Intelligent Nutritionfor the Purebred Dog™

Meet the Needs of Your BreedThe Dachshund

DACHSHUND 28™ also aims to take into account other characteristics of the breed,including its exceptional longevity and its sensitivity to oral complaints. It is a speciallyformulated food that improves the well being of the dog day by day and enables itto grow old in optimal conditions.

Ask Dachshund breeders and they will affirm that anyone who has ever owned aDachshund never switches to another breed. This engaging, indefatigable dog hasbecome a companion for many enthusiasts.

Its distinct characteristics have aroused the interest of our nutritionists and veterinarianswho have formulated the most precise response to the Dachshund’s nutritional needs,with the cooperation of breeders and researchers from academia.

We hope that in reading this brochure you will become conscious of even just a morselof our passion for Health Nutrition and the pride that we feel in serving our brand.

2 3

Because inferior products will be exposed eventually, it is their quality, their authenticityand their reputation that determines whether a brand survives in the long run.

That is without doubt still true of Royal Canin, a brand that lives, above all, throughits products and its philosophy.

Our sole passion has been to formulate a rigorous and precise response to the realnutritional needs of dogs and cats, by placing them at the center of our research anddevelopment strategy.

This philosophy can be summarized in one simple phrase:“The Animal before the Master.”

We aspire to deepen our Knowledge of the animal and Respect for its true nature and itsreal needs through a scientific response, founded on highly precise nutritional principles.

In terms of morphology, the Dachshund is chondrodystrophic: its short, bowed limbswere originally felt to be an advantage on the hunt, as the dog could penetrate muchfurther into lairs. This trait has been developed by genetic selection.

This morphological particularity exposes the Dachshund to certain disc complaintsmore than any other breed. The task of nutrition is to help protect its articular capital,especially by maintaining optimal hydration of cartilage through the synergetic action ofvarious nutrients that you will learn about in this scientific brochure.

The fight against obesity is just as crucial to ensure that excessive constraints are notimposed on the dog’s intervertebral joints. At the same time, any help that can begiven to muscle tone is welcome so as to relieve the vertebral column.

INTRODUCTION

Pascal JouannetChief Executive OfficerRoyal Canin Group

Table of Contents

Introduction 2The unique characteristics of the Dachshund 4

Specific nutritional solutions 5

The history of the Dachshund 6Articular sensitivity combined withchondrodystrophic type morphology 8

Protecting articular capital 14A known predispositionto obesity 16Maintaining muscle toneand a healthy weight 16

Exceptional longevity 18

Slowing down the effects of aging 19Oral hygiene that demands great care 22

A tailor-made kibble 24A nutritional program for everystage of the Dachshund’s life 26The Dachshund from the tips of its toes to the tip of its nose 28

References 32

Glossary 34A history of innovation at Royal Canin 35

DACHSHUND 28™ also aims to take into account other characteristics of the breed,including its exceptional longevity and its sensitivity to oral complaints. It is a speciallyformulated food that improves the well being of the dog day by day and enables itto grow old in optimal conditions.

Ask Dachshund breeders and they will affirm that anyone who has ever owned aDachshund never switches to another breed. This engaging, indefatigable dog hasbecome a companion for many enthusiasts.

Its distinct characteristics have aroused the interest of our nutritionists and veterinarianswho have formulated the most precise response to the Dachshund’s nutritional needs,with the cooperation of breeders and researchers from academia.

We hope that in reading this brochure you will become conscious of even just a morselof our passion for Health Nutrition and the pride that we feel in serving our brand.

2 3

Because inferior products will be exposed eventually, it is their quality, their authenticityand their reputation that determines whether a brand survives in the long run.

That is without doubt still true of Royal Canin, a brand that lives, above all, throughits products and its philosophy.

Our sole passion has been to formulate a rigorous and precise response to the realnutritional needs of dogs and cats, by placing them at the center of our research anddevelopment strategy.

This philosophy can be summarized in one simple phrase:“The Animal before the Master.”

We aspire to deepen our Knowledge of the animal and Respect for its true nature and itsreal needs through a scientific response, founded on highly precise nutritional principles.

In terms of morphology, the Dachshund is chondrodystrophic: its short, bowed limbswere originally felt to be an advantage on the hunt, as the dog could penetrate muchfurther into lairs. This trait has been developed by genetic selection.

This morphological particularity exposes the Dachshund to certain disc complaintsmore than any other breed. The task of nutrition is to help protect its articular capital,especially by maintaining optimal hydration of cartilage through the synergetic action ofvarious nutrients that you will learn about in this scientific brochure.

The fight against obesity is just as crucial to ensure that excessive constraints are notimposed on the dog’s intervertebral joints. At the same time, any help that can begiven to muscle tone is welcome so as to relieve the vertebral column.

INTRODUCTION

Pascal JouannetChief Executive OfficerRoyal Canin Group

Table of Contents

Introduction 2The unique characteristics of the Dachshund 4

Specific nutritional solutions 5

The history of the Dachshund 6Articular sensitivity combined withchondrodystrophic type morphology 8

Protecting articular capital 14A known predispositionto obesity 16Maintaining muscle toneand a healthy weight 16

Exceptional longevity 18

Slowing down the effects of aging 19Oral hygiene that demands great care 22

A tailor-made kibble 24A nutritional program for everystage of the Dachshund’s life 26The Dachshund from the tips of its toes to the tip of its nose 28

References 32

Glossary 34A history of innovation at Royal Canin 35

4 5

1 Protecting articular capital� Plays a role in protecting the joints and maintaining optimal hydration of cartilage

due to the synergetic action of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine. � Combats inflammatory mechanisms through the presence

of omega 3 fatty acids (EPA-DHA)

2 Maintaining muscle tone and ideal weight

� With a high protein content, as well as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and L-carnitine to mobilize fats

3 Slowing down the effects of aging� Reduces oxidative stress through the synergistic action of antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C and polyphenols)

� Promotes good digestive health through highly digestible ingredients and the incorporation of FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides)

4 A tailor-made kibble� With a kibble shape and texture that encourages a mechanical brushing action

� With the addition of calcium chelating agents that significantly limit the formation of tartar on the surface of the tooth

1 AN ACKNOWLEDGED ARTICULAR SENSITIVITY COMBINED WITH CHONDRODYSTROPHIC-TYPE

MORPHOLOGY

3 EXCEPTIONAL LONGEVITY

2 A KNOWN PREDISPOSITION TO OBESITY

4 ORAL HYGIENE THAT DEMANDS DUE CARE

DACHSHUND 28™:Specific nutritional solutions

THE DACHSHUND …Unique characteristics

4 5

1 Protecting articular capital� Plays a role in protecting the joints and maintaining optimal hydration of cartilage

due to the synergetic action of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine. � Combats inflammatory mechanisms through the presence

of omega 3 fatty acids (EPA-DHA)

2 Maintaining muscle tone and ideal weight

� With a high protein content, as well as conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and L-carnitine to mobilize fats

3 Slowing down the effects of aging� Reduces oxidative stress through the synergistic action of antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C and polyphenols)

� Promotes good digestive health through highly digestible ingredients and the incorporation of FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides)

4 A tailor-made kibble� With a kibble shape and texture that encourages a mechanical brushing action

� With the addition of calcium chelating agents that significantly limit the formation of tartar on the surface of the tooth

1 AN ACKNOWLEDGED ARTICULAR SENSITIVITY COMBINED WITH CHONDRODYSTROPHIC-TYPE

MORPHOLOGY

3 EXCEPTIONAL LONGEVITY

2 A KNOWN PREDISPOSITION TO OBESITY

4 ORAL HYGIENE THAT DEMANDS DUE CARE

DACHSHUND 28™:Specific nutritional solutions

THE DACHSHUND …Unique characteristics

The History of the Dachshund

This small dog with a particular morphology has become very popular since the 1970s.

In its German homeland, the breed’s selection has been determined by a very strict respect for therules of hunting. The Dachshund has been around since the Middle Ages. Ever since the Bracken,dogs have been bred especially to hunt underground. Of these bassets, the Dachshunddistinguished itself as one of the most versatile hunting breeds. On the ground it achievesremarkable results, using its bark effectively to track game. The oldest breed club is the DeutscherDachshund Klub, founded in 1888.

It all started with the short hairAs talented in driving game as driving hares and badgers out of their lairs, the Dachshund is theeternal companion for humans. Its origins and history are that of the shorthaired Dachshund up tothe eighteenth century. Only then did the other two strains – the longhair and the wirehair – seethe light of day, in response to slightly modified needs. Today, the Dachshund is one of the mostprofuse breeds of dog, combining the qualities of a companion, a hunter and a dog of the showrings.

In most countries, the Dachshund exists in two different sizes; Standard Dachshund and MiniatureDachshund (Kaninchen Dachshund, a Dachshund bred to hunt rabbits is also recognized in somecountries) and three coat varieties (shorthaired, wirehaired and longhaired). The diversity of thebreed covers six varieties, which means the Dachshund can meet a huge number of different needs.From the little Kaninchen to the standard – the template of the breed – every amateur will find asuitable companion.

6 7

While knowledge of the Dachshund goes back to antiquity, it was only really in the fourteenth centurythat the Dachshund started to win the world’s heart. It was first recorded in the studbook of Britain’s venerable Kennel Club in 1873. The fame of the Dachshund in Britain even spread to the aristocracy.Queen Victoria herself was most amused by the breed.

In Germany, it was midway through the fifteenth century before enthusiasts began to get involvedin the breed’s selection. Forest rangers played a decisive role in introducing the breed’s selectioncriteria. One of their first works is the publication of astandard (1879), ahead of the founding of theDeutscher Dachshund Klub.

In the early days of German dog fancying, the standard was mostly in the majority,especially the shorthaired variety, whichwas considered by the experts to be thepure-bred Dachshund.

In the 1920’s the wirehaired varietystarted to work its charm on amateurs,but ultimately it was the longhairedvariety that won the popularitycontest, and it remained at thefavorite for decades. Today,the wirehaired Dachshund isregaining its predominance inEurope and even elsewhere.

© Lisa

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The History of the Dachshund

This small dog with a particular morphology has become very popular since the 1970s.

In its German homeland, the breed’s selection has been determined by a very strict respect for therules of hunting. The Dachshund has been around since the Middle Ages. Ever since the Bracken,dogs have been bred especially to hunt underground. Of these bassets, the Dachshunddistinguished itself as one of the most versatile hunting breeds. On the ground it achievesremarkable results, using its bark effectively to track game. The oldest breed club is the DeutscherDachshund Klub, founded in 1888.

It all started with the short hairAs talented in driving game as driving hares and badgers out of their lairs, the Dachshund is theeternal companion for humans. Its origins and history are that of the shorthaired Dachshund up tothe eighteenth century. Only then did the other two strains – the longhair and the wirehair – seethe light of day, in response to slightly modified needs. Today, the Dachshund is one of the mostprofuse breeds of dog, combining the qualities of a companion, a hunter and a dog of the showrings.

