds of millions of bacteria thatamalgamate around an organic matrix constituting a deposit that adheres to the surface of the tooth.

In less than two days the plaque attaches to the minerals (calcium phosphates) contained in the salivaand the formation of tartar has commenced. The first tartar formations appear around day 15 afterdental cleaning and a deposit becomes visible after 3-4 weeks.

The pH of dog saliva is around 8.6, while that of a human is normally between 6.5 and 7. This alkaline pH enables the precipitation of calcium phosphates, and so the formation of tartar.

Tartar is a favorable environment for pathogenic bacteria,because they are difficult to dislodge from its uneven surface.These bacteria release the toxins responsible for• inflammation of the gum, known as gingivitis;• attacking the tissue that supports the tooth (periodontium), or

periodontitis, which leads to the loosening and eventual lossof the tooth.

4Known predispositionto oral complaints

© P. Hennet

Gingivitis: gum disease is edematous and inflammatory.


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Periodontal disease occurs earlier in smalldogs than in the dog population as a whole(Harvey & al, 1994). It can cause pain thatdiscourages the dog from eating.

Loss of incisors in a Poodle.

© P. Hennet

© L. M

ercier

Severe periodontitis. Gingival impairmentpasses the muco-gingival junction. The depthof the pockets increases and the gums bleedeasily. Debris and bacteria are trapped by the tartar. The teeth move around easily. The breath is extremely bad.

Radiograph of advanced periodontitis: destruction of the alveolar bone (30-50%) associated with the resorption of the root of the 4th premolar.

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A TAILOR-MADE KIBBLE THATSLOWS DOWN THE FORMATIONOF TARTARDental plaque must be removed before it has time to organize and mineralize. The ideal way of preventing the build up of tartar is to brush the teeth of your dog with a soft toothbrush.

� Encouraging the Poodle to chew slows down the development of tartar. ThePoodle 30™ kibble has been specially developed to encourage the dog to chew, generating aslight abrasive action on the surface of the teeth. The longitudinal extrusion of the kibble means ittakes longer to break. As a result, the tooth benefits much more from the kibble’s “cleaning effect.”

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Penetration depth of the tooth inside the kibble:

comparison between Poodle 30™

and Mini Adult™(Royal Canin, 2003)

mm

2.4

0.6

The tooth penetrates 4 times farther into a Poodle 30™

kibble before the kibble shatters


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Incorporation of substances that actively work to improve oral hygiene

� The use of salivary calcium chelating agents like sodium tripolyphosphate is essentialfor preventing the mineralization of dental plaque. It is important to feed a dog with theenhanced food for a prolonged period to achieve the maximum effect (Royal Canin, 2003).

� Zinc impedes the adhesion of bacteria to the surface of the tooth and the development of plaque(Grove, 2000).

� The presence of green tea polyphenols plays a role in oral hygiene by slowing down thegrowth of certain bacteria responsible for periodontal disease in dogs (Porphyromonasassacharolytica) (Isogai & al, 1992).

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Force needed to break the kibble: comparison between Poodle 30™ and Mini Adult 27™

(Royal Canin, 2003)

Mini Adult Poodle 30™

Force N

The Poodle 30™ kibbleis much softer than theMini Adult 27™ kibble. On the other hand, it resists pressure for much longer before breaking, which enables the tooth to penetrate to a much greater depth.

Penetration depth


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• Recurring luxation of the patella: still common (Bureau, 2002), although breeders are makingconsiderable efforts to exclude sufferers from selection

• Instability of the first two cervical vertebrae: the displacement of the atlas and the axis can lead to acompression of the spinal cord. Poodles constitute almost 20% of those suffering (Dickelé, 2002).

Painful joints are the secondclassic symptom of aging, notedby 60% of breeders (Royal Caninsurvey, 2003).

Joint pain is due to a processof arthrosis that developsprogressively in articularcartilage. This process issometimes accelerated by thepresence of certain skeletalconditions, which are welldocumented in the Poodle:

5 Progressive deterioration of the cartilage with age

Instability betweenvertebrae C1 and C2

(x-ray of profile).

© P. M

éheust.


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With age, the cartilagerings of the trachea losetheir rigidity. The tracheacan be depressed and becomes sensitive tovariations in pressure on the wall. Tracheal collapse causes a heavy,dry, irritable cough. Thecollapse of the tracheamainly affects small dogsof advanced age(Hamaide & al, 1998).The risk is six timesgreater in Poodles thanin the general canine population (Veterinary Medical Data Base). This condition may have acongenital or genetic aspect (Dallman, 1988).

