Pontis Digest 2015/4

Focused on development cooperationPontis Digest 2015 |4

Published by the Pontis Foundation, Zelinárska 2, 821 08, Bratislava, Slovakia.phone: (421 2) 5710 8111, fax: (421 2) 5710 8125, [email protected], [email protected], www.nadaciapontis.sk

The Pontis Digest is co-financed by the SlovakAid. The views expressed in the Pontis Digest do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the SlovakAid.

of Agriculture in Nitra and Daniel Krošlák from the University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. Together with professors and PhD candidates from Cyprus and Ireland they went on a study trip to Zambia to exchange experiences in the field of develop-ment and education. Academics visited 8 field projects in Sub-Saharan Africa, including local NGOs, Universities and stakeholders, all organised by the Barnabas Research and Training institute in Zambia. The lecturers had a great opportunity to have first-hand experience of such global challenges as poverty, unfair distribution of opportunities and resources and environmental degra-dation which are all part of the Global education context.

Right now and today, it is high time to understand how heavily our world is interconnected. Today, decisions made in one part of the world influ-ence the other part. Food grown and

produced on one continent is con-sumed on another. The idea goes further and we may see how even the wealthiest countries depend on the poorest – in minerals, foodstuffs and workforce. In addition, Millennium development goals also help us to understand that creating a more just world, education opportunities and fighting poverty are of worldwide importance and of particular personal benefit.

In a nutshell, seeing life all over the world with your own eyes in a devel-oping country can make a difference in your country of origin. That is why Global education focuses on altering people’s views and inspires them to reflect on their own role in the world. The most significant thing is that it motivates people to become more responsible global citizens.

Irina AdamovaPontis Foundation

ZAMBIA: MOVING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Global education is not a subject. It is not an exam. It cannot be learnt by heart. Global education is a dimen-sion that runs through the school cur-riculum, it makes people open their minds and eyes to the globalised world.

The heart of global education is in shaping a better world though teaching and learning new expertise, skills and values to be active citizens. Development, environmental, human rights and peace education are all very important in our fast paced and constantly changing world. In order to own this fact it is highly important to invest in skills and personal develop-ment. To think globally and have an understanding of interconnections is a challenge that can be embraced only by open-minded people.

Two of those people are Slovak University lecturers: Johana Paluchová from the Slovak University

Daniel Krošlák from the University of Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Johana Paluchová from the Slovak University of Agriculture and the project manager of the Pontis Foundation, Michal Cenker participated at the study trip in Zambia. The study trip was organized within the project UNIDEV , supported by the European Commission.

mailto:[email protected]


www.nadaciapontis.sk

2 Pontis Digest | 2015–4

dizajn manuál – 10

logotyp organizácieprípustné farebné varianty

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komplementárne farby

doplnkové farby

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doplnkové farby

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cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 80%cmyk: 0/0/0/80rgb: 71/71/71

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doplnkové farby

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cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

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cmyk: 60/35/15/10rgb: 122/131/162

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doplnkové farby

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cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

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cmyk: 60/35/15/10rgb: 122/131/162

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doplnkové farby

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 80%cmyk: 0/73/75/24rgb: 159/89/60

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 80%cmyk: 0/0/0/80rgb: 71/71/71

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 60%cmyk: 0/0/0/60rgb: 124/124/124

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Johana Paluchová: A teacher should base their lectures on practical experience

What was the purpose of the study trip to Zambia ?

I teach marketing subjects which focus on intercultural marketing and con-sumer behaviour all over the world. These are the areas where hands-on experience and traveling are the only way to perfect my skills. I wanted to meet new people from the educational field as well as development organisa-tions. The aim was to get to know the culture, shopping options, food and household products as well as ways of selling the products.

What was the most surprising thing during your trip to Zambia ?

I was surprised by the large differences between extreme poverty in rural areas and the ‘European’ standard of life in the cities. We visited large overwhelm-ing food chains with many different

goods, but there were very few potential customers in the shops. I assume this is due to the enormously high prices of imported foreign goods. However, they were selling lots of different goods in the streets, for example tomatoes were stacked into pyramids for customers to peruse.