In most countries, the Dachshund exists in two different sizes; Standard Dachshund and MiniatureDachshund (Kaninchen Dachshund, a Dachshund bred to hunt rabbits is also recognized in somecountries) and three coat varieties (shorthaired, wirehaired and longhaired). The diversity of thebreed covers six varieties, which means the Dachshund can meet a huge number of different needs.From the little Kaninchen to the standard – the template of the breed – every amateur will find asuitable companion.

6 7

While knowledge of the Dachshund goes back to antiquity, it was only really in the fourteenth centurythat the Dachshund started to win the world’s heart. It was first recorded in the studbook of Britain’s venerable Kennel Club in 1873. The fame of the Dachshund in Britain even spread to the aristocracy.Queen Victoria herself was most amused by the breed.

In Germany, it was midway through the fifteenth century before enthusiasts began to get involvedin the breed’s selection. Forest rangers played a decisive role in introducing the breed’s selectioncriteria. One of their first works is the publication of astandard (1879), ahead of the founding of theDeutscher Dachshund Klub.

In the early days of German dog fancying, the standard was mostly in the majority,especially the shorthaired variety, whichwas considered by the experts to be thepure-bred Dachshund.

In the 1920’s the wirehaired varietystarted to work its charm on amateurs,but ultimately it was the longhairedvariety that won the popularitycontest, and it remained at thefavorite for decades. Today,the wirehaired Dachshund isregaining its predominance inEurope and even elsewhere.

© Lisa

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8 9

This hereditary feature is attributableto a modification in bone growthknown as chondrodystrophy.* Theepiphyseal cartilage of the longbones ossifies prematurely, whichmeans that the limbs stop growingbefore maturity. This slowing downof growth affects the ulna earlierthan the radius, and the lack of synchronicity means that the elbowjoints are curved.

1Recognized articular sensitivity combined with chondrodystrophic-type morphology

Very short legs

The Dachshund is popular around theworld, largely due to its highly distinctivesilhouette, with short bowed limbs. Thedistinctive form of the legs was identifiedas an advantage on the hunt from thevery beginning, as it allows the dog toenter lairs to pursue rabbits and badgers.

The Dachshund - adog with a low

center of gravity, shortlimbs, and a long

profile but compactand very muscular.

The distance betweenthe sternum and theground is around a

third of the height to the withers.

Schematic representation of ossification

The cells of the cartilage(chondrocytes) reproduceand differentiate whileothers gradually ossify.Blood vessels fill the gaps.

Proximal end of the front leg of a chondrodystrophic puppy

Radiograph of a Dachshund’s elbow joint in profile

Morphology of a long bone duringgrowth and in an adult dog

In the Dachshund, theradius may grow for alonger period than theulna. The pressure of theradius tends to push backthe humeral trochlea.

Asynchronous growth may lead to a deformedelbow: non-union of the anconcal process,luxation, etc.

RadiusUlna

1 – Articular cartilage

2 – Epiphysis 3 – Epiphyseal

cartilage 4 – Metaphysis5 – Diaphysis6 – Compact bone7 – Cancellous

bone

Growing puppy Adult dog

Multiplication of cartilage cells

Ossification

1 – Humerus2 – Anconeal process3 – Ulna4 – Radius

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* See glossary pg. 34

8 9

This hereditary feature is attributableto a modification in bone growthknown as chondrodystrophy.* Theepiphyseal cartilage of the longbones ossifies prematurely, whichmeans that the limbs stop growingbefore maturity. This slowing downof growth affects the ulna earlierthan the radius, and the lack of synchronicity means that the elbowjoints are curved.

1Recognized articular sensitivity combined with chondrodystrophic-type morphology

Very short legs

The Dachshund is popular around theworld, largely due to its highly distinctivesilhouette, with short bowed limbs. Thedistinctive form of the legs was identifiedas an advantage on the hunt from thevery beginning, as it allows the dog toenter lairs to pursue rabbits and badgers.

The Dachshund - adog with a low

center of gravity, shortlimbs, and a long

profile but compactand very muscular.

The distance betweenthe sternum and theground is around a

third of the height to the withers.

Schematic representation of ossification

The cells of the cartilage(chondrocytes) reproduceand differentiate whileothers gradually ossify.Blood vessels fill the gaps.

Proximal end of the front leg of a chondrodystrophic puppy

Radiograph of a Dachshund’s elbow joint in profile

Morphology of a long bone duringgrowth and in an adult dog

In the Dachshund, theradius may grow for alonger period than theulna. The pressure of theradius tends to push backthe humeral trochlea.

Asynchronous growth may lead to a deformedelbow: non-union of the anconcal process,luxation, etc.

RadiusUlna

1 – Articular cartilage

2 – Epiphysis 3 – Epiphyseal

cartilage 4 – Metaphysis5 – Diaphysis6 – Compact bone7 – Cancellous

bone

Growing puppy Adult dog

Multiplication of cartilage cells

Ossification

1 – Humerus2 – Anconeal process3 – Ulna4 – Radius

© Lisa

Cro

ft-Ellio

tt © P. M

éheust

* See glossary pg. 34

10 11

The elasticity of the discs depends on two factors:

� The degree of resistance and elasticity of theannulus fibrosus.

� The capacity to retain water in the nucleus pulposus, which is composed of a gelatinoussubstance containing fibers of collagen, chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycans likehyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate.

Thoraco-lumbarjunction

1 – Cervical vertebral column2 – Thoracic vertebrae3 – Lumbar vertebrae4 – Sacrum5 – Tail

The shorter the limbs, the less they areable to absorb shocks. When the dogjumps and lands on its forequarters thelines of force are redirected along the vertebral column, which generates compression in the intervertebral discs.The torsional forces are even greater at the joint between the fixed thoracic partand the lumbar part, which is mobile.

Vertebrae subjected to great mechanical stress

Each vertebra is formed with a central cavity. These aligned cavities form the medullary cavity throughwhich the spinal cord passes. The vertebrae articulate at the level of the intervertebral discs and thejoint is completed by two articular surfaces, which are very often atrophied in small dogs (Breit,2002). These discs cushion the forces applied to the vertebral column.

Comparison of the vertebral column of Dachshunds and humans

Comparison of the structure of the vertebralcolumn of humans and dogs

Vertebrae Human DogCervical 7 7Thoracic 12 13Lumbar 5 7Sacral 5 (fixed) 3 (fixed)Coccygeal 4 (fixed) 1 to 22

Humans walk upright. The discs in thelumbar region are subjected to thegreatest trauma.

1 – annulus fibrosis2 – nucleus pulposus3 – dorsal spine process4 – articular surface5 – transverse process6 – vertebral plate

Intervertebral articulation

In between each vertebra there is an intervertebral disc that cushions the shocks. The dog has 26 intervertebral discs(there is not one between the first two cervical vertebrae).

10 11

The elasticity of the discs depends on two factors:

� The degree of resistance and elasticity of theannulus fibrosus.

� The capacity to retain water in the nucleus pulposus, which is composed of a gelatinoussubstance containing fibers of collagen, chondrocytes and glycosaminoglycans likehyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate.

Thoraco-lumbarjunction

1 – Cervical vertebral column2 – Thoracic vertebrae3 – Lumbar vertebrae4 – Sacrum5 – Tail

The shorter the limbs, the less they areable to absorb shocks. When the dogjumps and lands on its forequarters thelines of force are redirected along the vertebral column, which generates compression in the intervertebral discs.The torsional forces are even greater at the joint between the fixed thoracic partand the lumbar part, which is mobile.

Vertebrae subjected to great mechanical stress

Each vertebra is formed with a central cavity. These aligned cavities form the medullary cavity throughwhich the spinal cord passes. The vertebrae articulate at the level of the intervertebral discs and thejoint is completed by two articular surfaces, which are very often atrophied in small dogs (Breit,2002). These discs cushion the forces applied to the vertebral column.

Comparison of the vertebral column of Dachshunds and humans

Comparison of the structure of the vertebralcolumn of humans and dogs

Vertebrae Human DogCervical 7 7Thoracic 12 13Lumbar 5 7Sacral 5 (fixed) 3 (fixed)Coccygeal 4 (fixed) 1 to 22

Humans walk upright. The discs in thelumbar region are subjected to thegreatest trauma.

1 – annulus fibrosis2 – nucleus pulposus3 – dorsal spine process4 – articular surface5 – transverse process6 – vertebral plate

Intervertebral articulation

In between each vertebra there is an intervertebral disc that cushions the shocks. The dog has 26 intervertebral discs(there is not one between the first two cervical vertebrae).

12 13

An increased risk of herniated disc

The Dachshund is the breed by far the most susceptible to disc complaints. The risk is 57 times greater than it is for the canine species as a whole (Nakama et al., 1993 ; Veterinary Medical DataBase). One Dachshund in four will have a disc problem at some time or other in its life (Luttgen,1993). The breed is at greatest risk between 3 and 7 years.

When the spinal cord is compressed by the disc matter, the development of the complaint can be dramatic.The spinal cord is extremely sensitive to any oxygen and glucose deficiency. Clinical symptoms varydepending on the position of the lesion and the nervous structure affected. As the condition developsthere is a loss of sensitivity, ataxia (lack of coordination), followed by paresis or paralysis.

The Dachshund’s spine has several interesting characteristics.

� The nucleus pulposus undergoes structural changes very early (from 6 months): the collagen contentincreases rapidly and the quantity of glycosaminoglycans diminishes from 50% to 30%. The nucleusis less hydrated and loses its elasticity, eventually becoming calcified (Jensen, 2001). This is calledchondroid metaplasia. Calcified discs have been found in 24.2% of Dachshunds aged between 12and 18 months. It is most prevalent in the standard wirehaired Dachshund. However it is theMiniature variety of the longhaired Dachshund that are most affected (Stigen, 1996).

� The Dachshund has a larger spinal cord diameter relative to its vertebral canal size comparedto a non-chondrodystrophic breed like the German Shepherd. This leads to an increased risk ofspinal cord compression in the event of a herniated disc. (Morgan et al., 1987).

When the Dachchund’s disc nucleus is calcified, all the job of cushioning is taken by the annulusfibrosis, which also degenerates as a consequence. In the most serious cases the annulus fibrosisis ruptured and the nucleus pulposus herniates in the spinal canal. Radiographs (X-rays) pick thisup relatively frequently, despite the absence of any clinical symptoms.

Herniated disc mechanism

Intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus) herniating in the medullary cavity.

Herniated disc ina Dachshund(myelography)

© P. M

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12 13

An increased risk of herniated disc

The Dachshund is the breed by far the most susceptible to disc complaints. The risk is 57 times greater than it is for the canine species as a whole (Nakama et al., 1993 ; Veterinary Medical DataBase). One Dachshund in four will have a disc problem at some time or other in its life (Luttgen,1993). The breed is at greatest risk between 3 and 7 years.