Compare the cartilage of a trachea ready to collapse with a normal trachea and you notice thatthe former contains fewer glycoproteins and fewer glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (Bergeaud, 2002).

Tracheal collapse (x-ray in profile)

© P. Barreau


PROTECTING ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

Cartilage undergoes constant regeneration. It is made up of cells – chondrocytes – embedded in a matrixcomposed of water, collagen and macromolecules – proteoglycans.

Proteoglycans are molecules formed by a polypeptide skeleton to which glucidic chains are linked: glycosaminoglycans (GAG). GAGs are sulfate or polysulfate derivatives. This means that they are able toself hydrate; they are the reason proteoglycans are able to retain water. This retention guarantees cartilage elasticity and flexibility. The cartilage can absorb the forces of compression, becausethe highly hydrated proteoglycans recover their shape after they have been deformed.

Proteoglycans become fewer with age and the water content of the cartilage decreases. This means its shock absorbing capabilities are less reliable, which heightens the risk of lesions.

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Composition of the cartilage matrix

Hyaluronic acidCentral proteinBinding proteinGAGs

Chondrocyte Collagen fiber

{All the constituent parts of the cartilage are bathed in a liquid. The supple, elastic structure of the cartilage matrix is built to absorb traumas, protecting the underlying bone.

Proteoglycan


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Objective: protect articular cartilage by incorporating glucosamine and chondroitin

To combat degenerative diseases that affect cartilage, it is necessary to nourish the cartilage,through the diet, with nutrients that are able to penetrate right into the cartilage and incorporatethemselves into its structure. Some of these substances are known to stimulate the synthesis ofchondrocytes and proteoglycans and inhibit their destruction (Mc Namara & al, 1997).

These substances are normally synthesized by the body and incorporated into the structure of proteoglycans, thus serving as a key ingredient in the formation of cartilage.

� Glucosamine: molecule with low molecular mass, formed from glucose and glutamine. It is theprecursor to other more complex molecules in the family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Its roleis to stimulate the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans by chondrocytes.

� Chondroitin sulfate: representative of the GAGs. Its role is primarily to inhibit:- the action of enzymes like collagenase and hyaluronidase- the syntheses of inflammation mediators.(Handson & al, 1996; Harab & al, 1989)

Glucosamine and chondroitin help prevent the spread of osteoarticularcomplaints due to chronic inflammation of the joint. The synthesis ofglucosamine and chondroitin is reduced with age. The incorporation of these nutrients in Poodle 30™ helps to look afterthe dog’s functional cartilage (Anderson & al, 1996).


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MINIpuppy 33™

Optimal nutrition that supplies everything agrowing Poodle needs.

Weaning small-breed puppiesMINI Babydog30™ : for optimal weaning of small-breed puppies between 5-8 weeks, the vital “immunity gap” period.

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10months

2months GROWTH PHASE

A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR EVERY


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POODLE 30™

For Poodles over 10 months old

CURLY COAT CAREA Poodle’s coat is different from other breeds,growing in single, curly strands without anundercoat. Poodle 30™ protects the fragile, long-growing coat with Omega 3 from anchovy oil.

COGNITIVE FUNCTIONPoodles are recognized for their intelligent andinquisitive nature. As they age, brain function slowsdown. Poodle 30™ is formulated with antioxidants,which can help neutralize free radicals.

VISION HEALTHPoodles may be more likely to suffer from visionproblems as they age. Poodle 30™ is formulatedwith lutein and zeaxanthin, which can helpneutralize free radicals.

from

10months

ADULT AND MATURE PHASES

STAGE OF THE POODLE’S LIFE


The Poodle, from the tips of its toes …

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The Standard for the Poodle (Toy variety) is the same as for the Standardand Minature varieties except as regards heights.

General Appearance, Carriage and Condition That of a very active, intelligent and elegant-appearing dog, squarelybuilt, well proportioned, moving soundly and carrying himself proudly.Properly clipped in the traditional fashion and carefully groomed, thePoodle has about him an air of distinction and dignity peculiar to himself.

Size, Proportion, Substance SizeThe Standard Poodle is over 15 inches at the highest point of theshoulders. Any Poodle which is 15 inches or less in height shall bedisqualified from competition as a Standard Poodle.

The Miniature Poodle is 15 inches or under at the highest point of theshoulders, with a minimum height in excess of 10 inches. Any Poodlewhich is over 15 inches or is 10 inches or less at the highest point of theshoulders shall be disqualified from competition as a Miniature Poodle.