I was surprised by the high level of education and the studying possibilities offered at the universities we visited. Unfortunately, despite this they did not understand ways of improving and cul-tivating Fairtrade products, or even pro-duction under this brand. This is typical for many African countries. Did you know that Zambia doesn’t even have a McDonald’s ?

During your study trip you visited many universities and organisa-tions. Were those visits beneficial ?

Yes, definitely. My visit to the private University of Lusuka and the state University of Zambia were highly ben-eficial. I understood that what we con-sider ‘unattractive fields of study’ in Slovakia, such as sociology, humani-tarian assistance and development, social sciences, etc., are very popular in Zambia. Students highly appreciate the opportunity to study, go to school and learn more than just how to read, write and count.

Did you notice any differences in the form / organisation of educa-tional process between Slovakia and Zambia ?

Unfortunately, we only spent a little time at both universities, but in respect to the private University of Lusaka, the method of education is similar to ours; the teacher explains the theoretical part in lectures and during seminars stu-dents work on solving practical prob-lems. Students have high respect for the educators, similar to how it was during the communist period.

At The George Secondary School the students did not have laptops or other electronic devices, teachers do not use data projectors. The class mainly con-sists of students using exercise books – the traditional style of education. The students do not need language certifi-cates as their mother tongue is English (and they speak it perfectly). So, no pres-sure is put on them, to learn multiple languages and have good computer skills. Every secondary schools has a uniform – each school has individual colours and designs.

What methods of fighting against HIV / AIDs did you learn while visit-ing the local NGO ? Do you think that all necessary steps are being taken to improve the situation ?

The local NGO visits families and offers them the opportunity to come to the Centre for Reproduction. The centre educates adults and their children about protection and prevention of the disease. However, it’s all a question of

Johana Paluchová has been working as a research assistant at the Slovak University of agriculture in Nitra for 5 years. In February 2015 her professional interests in marketing and management brought her on a study trip to Zambia where she exchanged experiences with local people, politicians, entrepre-neurs in the field of development and educational activities.

3



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doplnkové farby

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cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 80%cmyk: 0/0/0/80rgb: 71/71/71

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doplnkové farby

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cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

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doplnkové farby

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doplnkové farby

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cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

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doplnkové farby

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cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 80%cmyk: 0/0/0/80rgb: 71/71/71

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money. As long as people do not have money, they will not buy condoms or pay for contraception. Zambian people

have a different perception of life than we do in Europe. If a child dies, it’s sad, but the next day starts again and life contin-

ues. If a woman dies, a man will find a new wife in time. These are people who are often uneducated and lack goals




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cmyk: 60/35/15/10rgb: 122/131/162

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doplnkové farby

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 80%cmyk: 0/73/75/24rgb: 159/89/60

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 80%cmyk: 0/0/0/80rgb: 71/71/71

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cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 40%cmyk: 0/0/0/40rgb: 170/170/170

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cmyk: 60/35/15/10rgb: 122/131/162

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doplnkové farby

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 80%cmyk: 0/73/75/24rgb: 159/89/60

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 80%cmyk: 0/0/0/80rgb: 71/71/71

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 60%cmyk: 0/0/0/60rgb: 124/124/124

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 40%cmyk: 0/0/0/40rgb: 170/170/170

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cmyk: 0/30/90/0rgb: 226/196/49

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cmyk: 0/0/100/25rgb: 161/160/33

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cmyk: 60/35/15/10rgb: 122/131/162

cmyk: 100/60/30/30rgb: 46/68/99


doplnkové farby

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 80%cmyk: 0/73/75/24rgb: 159/89/60

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 60%cmyk: 0/54/56/18rgb: 181/128/95

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 40%cmyk: 0/36/38/12rgb: 205/168/138

cmyk: 0/91/94/30 – 20%cmyk: 0/18/19/6rgb: 230/210/193

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 80%cmyk: 0/0/0/80rgb: 71/71/71