When the spinal cord is compressed by the disc matter, the development of the complaint can be dramatic.The spinal cord is extremely sensitive to any oxygen and glucose deficiency. Clinical symptoms varydepending on the position of the lesion and the nervous structure affected. As the condition developsthere is a loss of sensitivity, ataxia (lack of coordination), followed by paresis or paralysis.

The Dachshund’s spine has several interesting characteristics.

� The nucleus pulposus undergoes structural changes very early (from 6 months): the collagen contentincreases rapidly and the quantity of glycosaminoglycans diminishes from 50% to 30%. The nucleusis less hydrated and loses its elasticity, eventually becoming calcified (Jensen, 2001). This is calledchondroid metaplasia. Calcified discs have been found in 24.2% of Dachshunds aged between 12and 18 months. It is most prevalent in the standard wirehaired Dachshund. However it is theMiniature variety of the longhaired Dachshund that are most affected (Stigen, 1996).

� The Dachshund has a larger spinal cord diameter relative to its vertebral canal size comparedto a non-chondrodystrophic breed like the German Shepherd. This leads to an increased risk ofspinal cord compression in the event of a herniated disc. (Morgan et al., 1987).

When the Dachchund’s disc nucleus is calcified, all the job of cushioning is taken by the annulusfibrosis, which also degenerates as a consequence. In the most serious cases the annulus fibrosisis ruptured and the nucleus pulposus herniates in the spinal canal. Radiographs (X-rays) pick thisup relatively frequently, despite the absence of any clinical symptoms.

Herniated disc mechanism

Intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus) herniating in the medullary cavity.

Herniated disc ina Dachshund(myelography)

© P. M

éheust

14 15

PROTECTING ARTICULAR CAPITAL

Objective 1

To help protect the joints and maintain optimal hydration of cartilage throughthe synergistic action of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate.

� Supply of glucosamine and chondroitinA major supplement of chondroitin and glucosamine protects the articular cartilage, helping it to fulfill its role as a shock absorber.

Chondroitin sulfate is a constituent of cartilage and thesynovial liquid that helps lubricatethe joint. Its incorporation in foodchecks the action of cartilagedestroying enzymes. It has greatwater-retaining capacities, assistingproper hydration of the cartilage.

Glucosamine (precursor to glycosaminoglycans – the mainconstituents of articular cartilages) stimulates the regeneration of cartilage and promotes the synthesis of collagen in particular.

Objective 2

To combat inflammatory mechanisms through thepresence of omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA).

It is possible to influence the body’s response to chronicirritation (e.g. repetitive joint strain due to exercise).

Varying the quantity of omega 3 long chain fatty acids (EPA and DHA) in the food and the respective proportions ofomega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids stimulates the metabolismto synthesize certain neuromediators, which tend to eithermoderate or intensify the inflammatory response.

Fish oils are the most concentrated sources of EPA and DHA. Linseed oil is often mentioned as a possible source of omega3 fatty acids, but it provides only an EPA and DHA precursor,alpha linolenic acid. It is always more effective to provide theactual active molecules themselves.

α-linolenic acid

EPAEicosapentaenoic Acid

DHADocosahexaenoic acid

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE

Fish oil

The supply of alpha-linolenic acid does not guarantee its transformation into EPA-DHA. It is better to supplylong-chain omega 3 fatty acids directly (EPA and DHA). (Bauer et al., 2003).

Metabolism of omega 3 fatty acids

Synovial liquidSynovial membraneArticular cartilage

The joint is protected by a capsule covered on the inside by the synovial membrane. This membrane secretes the nutritious synovial liquid that the cartilage needs. After oral administration, glucosamine and chondroitin concentrate in the synovial liquid.

Structure of an articular cavity

14 15

PROTECTING ARTICULAR CAPITAL

Objective 1

To help protect the joints and maintain optimal hydration of cartilage throughthe synergistic action of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate.

� Supply of glucosamine and chondroitinA major supplement of chondroitin and glucosamine protects the articular cartilage, helping it to fulfill its role as a shock absorber.

Chondroitin sulfate is a constituent of cartilage and thesynovial liquid that helps lubricatethe joint. Its incorporation in foodchecks the action of cartilagedestroying enzymes. It has greatwater-retaining capacities, assistingproper hydration of the cartilage.

Glucosamine (precursor to glycosaminoglycans – the mainconstituents of articular cartilages) stimulates the regeneration of cartilage and promotes the synthesis of collagen in particular.

Objective 2

To combat inflammatory mechanisms through thepresence of omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA).

It is possible to influence the body’s response to chronicirritation (e.g. repetitive joint strain due to exercise).

Varying the quantity of omega 3 long chain fatty acids (EPA and DHA) in the food and the respective proportions ofomega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids stimulates the metabolismto synthesize certain neuromediators, which tend to eithermoderate or intensify the inflammatory response.

Fish oils are the most concentrated sources of EPA and DHA. Linseed oil is often mentioned as a possible source of omega3 fatty acids, but it provides only an EPA and DHA precursor,alpha linolenic acid. It is always more effective to provide theactual active molecules themselves.

α-linolenic acid

EPAEicosapentaenoic Acid

DHADocosahexaenoic acid

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE

Fish oil

The supply of alpha-linolenic acid does not guarantee its transformation into EPA-DHA. It is better to supplylong-chain omega 3 fatty acids directly (EPA and DHA). (Bauer et al., 2003).

Metabolism of omega 3 fatty acids

Synovial liquidSynovial membraneArticular cartilage

The joint is protected by a capsule covered on the inside by the synovial membrane. This membrane secretes the nutritious synovial liquid that the cartilage needs. After oral administration, glucosamine and chondroitin concentrate in the synovial liquid.

Structure of an articular cavity

16 17

� Introduction of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)Conjugated linoleic acid is a blend of linoleic acid isomers. Studies among animals(Park & coll,1999), and humans (Blankson & coll, 2000), show that during and after a period ofrestricted calorie intake CLA promotes the maintenance of lean tissue at the expense of fat reserves.

Several mechanisms have been proposed. Above all, CLA would limit the proliferation and differentiationof fat cells, while encouraging the oxidation of fatty acids by muscle cells during physical exercise.

� Incorporation of L-Carnitine to mobilize fatsFor dogs at risk, food can assist the consumption of fat, through the supply of L-Carnitine.L-Carnitine enables the transport of fatty acids through the mitochondrial membrane – minutestructures inside the cells where fatty acids are oxidized.

By stimulating the transport and consumption of fatty acids, L-Carnitine limits the quantity of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver and the blood. Several trials among various species,including the dog, show the beneficial effect of an L-Carnitine supplement. It tends to limit thestorage of fatty acids while conserving the body’s lean tissue (Sunvold & coll, 1999).

Like many small dogs, the Dachshund can suffer from stoutness. In a comparisonof all canine breeds, the longhaired Dachshund is fourth behind the Labrador, theCairn Terrier and Cocker Spaniel when it comes to the risk of obesity (Edney &Coll, 1986). Regular exercise and a strict diet are essential to maintain an

optimal weight.

It is even more crucial to guard against obesity in the Dachshund as its vertebral columnis already intrinsically fragile and any extra weight it has to bear can have dramatic

consequences. 80% of Dachshund breeders spontaneously mention the importance ofmaintaining muscle tone and a healthy weight (source: Royal Canin survey, 2003).

MAINTAINING MUSCLE TONE AND A HEALTHY WEIGHT

� An increased protein contentWith 28% protein and only 14% fat,Dachshund 28™ provides the nutrientsneeded to maintain muscles and limit therisk of energy over-consumption.

� Weight gain can be studied by examiningthe dog in profile and from above: the dog isoverweight when the waist is not visible andwhen the ribs are not immediately observable.

Action of L-Carnitine

1 - Mitochondrial membrane2 - L-carnitine3 - Fatty acids

L-Carnitine enables the fatty acids to enter the mitochondrion where they are converted into energy.

2A known predispositionto obesity

© P. Clouqueur

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© Lisa

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tt

16 17

� Introduction of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)Conjugated linoleic acid is a blend of linoleic acid isomers. Studies among animals(Park & coll,1999), and humans (Blankson & coll, 2000), show that during and after a period ofrestricted calorie intake CLA promotes the maintenance of lean tissue at the expense of fat reserves.

Several mechanisms have been proposed. Above all, CLA would limit the proliferation and differentiationof fat cells, while encouraging the oxidation of fatty acids by muscle cells during physical exercise.

� Incorporation of L-Carnitine to mobilize fatsFor dogs at risk, food can assist the consumption of fat, through the supply of L-Carnitine.L-Carnitine enables the transport of fatty acids through the mitochondrial membrane – minutestructures inside the cells where fatty acids are oxidized.

By stimulating the transport and consumption of fatty acids, L-Carnitine limits the quantity of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver and the blood. Several trials among various species,including the dog, show the beneficial effect of an L-Carnitine supplement. It tends to limit thestorage of fatty acids while conserving the body’s lean tissue (Sunvold & coll, 1999).

Like many small dogs, the Dachshund can suffer from stoutness. In a comparisonof all canine breeds, the longhaired Dachshund is fourth behind the Labrador, theCairn Terrier and Cocker Spaniel when it comes to the risk of obesity (Edney &Coll, 1986). Regular exercise and a strict diet are essential to maintain an

optimal weight.

It is even more crucial to guard against obesity in the Dachshund as its vertebral columnis already intrinsically fragile and any extra weight it has to bear can have dramatic

consequences. 80% of Dachshund breeders spontaneously mention the importance ofmaintaining muscle tone and a healthy weight (source: Royal Canin survey, 2003).

MAINTAINING MUSCLE TONE AND A HEALTHY WEIGHT

� An increased protein contentWith 28% protein and only 14% fat,Dachshund 28™ provides the nutrientsneeded to maintain muscles and limit therisk of energy over-consumption.

� Weight gain can be studied by examiningthe dog in profile and from above: the dog isoverweight when the waist is not visible andwhen the ribs are not immediately observable.

Action of L-Carnitine

1 - Mitochondrial membrane2 - L-carnitine3 - Fatty acids

L-Carnitine enables the fatty acids to enter the mitochondrion where they are converted into energy.

2A known predispositionto obesity

© P. Clouqueur

© Lisa

Cro

ft-Ellio

tt

© Lisa

Cro

ft-Ellio

tt

18 19

Objective 1

To reduce oxidative stressthrough the synergistic actionof antioxidants (vitamin E,vitamin C and polyphenols).

Cells are under constant attack by oxidation-promoting free radicals,which are highly reactive moleculesthat initiate chain oxidation reactions.These free radicals are formed naturallyand constantly in the body, but theirproduction intensifies when agingaccelerates and the body’s defensemechanisms become less and less effective.

� Generous supply of vitamin E and vitamin CThe structure of vitamin E enables it to be incorporated into the cell membranes and allows it toplay a major anti-oxidative role in the membranous phospholipids. Vitamin E must be rapidlyregenerated however, or reserves will be exhausted. This regeneration is made possible byvitamin C, due to the synergistic association of vitamins E and C (Halliwell & coll 1995).

