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SBF\E\J\ KMBJE MX^FLM^

O\ 1 ^MLYGK*M

LJY_BIXNYLBJ

Sbf|e|j| l~ ihdljhi k~ ygh ~ykyh br srknylnh bd gktlje mbrh ygkj bjh uldh br

dhmkfh mkyh ky bjh ylmh'Mkrrlkm Uho~yhr&?33>,; kji Sbf|e|j| l~ ihdljhi

k~ k mkrrlkeh lj uglng k ~sbx~h bd hlyghr ~hw mk| gkth mbrh ygkj bjh mkyh

ky ygh ~kmh ylmh* Sbf|ekmbx~ mkrrlkeh~ nkj oh srknylnhi ygrbxeg ygrhh

ilddhrhjy mhygbi~1Sbf|e|j|'mbrh ygkj bjh uldh,&Sbf|kjir|'mbrh ygkj bjh

gx~okji,&kji Sbf|kjir|' k erbxs mkrrlkeh &ughrh mbrh ygkj bjh uldh l~

mkrrlhi yb mbrh ygkj bjh gx~okji,*Sbf|ekm| kji Sbf|e|j| ulff oh x~hi

ljyhrngkjehkof|* Ygh ljyhrngkjehkofh x~h bd ygh~h yhrm~ l~ ixh yb ygh dkny

ygky sbf|ekm| l~ mbrh dkmlflkr yb ygh fkrehr sbsxfkylbj kji srhtlbx~

rh~hkrng ~yxi|lje Sbf|e|j| gk~ x~hi ygh yhrm sbf|ekm| mbrh bdyhj* Gbu

hthr& `hhs lj mlji ygky ygh bjf| srknylnh l~ Sbf|e|j|*'Kf-

`rhjkul&Erkgkm&;

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nxfyxrh~ ughrh gxmkj rh~bxrnh~ krh tlykf yb ~x~ykljkofh fltlje * Fkreh&

hwyhjihi dkmlflh~& ljnfxilje sbf|e|jbx~ gbx~hgbfi& bnnxr mb~y bdyhj lj

~bnlhylh~ uglng gkth yb rhf| ghktlf| bj kerlnxfyxrh yb srbtlih ~xo~l~yhjnh* Lj

kerlnxfyxrkf ~bnlhylh~& ygh kiilylbjkf fkobr ~xssflhi drbm ygh sbf|e|jbx~

gbx~hgbfi fbuhr~ ygh jxmohr bd bxy~lih hmsfb|hh~ jhhihi yb mkljyklj k

fltlje kji mk| dxryghr shrshyxkyh ygh dkmlflh~

uhkfyg'Komhi*H*^btklklk&?339,>

Yghrh krh ~bnlhylh~ lj Hxrbsh kji Jbryg Kmhrlnk ugb srknylnh Sbf|e|j| *

sbf|e|jbx~ rhfkylbj~gls~ kfuk|~ hwl~yhi lj ygh Xjlyhi ~ykyh~* Oxy ygh| gkth

ohhj drh{xhjyf| nkyhebrlqhi k~ hwyhrjkf kddklr~ br hflnly

rhfkylbj~'^nbyy&;

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gleghr jxmohr bd skrhjykf dlexrh~& ygh ko~hjnh bd k dkyghr br kj kxygbrlykylth

dkyghr& ahkfbx~| kji nbmshylylbj bd dkmlf| mhmohr~ bthr rh~bxrnh~ kji

hmbylbjkf rhfkylbj~ ulyg bjh dkyghr* Fltlje krhk~ krh bdyhj nrbuihi kji

hnbjbmln rh~bxrnh~ ykwhi yb ygh flmly ixh yb ygh gleghr jxmohr bd

ihshjikjy~*'|kje&Jkf|&?33;,4 Sbf|e|j| nkj kf~b gkth il~~hslmhjykf

lmskny~ bj ubmhj* Ly uk~ dbxji ygky ubmhj drbm sbf|e|jbx~ dkmlflh~ gkth

mbrh jhekylth shrnhsylbj~ bd yghm ~hfth~ k~ nbmskrhi yb ygb~h drbm

mbjbekmbx~ dkmlflh~* Ubmhj drbm sbf|e|jbx~ gbx~hgbfi~ ~yrxeefh gkrihr

kmbje~y byghr nb-ulth~ yb boyklj k rlegydxf sfknh ulyg lj ygh dkmlf| *

'^mlyg&akjh&?33>, 5

MHGBIBFBE\

;* YLYFH

SBF\E\J\ KMBJE MX^FLM^

?*YGH S_BOFHM

Ygh sxrsb~h bd ygl~ {xkflykylth ~yxi| l~ yb hwkmljh ygh lmskny bd sbf|e|j|

kmbje ubmhj lj ygh Mx~flm nbmmxjly|& o| fbb`lje ky ygh hddhny~ bd fltlje

lj k sbf|e|jbx~ gbx~hgbfi*

>*BOAHNYLTH^

4 \kje&Jkf|&ubmhj~ sxoflnkylbj&?33;*5 ^mlyg&Akjh*L&ubmhj fltlje xjihr Mx~flm fku~&bwdbri xjlthr~ly| srh~~&Fbjibj&?33>*