The Toy Poodle is 10 inches or under at the highest point of the shoulders.Any Poodle which is more than 10 inches at the highest point of theshoulders shall be disqualified from competition as a Toy Poodle.

As long as the Toy Poodle is definitely a Toy Poodle, and the MiniaturePoodle a Miniature Poodle, both in balance and proportion for theVariety, diminutiveness shall be the deciding factor when all other pointsare equal.

Proportion - To insure the desirable squarely built appearance, the lengthof body measured from the breastbone to the point of the rumpapproximates the height from the highest point of the shoulders to theground.

Substance - Bone and muscle of both forelegs and hindlegs are inproportion to size of dog.

Head and Expression (a) Eyes – very dark, oval in shape and set far enough apart andpositioned to create an alert intelligent expression. Major fault: eyesround, protruding, large or very light.

(b) Ears – hanging close to the head, set at or slightly below eye level.The ear leather is long, wide and thickly feathered; however, the earfringe should not be of excessive length.

(c) Skull – moderately rounded, with a slight but definite stop.Cheekbones and muscles flat. Length from occiput to stop about thesame as length of muzzle.

(d) Muzzle – long, straight and fine, with slight chiseling under the eyes.Strong without lippiness. The chin definite enough to preclude snipiness.Major fault: lack of chin. Teeth – white, strong and with a scissors bite.Major fault: undershot, overshot, wry mouth.

Neck, Topline, Body Neck well proportioned, strong and long enough to permit the head tobe carried high and with dignity. Skin snug at throat. The neck rises fromstrong, smoothly muscled shoulders. Major fault: ewe neck.

The topline is level, neither sloping nor roached, from the highest point ofthe shoulder blade to the base of the tail, with the exception of a slighthollow just behind the shoulder.

Body(a) Chest deep and moderately wide with well sprung ribs. (b) The loin isshort, broad and muscular. (c) Tail straight, set on high and carried up,docked of sufficient length to insure a balanced outline. Major fault: setlow, curled, or carried over the back.

Forequarters Strong, smoothly muscled shoulders. The shoulder blade is well laid backand approximately the same length as the upper foreleg. Major fault:steep shoulder.

(a) Forelegs - Straight and parallel when viewed from the front. Whenviewed from the side the elbow is directly below the highest point of theshoulder. The pasterns are strong. Dewclaws may be removed.

Feet - The feet are rather small, oval in shape with toes well arched andcushioned on thick firm pads. Nails short but not excessively shortened.The feet turn neither in nor out. Major fault: paper or splay foot.

Hindquarters The angulation of the hindquarters balances that of the forequarters.

Hind legs straight and parallel when viewed from the rear. Muscular withwidth in the region of the stifles which are well bent; femur and tibia areabout equal in length; hock to heel short and perpendicular to theground. When standing, the rear toes are only slightly behind the pointof the rump. Major fault: cow-hocks.

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… to the tip of its nose

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Coat (a) Quality – (1) Curly: of naturally harsh texture, dense throughout. (2)Corded: hanging in tight even cords of varying length; longer on maneor body coat, head, and ears; shorter on puffs, bracelets, and pompons.

(b) Clip – A Poodle under 12 months may be shown in the “Puppy” clip.In all regular classes, Poodles 12 months or over must be shown in the“English Saddle” or “Continental” clip. In the Stud Dog and Brood Bitchclasses and in a non-competitive Parade of Champions, Poodles may beshown in the “Sporting” clip. A Poodle shown in any other type of clipshall be disqualified.

(1) “Puppy” – A Poodle under a year old may be shown in the “Puppy”clip with the coat long. The face, throat, feet and base of the tail areshaved. The entire shaven foot is visible. There is a pompon on the endof the tail. In order to give a neat appearance and a smooth unbrokenline, shaping of the coat is permissible. (2) “English Saddle” – In the“English Saddle” clip the face, throat, feet, forelegs and base of the tailare shaved, leaving puffs on the forelegs and a pompon on the end ofthe tail. The hindquarters are covered with a short blanket of hair exceptfor a curved shaved area on each flank and two shaved bands on eachhindleg. The entire shaven foot and a portion of the shaven leg above thepuff are visible. The rest of the body is left in full coat but may be shapedin order to insure overall balance. (3) “Continental” – In the “Continental”clip, the face, throat, feet, and base of the tail are shaved. Thehindquarters are shaved with pompons (optional) on the hips. The legsare shaved, leaving bracelets on the hindlegs and puffs on the forelegs.There is a pompon on the end of the tail. The entire shaven foot and aportion of the shaven foreleg above the puff are visible. The rest of thebody is left in full coat but may be shaped in order to insure overallbalance. (4) “Sporting” – In the “Sporting” clip, a Poodle shall be shownwith face, feet, throat, and base of tail shaved, leaving a scissored cap onthe top of the head and a pompon on the end of the tail. The rest of thebody, and legs are clipped or scissored to follow the outline of the dogleaving a short blanket of coat no longer than one inch in length. The hairon the legs may be slightly longer than that on the body.