Vitamins E and C help the body to defend itself against infectious agents. They help prevent the development of cataracts and combat the development of cancerous diseases(Harper 2001).

A Dachshund’s exceptional longevity means that owners will notice progressive signs of agingsuch as less dynamic behavior, painful joints, a duller coat with the appearance of white hairsand diminishing appetite.

A number of dietary measures should be introduced before the dog ages in an attempt to minimizeage-related complaints.

The Dachshund’s food must help limit the effects of oxidative stress and promote good digestivehealth for as long as possible.

3 Exceptional longevity

*Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, Pekingese and Pug

Years

Small companiondogs *

StandardwirehairedDachshund

Standardshorthaired Dachshund

All types of Poodle

Average life expectancy of various small-breed dogs (from Proschowsky & coll, 2003)

SLOWING DOWN THE EFFECTS OF AGING

1 – Cell membrane:action of vitaminsC and E

2 – Intracellular environment:action of polyphenols

3 – Nucleus: action of polyphenols

The targeted action of antioxidants offers complete

protection to cells

18 19

Objective 1

To reduce oxidative stressthrough the synergistic actionof antioxidants (vitamin E,vitamin C and polyphenols).

Cells are under constant attack by oxidation-promoting free radicals,which are highly reactive moleculesthat initiate chain oxidation reactions.These free radicals are formed naturallyand constantly in the body, but theirproduction intensifies when agingaccelerates and the body’s defensemechanisms become less and less effective.

� Generous supply of vitamin E and vitamin CThe structure of vitamin E enables it to be incorporated into the cell membranes and allows it toplay a major anti-oxidative role in the membranous phospholipids. Vitamin E must be rapidlyregenerated however, or reserves will be exhausted. This regeneration is made possible byvitamin C, due to the synergistic association of vitamins E and C (Halliwell & coll 1995).

Vitamins E and C help the body to defend itself against infectious agents. They help prevent the development of cataracts and combat the development of cancerous diseases(Harper 2001).

A Dachshund’s exceptional longevity means that owners will notice progressive signs of agingsuch as less dynamic behavior, painful joints, a duller coat with the appearance of white hairsand diminishing appetite.

A number of dietary measures should be introduced before the dog ages in an attempt to minimizeage-related complaints.

The Dachshund’s food must help limit the effects of oxidative stress and promote good digestivehealth for as long as possible.

3 Exceptional longevity

*Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, Pekingese and Pug

Years

Small companiondogs *

StandardwirehairedDachshund

Standardshorthaired Dachshund

All types of Poodle

Average life expectancy of various small-breed dogs (from Proschowsky & coll, 2003)

SLOWING DOWN THE EFFECTS OF AGING

1 – Cell membrane:action of vitaminsC and E

2 – Intracellular environment:action of polyphenols

3 – Nucleus: action of polyphenols

The targeted action of antioxidants offers complete

protection to cells

20 21

� Introduction of green tea polyphenols with ananti-oxidative capacity between 20% and50% greater than vitamin E (Vinson & coll, 1997).

This anti-oxidative protection is realized by the direct capture of free radicals, the reduction in the activity ofoxidative enzymes, the decrease in the concentration of peroxide lipids in the plasma and chelation ofcopper and iron molecules (Bravo, 1998).

The role of polyphenols in protecting against oxidation also extends to the cell DNA, which helps prevent modifications to genes and some mutations responsible for cancer (Okuda, 1993).

Objective 2

To promote good digestive health through highlydigestible ingredients and the incorporation ofFOS (fructo-oligosaccharides).

A dog’s digestive efficiency tends to diminish as it ages,as does the capacity of its digestive tract to adapt andrespond to attacks. The quality of ingredients must beimproved to compensate for assimilation difficulties thatcan appear.

Of the various cereals used in dog food, rice is toleratedthe best. Rice helps improve the digestibility of dry matter,proteins and fat, as well as reducing the volume of feces.

To achieve a good digestive tolerance it is essential tocombine fermentable and non-fermentable fibers.Fermentable fibers are broken into short-chain fatty acids,which provide the colon cells with 70% of their energysupply. Non-fermentable fibers contribute to appropriategastro intestinal motility. Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)are fermentable fibers that promote the multiplication ofbeneficial lactobacilli and bifidobacteria by inhibiting thegrowth of pathogenic bacteria. This effect is obtaineddirectly and indirectly through acidification broughtabout by the production of short-chain fatty acids(Sunvold & coll, 1995).

The incorporation of FOS in the diet produces a 20% to64% decrease in the various aromatic amines responsiblefor fecal odors (putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, etc.)(Hussein & coll, 2000).

Roles of the fructo-oligosaccharides in the intestinal lumen

Anti-oxidativeaction

Oral hygiene

Lipid Lowering effect

Anti-mutagenaction

Glucose

Fructose

Fundamental structureof FOS

FOS are composed by adding fructosemolecules to a saccharose molecule. This synthesis can be realized by a fungus (Aspergillus Nigricans) in thepresence of saccharose.

FOS

Saccharose

Pathogenic bacteriaIntestinal mucosa FOS

FOS restrict the growth of potential pathogenic bacteria by stimulating the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.They also have an indirect actionon the mucus, nourishing thecells and stimulating the localimmune system.

Sources:

The roles of polyphenols

There are over 8,000 known types

of polyphenols. Some of them have

a very complex chemical structure

(e.g.: tannins)

Polyphenols are known to help protect humans against cardio-vascular diseases (lipid lowering effect). In dogs, they are used due to their major anti-oxidative action, aswell as their antiseptic role against certain bacteria in dental plaque. The polyphenols in Dachshund 28™

are derived from decaffeinated green tea.

20 21

� Introduction of green tea polyphenols with ananti-oxidative capacity between 20% and50% greater than vitamin E (Vinson & coll, 1997).

This anti-oxidative protection is realized by the direct capture of free radicals, the reduction in the activity ofoxidative enzymes, the decrease in the concentration of peroxide lipids in the plasma and chelation ofcopper and iron molecules (Bravo, 1998).

The role of polyphenols in protecting against oxidation also extends to the cell DNA, which helps prevent modifications to genes and some mutations responsible for cancer (Okuda, 1993).

Objective 2

To promote good digestive health through highlydigestible ingredients and the incorporation ofFOS (fructo-oligosaccharides).

A dog’s digestive efficiency tends to diminish as it ages,as does the capacity of its digestive tract to adapt andrespond to attacks. The quality of ingredients must beimproved to compensate for assimilation difficulties thatcan appear.

Of the various cereals used in dog food, rice is toleratedthe best. Rice helps improve the digestibility of dry matter,proteins and fat, as well as reducing the volume of feces.

To achieve a good digestive tolerance it is essential tocombine fermentable and non-fermentable fibers.Fermentable fibers are broken into short-chain fatty acids,which provide the colon cells with 70% of their energysupply. Non-fermentable fibers contribute to appropriategastro intestinal motility. Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)are fermentable fibers that promote the multiplication ofbeneficial lactobacilli and bifidobacteria by inhibiting thegrowth of pathogenic bacteria. This effect is obtaineddirectly and indirectly through acidification broughtabout by the production of short-chain fatty acids(Sunvold & coll, 1995).

The incorporation of FOS in the diet produces a 20% to64% decrease in the various aromatic amines responsiblefor fecal odors (putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, etc.)(Hussein & coll, 2000).

Roles of the fructo-oligosaccharides in the intestinal lumen

Anti-oxidativeaction

Oral hygiene

Lipid Lowering effect

Anti-mutagenaction

Glucose

Fructose

Fundamental structureof FOS

FOS are composed by adding fructosemolecules to a saccharose molecule. This synthesis can be realized by a fungus (Aspergillus Nigricans) in thepresence of saccharose.

FOS

Saccharose

Pathogenic bacteriaIntestinal mucosa FOS

FOS restrict the growth of potential pathogenic bacteria by stimulating the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.They also have an indirect actionon the mucus, nourishing thecells and stimulating the localimmune system.

Sources:

The roles of polyphenols

There are over 8,000 known types

of polyphenols. Some of them have

a very complex chemical structure

(e.g.: tannins)

Polyphenols are known to help protect humans against cardio-vascular diseases (lipid lowering effect). In dogs, they are used due to their major anti-oxidative action, aswell as their antiseptic role against certain bacteria in dental plaque. The polyphenols in Dachshund 28™

are derived from decaffeinated green tea.

22 23

The incidence of periodontal disease increases with age, but as with the Poodle, the Dachshundhas the highest frequency in a sample of 162 dogs selected randomly in the anatomopathologydepartment of a Swedish veterinary clinic (Hamp, 1997).

Bone loss due to periodontitis is more serious for a small dog than for a large dog. A few millimetersof lost bone can have significant consequences due to the difference in thickness of the jaw as awhole. The weakening can sometimes be enough to result in a fractured jaw.

4ORAL HYGIENE THAT DEMANDS GREAT CARE

Comparison of jaw size in a small and a large dog

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Molar 1

Tartar index

Premolar 3 Canine IncisorPremolar 40.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5In dogs, tartar accumulates mainly onthe molars and premolars in the upperjaw (Royal Canin Research Center).

Preferential localization of tartar in a small dog

Upper jaw Lower jaw

Molar 1 Premolar 3 Canine IncisorPremolar 4

Jaw of a large dog

Jaw of a small dog

The correlation between the size ofthe mandible and

the size of the premolar diminisheswith the size of the

dog, which weakensthe jaw in the event

of periodontal disease.

© P. Hennet

In small dogs, the internal surface of the mandibular premolars are most at risk (sometimes due tothe malposition of teeth).

Halitosis is a consequence of the action of oral bacteria, which multiply by making use of the sulfur amino acids present in the proteins in saliva.

The gradual depositing of tartar provokes inflammation of the gingiva and increases the subgingivalspace. Food debris accumulates in these pockets and a specific bacterial flora develops. These bacteriaproduce toxins that attack the supporting structures of the tooth (periodontium), which culminatesin periodontolysis and tooth loss.

The main objective is to stop the development of dental plaque – the attached film of bacteriadeposited on the surface of the tooth, which rapidly mineralizes to form tartar.

22 23

The incidence of periodontal disease increases with age, but as with the Poodle, the Dachshundhas the highest frequency in a sample of 162 dogs selected randomly in the anatomopathologydepartment of a Swedish veterinary clinic (Hamp, 1997).

Bone loss due to periodontitis is more serious for a small dog than for a large dog. A few millimetersof lost bone can have significant consequences due to the difference in thickness of the jaw as awhole. The weakening can sometimes be enough to result in a fractured jaw.

4ORAL HYGIENE THAT DEMANDS GREAT CARE

Comparison of jaw size in a small and a large dog

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Molar 1

Tartar index

Premolar 3 Canine IncisorPremolar 40.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5In dogs, tartar accumulates mainly onthe molars and premolars in the upperjaw (Royal Canin Research Center).

Preferential localization of tartar in a small dog

Upper jaw Lower jaw

Molar 1 Premolar 3 Canine IncisorPremolar 4

Jaw of a large dog

Jaw of a small dog

The correlation between the size ofthe mandible and

the size of the premolar diminisheswith the size of the

dog, which weakensthe jaw in the event

of periodontal disease.