>

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;*Yb kjkf|qh jkyxrh kji hwyhjy bd sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly|*

?*Yb ~yxi| ygh ~bnlb-hnbjbmln dknybr~ ygky ljdfxhjnh sbf|e|j|*

>*Yb dlji bxy ygh ljdfxhjnh kji hddhny~ bd sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly|*

9*Yb hwkmljh ygh kyylyxih bd ygh Mx~flm nbmmxjly| ybukri~ sbf|e|j|*

9*G\SBYGH^L^

;*Dknybr~ fl`h keh& hixnkylbj& rhflelbj kji ljnbmh gki k mkabr rbfh lj

sbf|e|j|*

?*Ygh ~bnlb-hnbjbmln dknybr~ fhki~ yb ljnrhk~h ygh yrhji bd sbf|e|j|*

8*NBJNHSY

Sbf|e|j|& k~ ihdljhi o| ygh bjfljh Mhrrlkm Uho~yhr~ ilnylbjkr|&?33>&l~

ygh ~ykyh br srknylnh bd gktlje mbrh ygkj bjh uldh br dhmkfh mkyh ky bjh

ylmh* Sbf|ekm| l~ ughj kj ljiltlixkf gk~ mbrh ygkj bjh uldh br gx~okji*

Dbr ygh sxrsb~h bd ygh skshr& kff rhdhrhjnh~ yb sbf|ekm| kji sbf|e|j| krh

ulyg lj ygh nxfyxrkf nbjyhwy bjf| kji krh jby ulyg lj ygh fhekf ihdljlylbj bd

sbf|e|j|*Ygl~ mhkj~ ygky x~xkff| bjf| bjh mkrrlkeh l~ fhekflqhi& uglfh ygh

~xo~h{xhjy mkrrlkeh~ krh jby*

4*^LEJLDLNKJNH BD YGH ^YXI\

Ygh mkabr ~lejldlnkjnh bd ygh ~yxi| l~ yb sbryrkly ygh lmskny bd sbf|e|j| bj

ubmhj*

5*IH^LEJ BD YXI\

9

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;?*YBBF^ BD IKYK NBFFHNYLBJ

Ljyhrtlhu ~nghixfh kji {xh~ylbjjklrh krh ygh ybbf~ x~hi dbr nbffhnylje ikyk

drbm ygh rh~sbjihjy~* Ly uk~ orbkif| iltlihi ljyb ~lw mkabr jhhi~ *^xng k~

shr~bjkf ikyk& dkmlf| ikyk& jkyxrh kji hwyhjy bd sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm

nbmmxjly|& ~bnlb-hnbjbmln dknybr~ ljdfxhjnh sbf|e|j|& ljdfxhjnh kji hddhny

bd sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly|& kyylyxih bd Mx~flm nbmmxjly| ybukri~

sbf|e|j|* Kfmb~y kff {xh~ylbj~ uhrh nfb~hi& oxy ~bmh {xh~ylbj~ uhrh bshj

yb ehy ihyklf ljdbrmkylbj drbm rh~sbjihjy~*

;>*TK_LKOFH^

Ygh lmsbrykjy tkrlkofh~ x~hi lj ygl~ ~yxi| krh keh& ljnbmh& hixnkylbj& kji

rhflelbj*

;9*FLMLYKYLBJ^

Ygh srh~hjy ~yxi| gk~ ~bmh flmlykylbj~ kf~b bulje yb skxnly| bd ylmh* M|

~yxi| nkj oh flmlyhi yb bjf| 83 rh~sbjihjy~*

;8*NGKSYH_L^KYLBJ

Lj ngksyhr ;& ygh rh~hkrnghr ~k|~ kobxy ygh sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly|*

Ngksyhr ?&ygh mhygbibfbe|& ngksyhr >ygh ljdfxhjnh kji hddhny bd sbf|e|j| lj

mx~flm nbmmxjly|& ngksyhr 9&ygh rbfh bd mkrrlkeh lj L~fkm& ngksyhr 8&jkyxrh

kji hwyhjy bd Sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly|& ngksyhr 4&ljyhrsrhykylbj~ bd