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 60%cmyk: 0/0/0/60rgb: 124/124/124

cmyk: 0/0/0/100 – 40%cmyk: 0/0/0/40rgb: 170/170/170

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and visions for the future. Basic things such as work, food and drinking water can be hard to come by. That is why it’s hard to work with such people and as problems cannot be fixed overnight, it is necessary to work with these people. I saw a billboard that said, “Free HIV Testing”, it was funded by the govern-ment to promote protection against possible disease. It reads: “Not sure of your partner, TEST TODAY” – this is a good idea, for the urban population, but it is simply not practical for those from rural areas.

Did you have a chance to talk to students at the State university of Lusaka ? Did you learn any new things about them ? Were you sur-prised by anything ?

They were very communicative and interactive. I was surprised by the answers they gave to my question – Do you know where you will work after graduation ? Many students knew

exactly what they were going to do. This is not always the case with Slovak students. I also learnt how sociology can be applied in practice in Zambia in comparison to Slovakia. For example, the development of human potential can be tracked through statistical anal-ysis and prediction and also through counting and tracking the number of people in rural areas.

Would you recommend visiting Zambia to other lecturers and teachers ?

Of course, I would recommend visiting Zambia. In Zambia, one realizes that it is not just about poverty and lack of food, there are shopping malls, discos, half-naked female students on high hills going to school. There are two sides to Zambia. Zambians know how to have fun, they have cars, maybe they don’t have good infrastructure, but you can always get where to you need to. On top of this, there is beautiful countryside,

vivid colours, animals and tropical heat – what else could a person ask for ?

Did this study trip influence your teaching methods ?

Personally, this journey had a signifi-cant and positive influence over the teaching practices I advocate. A teacher should base their lectures on practical experience. I wish I could have given a professional lecture on Europe life, edu-cation, purchasing, consumption, trade, marketing whilst I was in Zambia. I am sure Zambian students would be inter-ested in learning about European ways, because what they know about Europe is that white people live there and that they are wealthy. I am very grateful to the Pontis Foundation for the life enriching experience I had in Zambia and I will never forget it.

Irina AdamovaPontis Foundation

Zambezi, the fourth longest river in Africa.

5



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THE FUTURE ZAMBIA WANTS: MOVING TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThe year 2015 represents an impor-tant milestone in development coop-eration and offers the opportunity for every country to look back and evaluate their progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Each country faces different challenges when it comes to achieving the MDGs and both stories of success and failure could be found. Zambia is not an exception.

Zambia showed significant progress in two areas covered by MDG6 and MDG2, one of which was combating the HIV epidemic. Due to a combina-tion of various strategies the num-ber of people infected with HIV has dropped to 14.3 percent of Zambia’s population. Patrick Mnthanga, project manager in the local NGO Hosanna Mapalo Orphans and Widows Care Centre Inc, highlighted coordination on a national level in helping provide a comprehensive emergency response. The National HIV / AIDS / STI / TB Council (NAC) was established to coordinate a national multi-sectoral response. “Key measures used at targeting this issue

included prevention of mother-to-child transmission, voluntary counselling and testing, community mobilization, programmatic interventions and also prevention at all levels of society,” says Patrick Mnthanga.

Despite successful practise in this area, Zambia faces other health chal-lenges and problems that need to be addressed such as malaria, heart disease, diabetes and hypertension which are on the rise. In addition, gen-der and income inequality effectively influences the discrepancy between the number of women and men infected by HIV.

Success achieved in fighting HIV and in the field of education cannot be solely assigned to the measures taken by government. Local NGOs in “A civil society review of progress towards the Millennium Development Goals” stressed common factors that these two goals shared: a supportive poli-cy environment, adequate financing, timely disbursement of funds, pru-dent and effective utilisation of funds,

and meaningful partnerships between government, civil society and donors. These factors should be included in all attempts to attain MDGs in order to be successful.