© P. Hennet

In small dogs, the internal surface of the mandibular premolars are most at risk (sometimes due tothe malposition of teeth).

Halitosis is a consequence of the action of oral bacteria, which multiply by making use of the sulfur amino acids present in the proteins in saliva.

The gradual depositing of tartar provokes inflammation of the gingiva and increases the subgingivalspace. Food debris accumulates in these pockets and a specific bacterial flora develops. These bacteriaproduce toxins that attack the supporting structures of the tooth (periodontium), which culminatesin periodontolysis and tooth loss.

The main objective is to stop the development of dental plaque – the attached film of bacteriadeposited on the surface of the tooth, which rapidly mineralizes to form tartar.

24 25

Objective 2: Chemical Action

To significantly limit the formation of tartar onthe surface of the tooth through the addition ofcalcium chelating agents

The other solution employed by Royal Canin to reduce theformation of tartar is to “trap” the salivary calcium usingcalcium chelating agents like sodium tripolyphosphate.This compound is also used in many human toothpaste formulas (Sowinski & coll, 1998).

A TAILOR-MADE KIBBLE

Salivary calcium chelation mechanism generated

by sodium tripolyphosphate

Objective 1: Mechanical Action

To promote a mechanical brushing action through a specially-made kibbleshape and texture.

Daily brushing of teeth is the best way to combat dental plaque and tartar. Always use a soft brushto prevent damaging the gums.

Royal Canin’s research has shown that it is possible to modify kibble texture in order to:� allow the tooth to penetrate deeper before the kibble breaks� achieve a mechanical brushing effect on the crown.

10

20

30

40

50

1.00.50 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

10

20

30

40

50

1.00.50 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Force needed to break the kibble: comparison between Dachshund 28™ and Mini Adult 27™

(Royal Canin, 2003)

Mini Adult 27™

Dachshund 28™

Force N

Penetration depth (mm)

Although fairly soft, theDachshund 28™ kibble

makes the dog maintainpressure before the

kibble breaks. This givesthe mechanical action

more time to do its work.

The free calcium in the saliva is trapped by theionic bonds of two tripolyphosphate molecules. Thecalcium is no longer available to form tartar, andis subsequently released into the digestive tract.

24 25

Objective 2: Chemical Action

To significantly limit the formation of tartar onthe surface of the tooth through the addition ofcalcium chelating agents

The other solution employed by Royal Canin to reduce theformation of tartar is to “trap” the salivary calcium usingcalcium chelating agents like sodium tripolyphosphate.This compound is also used in many human toothpaste formulas (Sowinski & coll, 1998).

A TAILOR-MADE KIBBLE

Salivary calcium chelation mechanism generated

by sodium tripolyphosphate

Objective 1: Mechanical Action

To promote a mechanical brushing action through a specially-made kibbleshape and texture.

Daily brushing of teeth is the best way to combat dental plaque and tartar. Always use a soft brushto prevent damaging the gums.

Royal Canin’s research has shown that it is possible to modify kibble texture in order to:� allow the tooth to penetrate deeper before the kibble breaks� achieve a mechanical brushing effect on the crown.

10

20

30

40

50

1.00.50 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

10

20

30

40

50

1.00.50 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Force needed to break the kibble: comparison between Dachshund 28™ and Mini Adult 27™

(Royal Canin, 2003)

Mini Adult 27™

Dachshund 28™

Force N

Penetration depth (mm)

Although fairly soft, theDachshund 28™ kibble

makes the dog maintainpressure before the

kibble breaks. This givesthe mechanical action

more time to do its work.

The free calcium in the saliva is trapped by theionic bonds of two tripolyphosphate molecules. Thecalcium is no longer available to form tartar, andis subsequently released into the digestive tract.

26 27

Newborn and weaning DachshundsMini Babydog 30™: for optimal weaning of Dachshund puppies between 5-8 weeks, the vital “immunity gap” period.

Kibble size is perfectlysuited to the jaw of thesmall breed puppy.

Supplemental DHAsupports early cerebraldevelopment.

Increased proteindigestibility leads tobetter absorption of vital nutrients.

MINI puppyOptimal nutrition that supplies everything a growing Dachshund needs.

10months

9weeks GROWTH PHASE

DACHSHUND 28™

For Dachshunds over 10 months old

JOINT HEALTHThe signature, short-legged, long-bodied frame of the Dachshund means extra stress on its joints. Dachshund 28™ contains glucosamine and chondroitin.

.HEALTHY WEIGHTIncreased weight can further aggravate skeletalproblems. Dachshund 28™ is formulated withoptimal energy levels to maintain a healthy weight.

AGING CARESmall breed dogs, like the Dachshund, tend tolive longer than their large breed counterparts.Dachshund 28™ is formulated with antioxidants,which can help neutralize free radicals.

from

10months

ADULT AND MATURE PHASES

A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR EVERY STAGE OF THE DACHSHUND’S LIFE

… to the tip of its noseThe Dachshund, from the tips of its toes …

28 29

General Appearance Low to ground, long in body and short of leg, with robustmuscular development; the skin is elastic and pliablewithout excessive wrinkling. Appearing neither crippled,awkward, nor cramped in his capacity for movement, theDachshund is well-balanced with bold and confident headcarriage and intelligent, alert facial expression. Hishunting spirit, good nose, loud tongue and distinctive buildmake him well-suited for below-ground work and forbeating the bush. His keen nose gives him an advantageover most other breeds for trailing. NOTE: Inasmuch as theDachshund is a hunting dog, scars from honorablewounds shall not be considered a fault.

Size, Proportion, SubstanceBred and shown in two sizes, standard and miniature;miniatures are not a separate classification but competein a class division for "11 pounds and under at 12months of age and older." Weight of the standard size isusually between 16 and 32 pounds.

HeadViewed from above or from the side, the head tapersuniformly to the tip of the nose. The eyes are of mediumsize, almond-shaped and dark-rimmed, with anenergetic, pleasant expression; not piercing; very dark incolor. The bridge bones over the eyes are stronglyprominent. Wall eyes, except in the case of dappleddogs, are a serious fault. The ears are set near the top of

the head, not too far forward, of moderate length,rounded, not narrow, pointed, or folded. Their carriage,when animated, is with the forward edge just touchingthe cheek so that the ears frame the face. The skull isslightly arched, neither too broad nor too narrow, andslopes gradually with little perceptible stop into the finely-formed, slightly arched muzzle, giving a Romanappearance. Lips are tightly stretched, well covering thelower jaw. Nostrils well open. Jaws opening wide andhinged well back of the eyes, with strongly developedbones and teeth. Teeth-Powerful canine teeth; teeth fitclosely together in a scissors bite. An even bite is a minorfault. Any other deviation is a serious fault.

NeckLong, muscular, clean-cut, without dewlap, slightlyarched in the nape, flowing gracefully into the shoulderswithout creating the impression of a right angle.

TrunkThe trunk is long and fully muscled. When viewed inprofile, the back lies in the straightest possible linebetween the withers and the short, very slightly archedloin. A body that hangs loosely between the shoulders isa serious fault. Abdomen-Slightly drawn up.

Forequarters For effective underground work, the front must be strong,deep, long and cleanly muscled. Forequarters in detail:Chest -The breast-bone is strongly prominent in front sothat on either side a depression or dimple appears.When viewed from the front, the thorax appears ovaland extends downward to the mid-point of the forearm.The enclosing structure of the well-sprung ribs appearsfull and oval to allow, by its ample capacity, completedevelopment of heart and lungs. The keel mergesgradually into the line of the abdomen and extends wellbeyond the front legs. Viewed in profile, the lowest pointof the breast line is covered by the front leg. Shoulderblades-long, broad, well-laid back and firmly placedupon the fully developed thorax, closely fitted at thewithers, furnished with hard yet pliable muscles. UpperArm-Ideally the same length as the shoulder blade andat right angles to the latter, strong of bone and hard ofmuscle, lying close to the ribs, with elbows close to thebody, yet capable of free movement. Forearm–Short;supplied with hard yet pliable muscles on the front andoutside, with tightly stretched tendons on the inside andat the back, slightly curved inwards. The joints betweenthe forearms and the feet (wrists) are closer together thanthe shoulder joints, so that the front does not appearabsolutely straight. The inclined shoulder blades, upperarms and curved forearms form parentheses that enclosethe ribcage, creating the correct “wraparound front.”Knuckling over is a disqualifying fault. Feet-Front pawsare full, tight, compact, with well-arched toes and tough,thick pads. They may be equally inclined a trifleoutward. There are five toes, four in use, close togetherwith a pronounced arch and strong, short nails. Frontdewclaws may be removed.

HindquartersStrong and cleanly muscled. The pelvis, the thigh, thesecond thigh, and the rear pastern are ideally the samelength and give the appearance of a series of rightangles. From the rear, the thighs are strong andpowerful. The legs turn neither in nor out. Rear pasterns- Short and strong, perpendicular to the second thighbone. When viewed from behind, they are upright andparallel. Feet-Hind Paws - Smaller than the front pawswith four compactly closed and arched toes with tough,thick pads. The entire foot points straight ahead and isbalanced equally on the ball and not merely on the toes.Rear dewclaws should be removed. Croup- Long,rounded and full, sinking slightly toward the tail. Tail-Setin continuation of the spine, extending without kinks,twists, or pronounced curvature, and not carried toogaily.

GaitFluid and smooth. Forelegs reach well forward, withoutmuch lift, in unison with the driving action of hind legs.The correct shoulder assembly and well-fitted elbowsallow the long, free stride in front. Viewed from the front,the legs do not move in exact parallel planes, but inclineslightly inward. Hind legs drive on a line with theforelegs, with hock joints and rear pasterns (metatarsus)turning neither in nor out. The propulsion of the hind legdepends on the dog's ability to carry the hind leg tocomplete extension. Viewed in profile, the forward reachof the hind leg equals the rear extension. The thrust ofcorrect movement is seen when the rear pads are clearlyexposed during rear extension. Rear feet do not reachupward toward the abdomen and there is noappearance of walking on the rear pasterns.Feet musttravel parallel to the line of motion with no tendency toswing out, cross over, or interfere with each other. Short,choppy movement, rolling or high-stepping gait, close oroverly wide coming or going are incorrect.

… to the tip of its noseThe Dachshund, from the tips of its toes …

28 29

General Appearance Low to ground, long in body and short of leg, with robustmuscular development; the skin is elastic and pliablewithout excessive wrinkling. Appearing neither crippled,awkward, nor cramped in his capacity for movement, theDachshund is well-balanced with bold and confident headcarriage and intelligent, alert facial expression. Hishunting spirit, good nose, loud tongue and distinctive buildmake him well-suited for below-ground work and forbeating the bush. His keen nose gives him an advantageover most other breeds for trailing. NOTE: Inasmuch as theDachshund is a hunting dog, scars from honorablewounds shall not be considered a fault.