4

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~ngbfkr~& ngksyhr5&kyylyxih bd Mx~flm nbmmxjly| ybukri~ sbf|e|j|&

ngksyhr7&dljilje~ kji ~xeeh~~lbj~&ngksyhr,< Ygh rhkfly| bd sbf|e|jbx~

gbx~hgbfi~ l~ k dkr nr| drbm ygh~h dkjyk~lh~* K~ kjygrbsbfbel~y Flfk Kox

Fxegbbi Hwsfklj~& Sbf|e|j| l~ kj lj~ylyxylbj bssrh~~lth yb ubmkj lj ygky ly

nkx~h~ yghm sklj 'Flfk Kox-Fxegbbi& ?334,;3

Ygh ~yrh~~ ygky ubmhj dknh krh jby ugky kj bxy~lih bo~hrthr ubxfi

kxybmkylnkff| yglj` bd* _kyghr ygh| krh ghktlf| ljdfxhjnhi o| shr~bjkfly| kji

ljiltlixkf rhfkylbj~gls~ kji nlrnxm~ykjnh~* Ljihhi& ly l~ lmsb~~lofh yb

7 ^gkj`hr _kb*N*J&~bnlbfbe|&ngkji kji nbmskj|&jhuIhfgl&;

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7( rh~sbjihjy~ drbm ~hrtlnh nfk~~ kerhh ulyg ygl~ kerhhmhjy ;4( il~kerhh~

ulyg ly* ?3( rh~sbjihjy~ drbm byghr nkyhebr| kerhh~ ulyg ly kji 9( il~kerhh

ulyg ly* Ygh kobth ykofh kjkf|~h~ ygh ljdfxhjnh bd Sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm

nbmmxjly|*

L^FKMLN HIXNKYLBJ $ LJDFXHJNH BJ SBF\E\J\

Lj ygh dbffbulje ykofh uh krh kjkf|qlje ygh ljdfxhjnh bd L~fkmln hixnkylbj bj

Sbf|e|j|& Dbr ygl~ ~yxi| ygh rh~hkrnghr k~`hi ygh rh~sbjihjy~ ld ygh| eby kj|

L~fkmln ~ngbbflje2 br |bxr ~sbx~h kyyhji ygh L~fkmln ~ngbbflje br ygh

nglfirhj kyyhji ygh L~fkmln ~ngbbflje *Yghj 43( rh~sbjihjy~ eby L~fkmln

hixnkylbj kji 93( ibjy gkth L~fkmln hixnkylbj* Drbm ygh~h ?3(eby ok~ln

L~fkmlnhixnkylbj&?3( eby hfhmhjykr| L~fkmln hixnkylbj& kji ;3( eby

kitkjnhi L~fkmln hixnkylbj*

YKOFH - ?

L^FKMLN HIXNKYLBJ $ LJDFXHJNH BJ SBF\E\J\1

Ygl~ ykofh ~gbu~ ygh Ljdfxhjnh bd L~fkmln Hixnkylbj bj Sbf|e|j|*

43( rh~sbjihjy~ eby L~fkmln hixnkylbj kji 93( ibjy gkth L~fkmln

hixnkylbj* Drbm ygh~h ?3(eby ok~ln L~fkmlnhixnkylbj&?3( eby hfhmhjykr|

L~fkmln hixnkylbj& kji ;3( eby kitkjnhi L~fkmln hixnkylbj*?3(

rh~sbjihjy~ ibjy gkth kj| lihk kobxy L~fkmln hixnkylbj *Drbm ygh >3(

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?3( ~kli |h~ yb ygh {xh~ylbj k~`hi o| ygh rh~hkrnghr kji ;3( ~kli jb yb ygh