In all clips the hair of the topknot may be left free or held in place byelastic bands. The hair is only of sufficient length to present a smoothoutline. “Topknot” refers only to hair on the skull, from stop to occiput. Thisis the only area where elastic bands may be used.

Color The coat is an even and solid color at the skin. In blues, grays, silvers,browns, cafe-au-laits, apricots and creams the coat may show varyingshades of the same color. This is frequently present in the somewhatdarker feathering of the ears and in the tipping of the ruff. While clearcolors are definitely preferred, such natural variation in the shading of thecoat is not to be considered a fault. Brown and cafe-au-lait Poodles haveliver-colored noses, eye-rims and lips, dark toenails and dark ambereyes. Black, blue, gray, silver, cream and white Poodles have black noses,eye-rims and lips, black or self colored toenails and very dark eyes. In theapricots while the foregoing coloring is preferred, liver-colored noses,eye-rims and lips, and amber eyes are permitted but are not desirable.Major fault: color of nose, lips and eye-rims incomplete, or of wrong colorfor color of dog.

Parti-colored dogs shall be disqualified. The coat of a parti-colored dogis not an even solid color at the skin but is of two or more colors.

Gait A straightforward trot with light springy action and strong hindquartersdrive. Head and tail carried up. Sound effortless movement is essential.

Temperament Carrying himself proudly, very active, intelligent, the Poodle has abouthim an air of distinction and dignity peculiar to himself. Major fault:shyness or sharpness.

Major Faults Any distinct deviation from the desired characteristics described in theBreed Standard.

Disqualifications Size – A dog over or under the height limits specified shall be disqualified.Clip – A dog in any type of clip other than those listed under coat shallbe disqualified. Parti-colors – The coat of a parti-colored dog is not aneven solid color at the skin but of two or more colors. Parti-colored dogsshall be disqualified.

Approved August 14, 1984Reformatted March 27, 1990

www.akc.org/breeds/poodle/


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1. Baker BB, Maibach HI et al - Epidermal Cell Renewal in DogsAfter Clipping of the Hair. Am J Vet Res 1974, 35 (3).

2. Bernard B - Hair shape of curly hair, American Academy ofDermatology 2003, 48(6): 120-126.

3. Credille KM - The forest of the skin: a practical approach to thehair follicle and its diseases. British Veterinary DermatologyStudy Group, Autumn Meeting, October 2000.

4. Credille KM - Understanding cornification and the epidermalbarrier, Proceedings 19th Annual Congress of the ESVD-ECVD, Sept 2003.

5. Credille KM, Lupton CJ et al - What happens when a dog loses itspuppy coat. Functional, developmental and breed relatedchanges in the canine hair follicle. Advances in VeterinaryDermatology 2002, 4; 43-48.

6. Dunstan RW, Herdt TH et al - Age and breed related differences in canine skin surface lipids and pH. Advances in VeterinaryDermatology 2000, 4: 37-42

7. Mooney MA, Vaughn DN, et al - Evaluation of the effects of omega3 fatty acid-containing diet on the inflammation stage ofwound healing in dogs. AJVR 1998, 59 (7).

8. Quoc KP, Pascaud M et al - Effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acidon the tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition and thesynthesis of eicosanoids in rats. Annals of Nutrition andMetabolism 1996, 40(2): 99-108.

9. Watson AL, Baker CD et al - Dietary constituents can improvecanine epidermal barrier function in vitro. WalthamInternational Science Symposium, Oct 2003; Bangkok,Thailand: 11.

10. Broffman M - Round-table discussion at the Sensory ResearchInstitute (Florida State University), February 2001. Contact:Pine Street clinic, 124 Pine Street, San Anselmo, CA, 94960.

11. Heaton PR, Reed CF et al - Role of dietary antioxidants to protectagainst DNA damage in adult dogs. Journal of Nutrition2002, 132 (6 suppl. 2): 1720-1724.