Size, Proportion, SubstanceBred and shown in two sizes, standard and miniature;miniatures are not a separate classification but competein a class division for "11 pounds and under at 12months of age and older." Weight of the standard size isusually between 16 and 32 pounds.

HeadViewed from above or from the side, the head tapersuniformly to the tip of the nose. The eyes are of mediumsize, almond-shaped and dark-rimmed, with anenergetic, pleasant expression; not piercing; very dark incolor. The bridge bones over the eyes are stronglyprominent. Wall eyes, except in the case of dappleddogs, are a serious fault. The ears are set near the top of

the head, not too far forward, of moderate length,rounded, not narrow, pointed, or folded. Their carriage,when animated, is with the forward edge just touchingthe cheek so that the ears frame the face. The skull isslightly arched, neither too broad nor too narrow, andslopes gradually with little perceptible stop into the finely-formed, slightly arched muzzle, giving a Romanappearance. Lips are tightly stretched, well covering thelower jaw. Nostrils well open. Jaws opening wide andhinged well back of the eyes, with strongly developedbones and teeth. Teeth-Powerful canine teeth; teeth fitclosely together in a scissors bite. An even bite is a minorfault. Any other deviation is a serious fault.

NeckLong, muscular, clean-cut, without dewlap, slightlyarched in the nape, flowing gracefully into the shoulderswithout creating the impression of a right angle.

TrunkThe trunk is long and fully muscled. When viewed inprofile, the back lies in the straightest possible linebetween the withers and the short, very slightly archedloin. A body that hangs loosely between the shoulders isa serious fault. Abdomen-Slightly drawn up.

Forequarters For effective underground work, the front must be strong,deep, long and cleanly muscled. Forequarters in detail:Chest -The breast-bone is strongly prominent in front sothat on either side a depression or dimple appears.When viewed from the front, the thorax appears ovaland extends downward to the mid-point of the forearm.The enclosing structure of the well-sprung ribs appearsfull and oval to allow, by its ample capacity, completedevelopment of heart and lungs. The keel mergesgradually into the line of the abdomen and extends wellbeyond the front legs. Viewed in profile, the lowest pointof the breast line is covered by the front leg. Shoulderblades-long, broad, well-laid back and firmly placedupon the fully developed thorax, closely fitted at thewithers, furnished with hard yet pliable muscles. UpperArm-Ideally the same length as the shoulder blade andat right angles to the latter, strong of bone and hard ofmuscle, lying close to the ribs, with elbows close to thebody, yet capable of free movement. Forearm–Short;supplied with hard yet pliable muscles on the front andoutside, with tightly stretched tendons on the inside andat the back, slightly curved inwards. The joints betweenthe forearms and the feet (wrists) are closer together thanthe shoulder joints, so that the front does not appearabsolutely straight. The inclined shoulder blades, upperarms and curved forearms form parentheses that enclosethe ribcage, creating the correct “wraparound front.”Knuckling over is a disqualifying fault. Feet-Front pawsare full, tight, compact, with well-arched toes and tough,thick pads. They may be equally inclined a trifleoutward. There are five toes, four in use, close togetherwith a pronounced arch and strong, short nails. Frontdewclaws may be removed.

HindquartersStrong and cleanly muscled. The pelvis, the thigh, thesecond thigh, and the rear pastern are ideally the samelength and give the appearance of a series of rightangles. From the rear, the thighs are strong andpowerful. The legs turn neither in nor out. Rear pasterns- Short and strong, perpendicular to the second thighbone. When viewed from behind, they are upright andparallel. Feet-Hind Paws - Smaller than the front pawswith four compactly closed and arched toes with tough,thick pads. The entire foot points straight ahead and isbalanced equally on the ball and not merely on the toes.Rear dewclaws should be removed. Croup- Long,rounded and full, sinking slightly toward the tail. Tail-Setin continuation of the spine, extending without kinks,twists, or pronounced curvature, and not carried toogaily.

GaitFluid and smooth. Forelegs reach well forward, withoutmuch lift, in unison with the driving action of hind legs.The correct shoulder assembly and well-fitted elbowsallow the long, free stride in front. Viewed from the front,the legs do not move in exact parallel planes, but inclineslightly inward. Hind legs drive on a line with theforelegs, with hock joints and rear pasterns (metatarsus)turning neither in nor out. The propulsion of the hind legdepends on the dog's ability to carry the hind leg tocomplete extension. Viewed in profile, the forward reachof the hind leg equals the rear extension. The thrust ofcorrect movement is seen when the rear pads are clearlyexposed during rear extension. Rear feet do not reachupward toward the abdomen and there is noappearance of walking on the rear pasterns.Feet musttravel parallel to the line of motion with no tendency toswing out, cross over, or interfere with each other. Short,choppy movement, rolling or high-stepping gait, close oroverly wide coming or going are incorrect.

30 31

The Dachshund must have agility, freedom of movement,and endurance to do the work for which he wasdeveloped.

TemperamentThe Dachshund is clever, lively and courageous to thepoint of rashness, persevering in above- and below-ground work, with all the senses well-developed. Anydisplay of shyness is a serious fault.

Special Characteristics of the Three Coat Varieties The Dachshund is bred with three varieties of coat: (1)Smooth; (2) Wirehaired; (3) Longhaired and is shown intwo sizes, standard and miniature. All three varieties andboth sizes must conform to the characteristics alreadyspecified. The following features are applicable for eachvariety:

Smooth DachshundCoat-Short, smooth and shining. Should be neither toolong nor too thick. Ears not leathery. Tail-Graduallytapered to a point, well but not too richly haired. Longsleek bristles on the underside are considered a patch ofstrong-growing hair, not a fault. A brush tail is a fault, asis also a partly or wholly hairless tail.

Color of Hair-Although base color is immaterial, certainpatterns and basic colors predominate. One-coloredDachshunds include red and cream, with or without ashading of interspersed dark hairs. A small amount ofwhite on the chest is acceptable, but not desirable. Noseand nails-black.

Two-colored Dachshunds include black, chocolate, wildboar, gray (blue) and fawn (Isabella), each with deep,rich tan or cream markings over the eyes, on the sides ofthe jaw and underlip, on the inner edge of the ear, front,breast, sometimes on the throat, inside and behind thefront legs, on the paws and around the anus, and from

there to about one-third to one-half of the length of thetail on the underside. Undue prominence of tan or creammarkings is undesirable. A small amount of white on thechest is acceptable but not desirable. Nose and nails-inthe case of black dogs, black; for chocolate and all othercolors, dark brown, but self-colored is acceptable.

Dappled dachshunds-The dapple (merle) pattern isexpressed as lighter-colored areas contrasting with thedarker base color, which may be any acceptable color.Neither the light nor the dark color should predominate.Nose and nails are the same as for one- and two-coloredDachshunds. Partial or wholly blue (wall) eyes are asacceptable as dark eyes. A large area of white on thechest of a dapple is permissible.

Brindle is a pattern (as opposed to a color) in whichblack or dark stripes occur over the entire body althoughin some specimens the pattern may be visible only in thetan points.

Sable-the sable pattern consists of a uniform darkoverlay on red dogs. The overlay hairs are double-pigmented, with the tip of each hair much darker thanthe base color. The pattern usually displays a widow’speak on the head. Nose, nails and eye rims are black.Eyes are dark, the darker the better.

Wirehaired Dachshunds Coat-With the exception of jaw, eyebrows, and ears, thewhole body is covered with a uniform tight, short, thick,rough, hard, outer coat but with finer, somewhat softer,shorter hairs (undercoat) everywhere distributedbetween the coarser hairs. The absence of an undercoatis a fault. The distinctive facial furnishings include abeard and eyebrows. On the ears the hair is shorter thanon the body, almost smooth. The general arrangement ofthe hair is such that the wirehaired Dachshund, whenviewed from a distance, resembles the smooth. Any sortof soft hair in the outercoat, wherever found on the body,

especially on the top of the head, is a fault. The same istrue of long, curly, or wavy hair, or hair that sticks outirregularly in all directions. Tail-Robust, thickly haired,gradually tapering to a point. A flag tail is a fault. Colorof Hair-While the most common colors are wild boar,black and tan, and various shades of red, all colors andpatterns listed aboveare admissible.

Wild boar (agouti) appears as banding of the individualhairs and imparts an overall grizzled effect which is mostoften seen on wirehaired Dachshunds, but may alsoappear on other coats. Tan points may or may not beevident. Variations include red boar and chocolate-and-tan boar. Nose, nails and eye rims are black on wild-boar and red-boar dachshunds. On chocolate-and-tan-boar dachshunds, nose, nails, eye rims and eyes are self-colored, the darker the better.

A small amount of white on the chest, althoughacceptable, is not desirable. Nose and nails-same as forthe smooth variety.

Longhaired Dachshund Coat - The sleek, glistening, often slightlywavy hair is longer under the neck and onforechest, the underside of the body, the earsand behind the legs. The coat gives the dogan elegant appearance. Short hair on the earis not desirable. Too profuse a coat whichmasks type, equally long hair over the wholebody, a curly coat, or a pronounced partingon the back are faults. Tail-Carried gracefullyin prolongation of the spine; the hair attainsits greatest length here and forms a veritableflag. Color of Hair-Same as for the smoothDachshund. Nose and nails-same as for thesmooth.

The foregoing description is that of the idealDachshund. Any deviation from the above

described dog must be penalized to the extent of thedeviation keeping in mind the importance of thecontribution of the various features toward the basicoriginal purpose of the breed.

DisqualificationKnuckling over of front legs

Effective March 1, 2007Approved January 9, 2007

www.akc.org/breeds/dachshund/www.dachshund-dca.org

30 31

The Dachshund must have agility, freedom of movement,and endurance to do the work for which he wasdeveloped.

TemperamentThe Dachshund is clever, lively and courageous to thepoint of rashness, persevering in above- and below-ground work, with all the senses well-developed. Anydisplay of shyness is a serious fault.

Special Characteristics of the Three Coat Varieties The Dachshund is bred with three varieties of coat: (1)Smooth; (2) Wirehaired; (3) Longhaired and is shown intwo sizes, standard and miniature. All three varieties andboth sizes must conform to the characteristics alreadyspecified. The following features are applicable for eachvariety:

Smooth DachshundCoat-Short, smooth and shining. Should be neither toolong nor too thick. Ears not leathery. Tail-Graduallytapered to a point, well but not too richly haired. Longsleek bristles on the underside are considered a patch ofstrong-growing hair, not a fault. A brush tail is a fault, asis also a partly or wholly hairless tail.

Color of Hair-Although base color is immaterial, certainpatterns and basic colors predominate. One-coloredDachshunds include red and cream, with or without ashading of interspersed dark hairs. A small amount ofwhite on the chest is acceptable, but not desirable. Noseand nails-black.