However, practice in Zambia showed that success also depends on the priorities of the government. Due to circumstances in the country, Zambia tends to prioritize goals such as reduc-ing children mortality. Even though child mortality has declined, it is still at an unacceptable high. Measures must be sustained and accelerated regarding particularly “poor resource allocation, inadequate health care facili-ties, lack of public health services and the challenge of inadequate policies that focus on the production of good and nutrient rich food that should tar-get peasant households” Patrick points out.

From these concerns many critical sit-uations arise, as in child delivery, for instance. “In Zambia the majority of the population in need of ANC services live in hard to reach areas which are inac-

The Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River, forming the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe.




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cessible due to poor road infrastructure. Even though through mobile health ser-vices efforts are made to reach them using high powered vehicles from one central place, the issue of mothers walk-ing long distances with their babies on their back still remains. In some cases family planning education and informa-tion is not available resulting in mothers opting to stay at home and deliver their babies at home,” clarifies Patrick.

On the other hand, stagnation and even regression accompanies MDG 7 which is focused on environmental sustainability. Zambia faces increased deforestation and a stagnating pro-portion of population is without access to improved sanitation facili-ties which makes this area one in need of public engagement and state action. Many local NGOs believe that foreign companies which have invest-

ed in Zambia, particularly in the min-ing industry, need to be examined to assess their impact on the environ-ment.

Despite the alarmingly poor results in the attainment of MDG 7, a reduc-tion in poverty should be the gov-ernment’s number one priority in the post 2015 period. Patrick sug-gests that the government should focus on strengthening support of the most vulnerable groups through social cash transfers. “Although the country has enjoyed recent economic growth of above 6 %, this growth has not improved living conditions for the poor, especially for those who live in remote areas. Many of the country’s gainful economic activities are concen-trated primarily in the highly-urbanized Copperbelt and Lusaka regions. As a result, Zambia has one of the highest

concentrations of geographic inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa” says Patrick.

With a new set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals which are soon to replace the MDGs, the need for a new strategy in the selection of indicators and indeed the goals Zambia wishes to pursue is gaining in importance. Patrick’s suggestion is to “focus on implementing such measures and poli-cies that are likely to impact positively in the attainment of all seventeen goals.” However, the priority should fall on the previously mentioned areas of poverty and hunger reduction, sus-tainable economic growth, attainment of a healthy living standard for all at all ages and a reduction of inequality.

Jana DesiatnikováPontis Foundation

7



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WATER SHORTAGE IN ZAMBIA: A POLICY FAILURE ?Even though Zambia is on track to attaining most of the MDGs, its per-formance in some areas has been poor. One of these areas is MDG7 which concerns environmental sus-tainability. Among the challenges Zambia faces in attaining this goal is the depletion and pollution of ground water as a result of new hous-ing developments. This is evident in Lusaka the capital of Zambia where many housing projects have been undertaken since the liberalization of the housing market in the mid-1990s.

Although Zambia is endowed with enough water to meet the demands of the growing population, variable rainfall, lack of proper management, poor water infrastructure and poor distribution of surface water lead to water shortages in many parts of the country. The increasing water demand of the population is cur-rently not being met. Many parts of the country use groundwater and some aquifers (e.g. the Lusaka aqui-fer) appear to be under stress due to over-extraction and pollution (includ-ing pollution from latrine and septic tank leakages).

According to Jack Zimba, journalist in Lusaka, in an article that appeared in the Times of Zambia on 8 November 2014, the contamination and drying of ground water can largely be attributed to the construction of houses in water recharge zones. The Online Ecology Dictionary defines a recharge zone as a land area where water can easily seep down thereby replenishing the aquifer. In Lusaka, Libala South Zone is one such area according to the original plan of the city. However, a lot of housing construction has taken place in this area resulting in serious problems. Firstly, less rain water is able to get into the ground due to the presence of buildings. Secondly, many households have drilled boreholes and dug septic tanks or pit latrines in their backyards due to the lack of water and sewage services in some of these areas. Of the key social ser-vices that are supposed to be provid-ed, only electricity and gravel access roads have been provided in most of these areas. Individual households

have therefore had to cater for their water and sanitation needs by sinking

boreholes and digging septic tanks or pit latrines. As a consequence, ground

The Victoria Falls railway bridge built by the British in 1905 linking Zimbabwe (left) with Zambia (right).