12. Michell AR - Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationshipwith sex, size, cardiovascular variables and diseases, Vet Rec1999, 145(22): 625-9.

13. Milgram NW - Age dependent cognitive dysfunction in canines:dietary intervention. Proc. 3rd International congress onVeterinary Medicine, Vancouver 2001.

14. Pageat P - Highlighting of the influence of race on the age ofappearance of disorders behavioral: retrospective study on 608cases, Proceedings CNVSPA-AFVAC, Paris 2002:149.

15. Pfeiff M - There'll Never Be Another Seiko. Reader's Digest,March 2001, 50-57.

16. Proschowsky HF, Rugbjerg H et al - Mortality of pure breed andmixed-breed dogs in Denmark. Preventative VeterinaryMedicine, Elsevier, 2003.

17. Barnett KC - The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cataractin the dog. J of Small Anim Practice 1985, 26(6): 305-316.

18. Bedford P - Inherited Disease of the Canine Eye, ProceedingsWSAVA Congress 2001, Vancouver: 562-56.

19. Fullmer LA, Shao A - The role of lutein in eye health and nutrition.Cereals Foods World 2001, 46 (9): 408-413.

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Maintaining the coat, protecting the skin

Preserving the cognitive function

References


20. Maroille P - study of the canine and cat-like population oldpresented to the consultation of the National school Veterinarysurgeon d' Alfort of 1998 to 2000 (6720 files). Doctorateveterinary surgeon ENVA, 2001.

21. Moeller SM, Jacques PF et al - The potential role of dietaryxanthophylls in cataract and age related maculardegeneration. Journal of the American College of Nutrition2000, 19(5): 522S-527S.

22. Taylor A, Jacques PF et al - Long-term intake of vitamins andcarotenoids and odds of early-age-related cortical andposterior subcapsular lens opacities. Am J of Clinical Nutrition2002, 75: 540-549.

23. Valero M, Fletcher AE et al - Vitamin C is associated with ReducedRisk of Cataract in a Mediterranean population. AmericanSociety for Nutritional Sciences, 2002.

24. Veterinary Medical Data Base - Canine breed specific risks offrequently diagnosed diseases at veterinary teachinghospitals. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

29. Anderson MA, Beaver DP - Glycosaminoglycans in the treatment ofdegenerative joint diseases in small animals. EmergingScience and Technology 1996: 38-40

30. Bergeaud P - Affections of the higher air routes of the miniatureraces. Proceedings CNVSPA-AFVAC, Paris 2002:68.

31. Bureau S - Patellar luxation médiale: is this an affection of thedogs of small race. Proceedings CNVSPA-AFVAC, Paris2002:127.

32. Dallman MJ, McClure RC et al - Histochemical study of normal andcollapsed tracheas in dogs, Am J Vet Res1988, 49 (12):2117-2125.

33. Dickelé G - Atlanto-axial instability. Proceedings CNVSPA-AFVAC, Paris 2002:353

34. Hamaide A, Arnoszky SP et al - Effects of age and location on the biomechanical and biochemical properties ofcanine tracheal ring cartilage in dogs, AJVR 1998, 59 (1)

35. Handson RR - Mode of action of oral chondroprotective agents.Canine Practice, 1996, 21(2): 24.

36. Harab RC, Mourao PAS - Increase of chondroitin 4-sulfate concentration in the endochondral ossification cartilage of normal dogs. Biochemica &Biophysica Acta, 1989, 992: 237-240.

37. Mc Namara P, Johnston SA et al - Slow-acting disease modifyingosteoarthritis agents. Osteoarthritis 1997, 27(4): 863-881.

25. Groove K - Modern periodontics. In: recent advances in SmallAnimal Dentistry 2000, Carmichael DT (Ed).

26. Harvey CE, Shofer FS et al - Association of age and body weightwith periodontal disease in north American dogs. J Vet Dent1994, 11(3): 94-105.

27. Hoffmann T, Gaengler P - Clinical and pathomorphological investigationof spontaneously occurring periodontal disease in dogs. J. Small

Anim Pract 1996, 37(10): 471-9.

28. IsogaiI E , Fijii N et al - Inhibitory effects of Japanese green teaextracts on growth of canine oral bacteria. Department ofpreventive dentistry, Japan 1992, 11(2): 53-59.

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Strengthening the pigments of the eye

Protecting the cartilage

Slowing down the emergence of tartar


GlossaryAntioxidant: substance protecting the body’s cells from attack by free radicals.