Two-colored Dachshunds include black, chocolate, wildboar, gray (blue) and fawn (Isabella), each with deep,rich tan or cream markings over the eyes, on the sides ofthe jaw and underlip, on the inner edge of the ear, front,breast, sometimes on the throat, inside and behind thefront legs, on the paws and around the anus, and from

there to about one-third to one-half of the length of thetail on the underside. Undue prominence of tan or creammarkings is undesirable. A small amount of white on thechest is acceptable but not desirable. Nose and nails-inthe case of black dogs, black; for chocolate and all othercolors, dark brown, but self-colored is acceptable.

Dappled dachshunds-The dapple (merle) pattern isexpressed as lighter-colored areas contrasting with thedarker base color, which may be any acceptable color.Neither the light nor the dark color should predominate.Nose and nails are the same as for one- and two-coloredDachshunds. Partial or wholly blue (wall) eyes are asacceptable as dark eyes. A large area of white on thechest of a dapple is permissible.

Brindle is a pattern (as opposed to a color) in whichblack or dark stripes occur over the entire body althoughin some specimens the pattern may be visible only in thetan points.

Sable-the sable pattern consists of a uniform darkoverlay on red dogs. The overlay hairs are double-pigmented, with the tip of each hair much darker thanthe base color. The pattern usually displays a widow’speak on the head. Nose, nails and eye rims are black.Eyes are dark, the darker the better.

Wirehaired Dachshunds Coat-With the exception of jaw, eyebrows, and ears, thewhole body is covered with a uniform tight, short, thick,rough, hard, outer coat but with finer, somewhat softer,shorter hairs (undercoat) everywhere distributedbetween the coarser hairs. The absence of an undercoatis a fault. The distinctive facial furnishings include abeard and eyebrows. On the ears the hair is shorter thanon the body, almost smooth. The general arrangement ofthe hair is such that the wirehaired Dachshund, whenviewed from a distance, resembles the smooth. Any sortof soft hair in the outercoat, wherever found on the body,

especially on the top of the head, is a fault. The same istrue of long, curly, or wavy hair, or hair that sticks outirregularly in all directions. Tail-Robust, thickly haired,gradually tapering to a point. A flag tail is a fault. Colorof Hair-While the most common colors are wild boar,black and tan, and various shades of red, all colors andpatterns listed aboveare admissible.

Wild boar (agouti) appears as banding of the individualhairs and imparts an overall grizzled effect which is mostoften seen on wirehaired Dachshunds, but may alsoappear on other coats. Tan points may or may not beevident. Variations include red boar and chocolate-and-tan boar. Nose, nails and eye rims are black on wild-boar and red-boar dachshunds. On chocolate-and-tan-boar dachshunds, nose, nails, eye rims and eyes are self-colored, the darker the better.

A small amount of white on the chest, althoughacceptable, is not desirable. Nose and nails-same as forthe smooth variety.

Longhaired Dachshund Coat - The sleek, glistening, often slightlywavy hair is longer under the neck and onforechest, the underside of the body, the earsand behind the legs. The coat gives the dogan elegant appearance. Short hair on the earis not desirable. Too profuse a coat whichmasks type, equally long hair over the wholebody, a curly coat, or a pronounced partingon the back are faults. Tail-Carried gracefullyin prolongation of the spine; the hair attainsits greatest length here and forms a veritableflag. Color of Hair-Same as for the smoothDachshund. Nose and nails-same as for thesmooth.

The foregoing description is that of the idealDachshund. Any deviation from the above

described dog must be penalized to the extent of thedeviation keeping in mind the importance of thecontribution of the various features toward the basicoriginal purpose of the breed.

DisqualificationKnuckling over of front legs

Effective March 1, 2007Approved January 9, 2007

www.akc.org/breeds/dachshund/www.dachshund-dca.org

32 33

1 -Bauer JE, Heinemann et al - maternal diet alpha – linolenic acidduring gestation and lactation does not increase canin milkdocosahexaenoic acid content. Waltham International ScienceSymposium, Bangkok, Thailand, october 2003: 15.

2- Breit S - Osteological and morphometric observations on intervertebraljoints in the canine pre-diaphragmatic tho-racic spine (Th1-Th9). Vet J2002, 164 (3): 216-23.

3. Jensen VF - Asymptomatic radiographic disappearance of calcifiedintervertebral disc material in the Dachshund. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2001; 42 (2): 141-8 (Abstract).

4. Luttgen P - Canine Intervertebral Disk Disease. Prepared for TheDachshund Club of America, 1993; 1-15 (http://www.dachshund-dca.org).

5. Morgan JP, Atilola M, Bailey CS et al - Vertebral canal and spinal cordmensuration: a comparative study of its effect on lumbosacral myelographyin the Dachshund and German shepherd dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1987,191(8): 951-7.

6. Nakama S, Taura Y, Tabaru H, Yasuda M - A retrospective study ofventral fenestration for disk diseases in dogs. J Vet Med Sci, 1993; 55 (5):781-4 (Abstract).

7. Stigen O - Calcification of Intervertebral Discs in the Dachshund: Aradiographic Study of 1115 Dogs at 1 and 5 Years of Age. Acta Vet Scand1996, 37: 229-237.

8. Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) - Canine breed specific risksof frequently diagnosed diseases at veterinary teaching hospitals. PurdueUniversity, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

Protecting articular capital

9. Bell RR, Spencer MJ et al - Diet-induced obesity in mice can betreated without energy restriction using exercise and/or low fat diet. J.Nutr 1995, 125: 2356-2363.

10. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA et al - Conjugated linoleic acid reducesbody fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr 2000, N-2027Kjeller, Norway: 130 (12): 2943-8.

11. Edney ATB, Smith PM - Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinarypractices in the UK. Veterinary Record 1986, 118: 391-396.

12. Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP et al - The effect of conjugated linoleic

acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, bodycomposition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects.International Journal of Obesity 2003, 27: 840-847.

13. Park Y, Storkson JM, Albright KJ et al. Evidence that the trans10,cis12 isomer of CLA induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids1999, 34: 235-241.

14. Sunvold GD, Tetrick MA et al - Carnitine supplementation promotesweight loss and decreased adiposity in the canine. Proceedings WSAVAcongress, Buenos-Aires (Argentine) 1999, 746.

Maintaining muscle tone and a healthy weight

15. Bravo L - Polyphenols - Chemistry, Dietary Sources, Metabolism, andNutritional Significance. Nutrition Reviews 1998, 56(11): 317-333.

16. Halliwell B, Murcia M et al - Free radicals and antioxidants in foodand in vivo: what they do and how they work. Critical Reviews in FoodScience and Nutrition 1995, 35 (1&2): 7-20.

17. Harper J - The potential for interventional use of antioxidants in clinicaldisease. Irish Veterinary J 2001, 54 (6): 293.

18. Hussein HS, Sunvold GD - The efficacy of fructo-oligosaccharides indecreasing dog fecal odor. Res Vet Sci 2000; 153-168.

19. Okuda T - Natural polyphenols as antioxidants and their potential usein cancer prevention. Polyphenolic Phenomena, Ed. A Scalbert ed. INRAEditions, Paris, 1993; 221-235.

20. Proschowsky HF, Rugbjerg H et al - Mortality of purebred andmixed-breed dogs in Denmark, Prev Vet Med, April 30, 2003;58 (1-2):63-74 (Abstract).

21. Sunvold GD, Fahey JrGC et al. - Dietary fiber for dogs: IV. In vitrofermentation of selected fiber sources by dog fecal inoculum and in vivodigestion and metabolism of fiber-supplemented diets. J. Anim. Sci1995; 73: 1099-1109.

22. Vinson JA, Hontz BA - Comparison of effectiveness of antioxidants inthe red and white wines by the antioxidant index phenol. Scientific booksMarch 1997: Wine, Health and Company.

23. Hamp SE, Hamp M et al - Radiography of spontaneous periodontitisin dogs, J Periodontal Res 1997; 32 (7): 589-97 (Abstract).

24. Sowinski J, Petrone DM et al - Clinical comparison of two tartarcontrol dentifrices: a twelve-week study. J Clin Dent. 1998; 9(4):101-4.

Slowing down the effects of aging

Maintaining oral hygiene

References

32 33

1 -Bauer JE, Heinemann et al - maternal diet alpha – linolenic acidduring gestation and lactation does not increase canin milkdocosahexaenoic acid content. Waltham International ScienceSymposium, Bangkok, Thailand, october 2003: 15.

2- Breit S - Osteological and morphometric observations on intervertebraljoints in the canine pre-diaphragmatic tho-racic spine (Th1-Th9). Vet J2002, 164 (3): 216-23.

3. Jensen VF - Asymptomatic radiographic disappearance of calcifiedintervertebral disc material in the Dachshund. Vet Radiol Ultrasound2001; 42 (2): 141-8 (Abstract).

4. Luttgen P - Canine Intervertebral Disk Disease. Prepared for TheDachshund Club of America, 1993; 1-15 (http://www.dachshund-dca.org).

5. Morgan JP, Atilola M, Bailey CS et al - Vertebral canal and spinal cordmensuration: a comparative study of its effect on lumbosacral myelographyin the Dachshund and German shepherd dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1987,191(8): 951-7.

6. Nakama S, Taura Y, Tabaru H, Yasuda M - A retrospective study ofventral fenestration for disk diseases in dogs. J Vet Med Sci, 1993; 55 (5):781-4 (Abstract).

7. Stigen O - Calcification of Intervertebral Discs in the Dachshund: Aradiographic Study of 1115 Dogs at 1 and 5 Years of Age. Acta Vet Scand1996, 37: 229-237.

8. Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) - Canine breed specific risksof frequently diagnosed diseases at veterinary teaching hospitals. PurdueUniversity, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

Protecting articular capital

9. Bell RR, Spencer MJ et al - Diet-induced obesity in mice can betreated without energy restriction using exercise and/or low fat diet. J.Nutr 1995, 125: 2356-2363.

10. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA et al - Conjugated linoleic acid reducesbody fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr 2000, N-2027Kjeller, Norway: 130 (12): 2943-8.

11. Edney ATB, Smith PM - Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinarypractices in the UK. Veterinary Record 1986, 118: 391-396.

12. Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP et al - The effect of conjugated linoleic

acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, bodycomposition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects.International Journal of Obesity 2003, 27: 840-847.

13. Park Y, Storkson JM, Albright KJ et al. Evidence that the trans10,cis12 isomer of CLA induces body composition changes in mice. Lipids1999, 34: 235-241.

14. Sunvold GD, Tetrick MA et al - Carnitine supplementation promotesweight loss and decreased adiposity in the canine. Proceedings WSAVAcongress, Buenos-Aires (Argentine) 1999, 746.

Maintaining muscle tone and a healthy weight

15. Bravo L - Polyphenols - Chemistry, Dietary Sources, Metabolism, andNutritional Significance. Nutrition Reviews 1998, 56(11): 317-333.

16. Halliwell B, Murcia M et al - Free radicals and antioxidants in foodand in vivo: what they do and how they work. Critical Reviews in FoodScience and Nutrition 1995, 35 (1&2): 7-20.

17. Harper J - The potential for interventional use of antioxidants in clinicaldisease. Irish Veterinary J 2001, 54 (6): 293.