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water is being depleted and con-taminated with human waste from septic tanks and pit latrines, which are dotted around the new housing settlements.

Other areas where building has taken place face a similar challenge due to the lack of water and sanitation ser-vices. In fact, the lack of infrastructure such as roads, water and sewage lines in new development areas, coupled with high taxes is one of the chal-lenges that even property developers have been complaining about. The warning signs are already apparent. In November 2014 before the onset of the rains, Lusaka Water and Sewerage (LWSC) reported that more than 25 of their boreholes had completely dried up while the other 100 had very low levels and were producing less than 50 percent of their original capac-ity. This resulted in an erratic water supply in a number of residential areas supplied by these boreholes. The water utility company therefore had to resort to water rationing. It was hoped that with the onset of the rains the water level would rise somewhat. However, LSWC indicated that the situation was no longer sustainable and the water utility had to think of alternative means of providing water

Policy framework lacks effectivityAccording to the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) Zambia has an elaborate body of laws relating to the management of the environment and natural resourc-es with many line ministries tasked with the responsibility of environmen-tal protection. It is also bound by many international treaties, Acts of Parliament, policies as well as sev-eral national plans. In spite of the existence of the above framework, Zambia’s performance in pursuit of MDG 7 has been poor hence the like-lihood of meeting this goal is minimal. This is an issue that the government in fact recognized as far back as 2008 in its Millennium Development Goals Report. One of the key contributing factors to this failure is a fragmented policy framework.

Missing human and technical capacitiesThis is another factor contributing to the failure to achieve environmental sustainability. Many government insti-tutions have an inadequate capacity to enforce the law. For example the buildings inspection unit at Lusaka City Council is supposed to have a team of building inspectors to ensure that any new building meets set stan-dards. However, the department is understaffed and ill equipped, hence they are unable to carry out all neces-sary inspections. What this means is that someone can easily erect a build-ing even in an undesignated area, sink a borehole, dig a septic tank or pit latrine without clearance from the authorities. This problem has been compounded by the high pace of housing development experienced in Lusaka since the liberalization of the housing market making it almost impossible for the local authority to cope.

How to safeguard environment for future generationDespite the current challenges above, the future of environmental sustain-ability is not bleak. This is because among other factors, the policy envi-ronment for the implementation of environmental sustainability plans is supportive. However, there is the need for consistency in the coun-try’s policies, development plans and legislation. For example, under the current national development plan i.e. the Sixth National Development Plan for the period 2011 – 2015, it has been argued that environmen-tal issues have not been adequately covered. They do appear in a number of relevant chapters but no chapter has been specifically devoted to the environment as was the case in the Fifth National Development Plan for the period 2006 – 2010.

Also, the need for harmonization of the policy framework in Zambia can-not be emphasized enough as has been mentioned by several experts on environmental issues. In addition,

it must be noted that even under the current policy framework, the country is still capable of performing better in the different sectors that concern environmental sustainabil-ity, e.g. housing. This can be done by strengthening the monitoring mecha-nisms that are in existence. It is only logical to provide additional support to a sector that is growing so fast (as is the case in the housing sector in Zambia) through funding, equip-ment and human resources etc. to ensure that current developments do not turn out to be detrimental to the environment in the future. The need to adhere to standards is crucial because it is one of the surest ways we can safeguard our environment.

Looking forward, there is still hope but only if the authorities and other key stakeholders adequately sup-port policies and activities meant for environmental sustainability and also maintain their focus with regard to attaining MDG 7.

Mazuba MuchinduDepartment of Social Development Studies

University of Zambia



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Pontis Digest 2015/4