Cataract: disease leading to the opacification of the lens and partial or total blindness.

Ceramides: skin lipids needed to ensure the integrity of the upper layer of the epidermis.

Chondroitin: natural cartilage extract. Its administration slows down the production of enzymes that wear down cartilage.

Cognitive function: processes by which an organism acquires awareness of objects and events in its vicinity.

Free radicals: substances produced naturally by the body that are responsible for aging, by means of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids that make up the cell membranes.

Glucosamine: fundamental constituent of the cartilage structure. Encourages the regeneration of cartilage by stimulating the synthesis of its constituent elements (source: extract of the shells ofcrustacea).

Keratin: the main protein in hair, rich in sulfur amino acids (methionine and cystine).

Lutein and zeaxanthin: pigments of the family of carotenoids, abundant in the eye retina.

Omega 3 fatty acids: fatty acid possessing an anti-inflammatory capacity widely used in dermatology. The most important are long-chain fatty acids (EPA and DHA), which are abundant in fish oils.

Omega 6 fatty acids: unsaturated fatty acids that are vital to the regeneration of cell membranes. Examples are linoleic acid (abundant in vegetable oils) and gamma linolenic acid (found in borage oil).

Polyphenols: vegetable substances (e.g.: green tea polyphenols) that possess multiple properties: anantioxidant role utilized in human cardiovascular pathology; a role combating complaintsdue to aging (e.g.: cataracts); a role limiting the formation of dental plaque.

Taurine: a sulfur amino acid. Unlike other amino acids, it does not hook up with other acids to formproteins, but remains in free form. It also possesses an antioxidant capability.

Tracheal collapse: variation in the diameter of the trachea under pressure, due to a loss of rigidity in the cartilage rings.

Vitamin C: vitamin that plays a role in the regeneration of vitamin E to prolong its antioxidant activity.

Vitamin E: anti-oxidizing vitamin that the body needs to trap free radicals and limit the effect of cell oxidation.

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A history of commitment to developing knowledge and respect for the needs of small, medium and large breeds.

1967: Launch of ROYAL CANIN by a veterinarian

1980: Launch of the first growth food for large breed puppies (AGR)

1988: Launch of the veterinary ranges

1990: Launch of the first diets to respond to the diversity of dog size (RCCI)

1997: Launch of the Size Nutrition program based on the dog’s age, activity, and size

1999: Launch of:• Starter, a unique kibble based weaning diet for dogs• A sporting dog diet (Energy 4800™)• A veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis in dogs (Mobility Support JS 21)

2000: Launch of a diet for giant breed dogs (Giant Adult 28™)

2001: Launch of a range of 13 veterinary diets (V Diet) including 2 hypoallergenic diets in Europe

2003: Launch of:• Foods just for small breed dogs (MINI Canine Health

Nutrition™) and Yorkshire Terriers (Yorkshire Terrier 28™)• Foods just for large breed dogs (MAXI Canine Health

Nutrition™) and breed specific foods (Labrador Retriever 30™ and German Shepherd 24™)

• Eight formulas dedicated for Professional Canine Breeders (Canine PRO )

2004: Launch of:• Foods for medium breed dogs (MEDIUM Canine

Health Nutrition™) including Bulldogs (Bulldog 24™)• Small breed specific foods (Chihuahua 28™ and Poodle 30™)• Food for very young large breed puppies

(MAXI Babydog 30™)• The first full line of therapeutic diets to help manage allergic

skin disease including canine atopy (Limited IngredientDiets, Hypoallergenic and Skin Support formulas)

2005: Launch of:• Small breed specific foods (Dachshund 28™ and

Shih Tzu 24™)• Food for Boxers (Boxer 26™ )• A specialized formula, HT42d, for the reproductive bitch• The first veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis specifically for large breed dogs (Mobility Support JS 21 Large Breed)

2006: Launch of small breed foods (MINI Beauty 26™, MINI IndoorAdult 21™ and MINI Dental Hygiene 24™)

2007: Launch of:• MINI Toy Indoor Adult 25™• MINI Indoor Puppy 27™• Miniature Schnauzer 25™ • Golden Retriever 25™

2008: Launch of:• Cocker Spaniel 25™

2009: Launch of:• Pug 25™

2010: Launch of:• Chihuahua Puppy 30™• German Shepherd Puppy 30™• Labrador Retriever Puppy 33™• Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29™

A history of innovation at Royal Canin


C0310_02 ©2010 Royal Canin USA, Inc. 310105 3/10

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Documents

Poodle Breed Technical Brochure