18. Hussein HS, Sunvold GD - The efficacy of fructo-oligosaccharides indecreasing dog fecal odor. Res Vet Sci 2000; 153-168.

19. Okuda T - Natural polyphenols as antioxidants and their potential usein cancer prevention. Polyphenolic Phenomena, Ed. A Scalbert ed. INRAEditions, Paris, 1993; 221-235.

20. Proschowsky HF, Rugbjerg H et al - Mortality of purebred andmixed-breed dogs in Denmark, Prev Vet Med, April 30, 2003;58 (1-2):63-74 (Abstract).

21. Sunvold GD, Fahey JrGC et al. - Dietary fiber for dogs: IV. In vitrofermentation of selected fiber sources by dog fecal inoculum and in vivodigestion and metabolism of fiber-supplemented diets. J. Anim. Sci1995; 73: 1099-1109.

22. Vinson JA, Hontz BA - Comparison of effectiveness of antioxidants inthe red and white wines by the antioxidant index phenol. Scientific booksMarch 1997: Wine, Health and Company.

23. Hamp SE, Hamp M et al - Radiography of spontaneous periodontitisin dogs, J Periodontal Res 1997; 32 (7): 589-97 (Abstract).

24. Sowinski J, Petrone DM et al - Clinical comparison of two tartarcontrol dentifrices: a twelve-week study. J Clin Dent. 1998; 9(4):101-4.

Slowing down the effects of aging

Maintaining oral hygiene

References

34 35

Glossary

Antioxidant: substance protecting the body’s cells from attack by free radicals.

Calcium chelating agents: anti-tartar agents that trap salivary calcium (e.g.: sodium polyphosphate).

Chondrodystrophia: hereditary disease (suffered by the Dachshund, Basset Hound and Pekingese, among others) that causedeformed and shortened leg bones.

Chondroitin: natural cartilage extract. Its administration slows down the production of enzymes that wear down cartilage.

CLA (conjugated linoleic acid): mixture of linoleic acid isomers that work in lipid metabolism to check the accumulation of fatty acids.

FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides): fermentable fibers that promote the growth of bacterial flora beneficial to health (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria),at the expense of less beneficial bacteria (clostridium, salmonella, etc).

Free radicals: substances produced naturally by the body that are responsible for aging, by means of oxidation of unsaturatedfatty acids that make up the cell membranes.

Glucosamine: fundamental constituent of the cartilage structure. Encourages the regeneration of cartilage by stimulatingthe synthesis of its constituent elements.

L-carnitine: conveyer of fatty acids that stimulate the consumption of fat. They help the passage of fatty acids in themitochondria, the cell’s energy factory.

Omega 3 fatty acids: fatty acids possessing an anti-inflammatory capacity widely used in dermatology. The most interesting arelong-chain fatty acids (EPA/DHA), which are abundant in fish oils.

Omega 6 fatty acids: unsaturated fatty acids that are vital to the regeneration of cell membranes. Examples are linoleic acid(abundant in vegetable oils) and gamma linolenic acid (found in borage oil).

Polyphenols: vegetable substances (e.g.: green tea polyphenols) that possess multiple properties: an anti-oxidation roleutilized in human cardiovascular pathology; a role combating complaints due to aging (e.g.: cataracts); a role limiting the formation of dental plaque.

Sodium Tripolyphosphate: anti-tartar agent that traps salivary calcium.

Vitamin C: vitamin that plays a role in the regeneration of vitamin E to prolong its anti-oxidative activity.

Vitamin E: anti-oxidative vitamin that the body needs to trap free radicals and limit cell oxidation phenomena.

A history of commitment to developing knowledge and respect for the needs of small, medium and large breeds.

1967: Launch of ROYAL CANIN by a veterinarian

1980: Launch of the first growth food for large breed puppies (AGR)

1988: Launch of the veterinary ranges

1990: Launch of the first diets to respond to the diversity of dog size (RCCI)

1997: Launch of the Size Nutrition program based on the dog’s age, activity, and size

1999: Launch of:• Starter, a unique kibble based weaning diet for dogs• A sporting dog diet (Energy 4800™)• A veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis in dogs (Mobility Support JS 21)

2000: Launch of a diet for giant breed dogs (Giant Adult 28™)

2001: Launch of a range of 13 veterinary diets (V Diet) including 2 hypoallergenic diets in Europe

2003: Launch of:• Foods just for small breed dogs (MINI Canine Health

Nutrition™) and Yorkshire Terriers (Yorkshire Terrier 28™)• Foods just for large breed dogs (MAXI Canine Health

Nutrition™) and breed specific foods (Labrador Retriever 30™ and German Shepherd 24™)

• Eight formulas dedicated for Professional Canine Breeders (Canine PRO )

2004: Launch of:• Foods for medium breed dogs (MEDIUM Canine

Health Nutrition™) including Bulldogs (Bulldog 24™)• Small breed specific foods (Chihuahua 28™ and Poodle 30™)• Food for very young large breed puppies

(MAXI Babydog 30™)• The first full line of therapeutic diets to help manage allergic

skin disease including canine atopy (Limited IngredientDiets, Hypoallergenic and Skin Support formulas)

2005: Launch of:• Small breed specific foods (Dachshund 28™ and

Shih Tzu 24™)• Food for Boxers (Boxer 26™ )• A specialized formula, HT42d, for the reproductive bitch• The first veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis specifically for large breed dogs (Mobility Support JS 21 Large Breed)

2006: Launch of small breed foods (MINI Beauty 26™, MINI IndoorAdult 21™ and MINI Dental Hygiene 24™)

2007: Launch of:• MINI Toy Indoor Adult 25™• MINI Indoor Puppy 27™• Miniature Schnauzer 25™ • Golden Retriever 25™

2008: Launch of:• Cocker Spaniel 25™

2009: Launch of:• Pug 25™

2010: Launch of:• Chihuahua Puppy 30™• German Shepherd Puppy 30™• Labrador Retriever Puppy 33™• Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29™

A history of innovation at Royal Canin

34 35

Glossary

Antioxidant: substance protecting the body’s cells from attack by free radicals.

Calcium chelating agents: anti-tartar agents that trap salivary calcium (e.g.: sodium polyphosphate).

Chondrodystrophia: hereditary disease (suffered by the Dachshund, Basset Hound and Pekingese, among others) that causedeformed and shortened leg bones.

Chondroitin: natural cartilage extract. Its administration slows down the production of enzymes that wear down cartilage.

CLA (conjugated linoleic acid): mixture of linoleic acid isomers that work in lipid metabolism to check the accumulation of fatty acids.

FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides): fermentable fibers that promote the growth of bacterial flora beneficial to health (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria),at the expense of less beneficial bacteria (clostridium, salmonella, etc).

Free radicals: substances produced naturally by the body that are responsible for aging, by means of oxidation of unsaturatedfatty acids that make up the cell membranes.

Glucosamine: fundamental constituent of the cartilage structure. Encourages the regeneration of cartilage by stimulatingthe synthesis of its constituent elements.

L-carnitine: conveyer of fatty acids that stimulate the consumption of fat. They help the passage of fatty acids in themitochondria, the cell’s energy factory.

Omega 3 fatty acids: fatty acids possessing an anti-inflammatory capacity widely used in dermatology. The most interesting arelong-chain fatty acids (EPA/DHA), which are abundant in fish oils.

Omega 6 fatty acids: unsaturated fatty acids that are vital to the regeneration of cell membranes. Examples are linoleic acid(abundant in vegetable oils) and gamma linolenic acid (found in borage oil).

Polyphenols: vegetable substances (e.g.: green tea polyphenols) that possess multiple properties: an anti-oxidation roleutilized in human cardiovascular pathology; a role combating complaints due to aging (e.g.: cataracts); a role limiting the formation of dental plaque.

Sodium Tripolyphosphate: anti-tartar agent that traps salivary calcium.

Vitamin C: vitamin that plays a role in the regeneration of vitamin E to prolong its anti-oxidative activity.

Vitamin E: anti-oxidative vitamin that the body needs to trap free radicals and limit cell oxidation phenomena.

A history of commitment to developing knowledge and respect for the needs of small, medium and large breeds.

1967: Launch of ROYAL CANIN by a veterinarian

1980: Launch of the first growth food for large breed puppies (AGR)

1988: Launch of the veterinary ranges

1990: Launch of the first diets to respond to the diversity of dog size (RCCI)

1997: Launch of the Size Nutrition program based on the dog’s age, activity, and size

1999: Launch of:• Starter, a unique kibble based weaning diet for dogs• A sporting dog diet (Energy 4800™)• A veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis in dogs (Mobility Support JS 21)

2000: Launch of a diet for giant breed dogs (Giant Adult 28™)

2001: Launch of a range of 13 veterinary diets (V Diet) including 2 hypoallergenic diets in Europe

2003: Launch of:• Foods just for small breed dogs (MINI Canine Health

Nutrition™) and Yorkshire Terriers (Yorkshire Terrier 28™)• Foods just for large breed dogs (MAXI Canine Health

Nutrition™) and breed specific foods (Labrador Retriever 30™ and German Shepherd 24™)

• Eight formulas dedicated for Professional Canine Breeders (Canine PRO )

2004: Launch of:• Foods for medium breed dogs (MEDIUM Canine

Health Nutrition™) including Bulldogs (Bulldog 24™)• Small breed specific foods (Chihuahua 28™ and Poodle 30™)• Food for very young large breed puppies

(MAXI Babydog 30™)• The first full line of therapeutic diets to help manage allergic

skin disease including canine atopy (Limited IngredientDiets, Hypoallergenic and Skin Support formulas)

2005: Launch of:• Small breed specific foods (Dachshund 28™ and

Shih Tzu 24™)• Food for Boxers (Boxer 26™ )• A specialized formula, HT42d, for the reproductive bitch• The first veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis specifically for large breed dogs (Mobility Support JS 21 Large Breed)

2006: Launch of small breed foods (MINI Beauty 26™, MINI IndoorAdult 21™ and MINI Dental Hygiene 24™)

2007: Launch of:• MINI Toy Indoor Adult 25™• MINI Indoor Puppy 27™• Miniature Schnauzer 25™ • Golden Retriever 25™

2008: Launch of:• Cocker Spaniel 25™

2009: Launch of:• Pug 25™

2010: Launch of:• Chihuahua Puppy 30™• German Shepherd Puppy 30™• Labrador Retriever Puppy 33™• Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29™

A history of innovation at Royal Canin

C0310_02 ©2010 Royal Canin USA, Inc. 310105 3/10

Royal Canin USA500 Fountain Lakes Blvd., Suite 100

St. Charles, MO 63301Phone: 1-800-592-6687

www.royalcanin.us

100% Satisfaction GuaranteedAt Royal Canin, we stand behind our products.

If you are not completely satisfied for any reason, we promiseto replace the product or refund your entire purchase price.

Contact us at 1.800.592.6687 or visitwww.royalcanin.us for more details.