{xh~ylbj*

KEH $ LJDFXHJNH BJ SBF\E\J\1

Ygl~ ~yxi| dbnx~h~ ygh ljdfxhjnh bd keh bj Sbf|e|j|*Yghrh l~ jb ilrhny

rhfkylbj ulyg keh kji ygh Sbf|e|j| ~|~yhm*Dbr ygl~ ~yxi| rh~hkrnghr k~`hi

kobxy ygh keh ky ygh| mkrrlhi kji ygh keh bd ygh mkfh skryjhr ky ygh ylmh bd

mkrrlkeh*

YKOFH - 9

KEH $ LJDFXHJNH BJ SBF\E\J\1

Ygl~ ykofh kjkf|~h ygh Ljdfxhjnh bd keh bj Sbf|e|j|&;3( dhmkfh~ eby

mkrrlhi ohfbu ygh keh bd ?;&;3(ohyuhhj ?;-?8&8(?8->3&8(>3->8 kji 8(

kobth 93*Lj ygh nk~h bd ygh gx~okji~ 4( eby mkrrlhi ky ygh keh bd ohfbu

?;&9( ?;-?8&9(?8->3&?(>3->8&;3( >8-93 kji ;9(kobth 93*

HIXNKYLBJ BD MKFH SK_YJH_ $ LJDFXHJNH BJ SBF\E\J\1

Ygl~ ~yxi| dbnx~h~ ygh hixnkylbj fhthf bd ygh mkfh skryjhr sfk|~ kj|

`lji bd rbfh lj ygh Sbf|e|j| ~|~yhm* ~bmh bd yghm gkth bjf| srlmkr|

hixnkylbj &~bmh gkth ~hnbjikr|& ~bmh gkth ebjh yb nbffheh ~bmh gkth yrkih

~ngbbf yrkljlje ~bmh mkfh~ krh lfflyhrkyh*

YKOFH - 8

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HIXNKYLBJ BD MKFH SK_YJH_ $ LJDFXHJNH BJ SBF\E\J\1

Ygh kobth ~yxi| rhthkf~ ygky ygh hixnkylbj bd ygh mkfh l~ jby ljdfxhjnlje

Sbf|e|j| *Drbm ygh 83 rh~sbjihjy~ 94( l~ dbffbulje Sbf|e|j| >4(

il~kerhh ulyg ygl~ kji ;7( gkth jb lihk kobxy ygl~ *Drbm ygh srlmkr|

{xkfldlnkylbj ~hnylbj bd >3( rh~sbjihjy~ ;3( kerhh ulyg ygh krexmhjy 8(

il~ kerhh ulyg ygl~ krexmhjy kji 8( ibjy gkth kj| lihk kobxy ly* drbm

~hnbjikr| ~hnylbj ;3( kerhhi 7( il~kerhhi *drbm nbffheh fhthf ;3( kerhhi

kji 7( il~kerhhi&?( gkth jb lihk kobxy ly Drbm ygh lfflyhrkyh ~hnylbj 4(

kssrbthi ?( il~kerhhi kji ?( ibjy gkth kj| bshjlbj*

_BFH BD MK__LKEH LJ L^FKM

Lj brihr yb xjihr~ykji ughrh L~fkmln ljyhrsrhykylbj~ bd sbf|e|j|

nbmh drbm& ly l~ jhnh~~kr| yb dlr~y oh dkmlflh~ ulyg ygh ~hy xs bd Mx~flm

dkmlflh~* Mkrrlkeh lj L~fkm l~ ihdljhi o| ygh fku bd ygh axrl~y~ ugb nkj

mkrr| ugbm l~ ih~nrlohi lj ihyklf kji yghrh krh dkmlflkf rhfkylbj~gls bd

mkrrlkeh skryjhr~* L~fkmln ~bnlhylh~ krh dxjikmhjykff| skyrlkrngkf kji mb~y

krh skrylfbnkf* L~fkmln fku k~~xmh~ ygky mhmohr~gls lj k dkmlf| l~ k jkyxrkf

nbjilylbj kmbje gxmkj~ kji ygky ljiltlixkf~ ulff rkrhf| ohnbmh ybykff|

orlhd bd dkmlf| nbjjhnylbj~* '_k~ghhi* ?337,;?

;? _k~ghhi&M* &Mkygrxogbbml iklf|&?337

;;

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Mx~flm mkrrlkeh br Jl`kg l~ k nltlf nbjyrkny ohyuhhj k mkj kji k Mx~flm

mkrrlkeh br Jl`kg l~ k nltlf nbjyrkny ohyuhhj k mkj kji k ubmkj dbr ygh

sxrsb~h bd fhekflqlje ~hwxkf rhfkylbj~gls kji ygh srbnrhkylbj bd nglfirhj*

Mx~flm mkrrlkeh nkj oh orb`hj ky ygh ulff bd ygh gx~okji br uldh* Ly nkj

kf~b oh orb`hj ly hlyghr ygh gx~okji br ygh uldh dklf~ yb nkrr| bxy ygh

srbml~h~ mkih ky ygh ylmh bd mkrrlkeh 'Kfymj& ;

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Mkrrlkeh nbjyrkny l~ tkfli dbr k dlwhi shrlbi ly tlbfkyh~ nhryklj ok~ln

srljnlsfh~ bd Mx~flm Mkrrlkeh* 'Shkrf Iktli$Hrjhr Mhj~`l&;

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nbljnlihjykf kji nlrnxm~ykjylkf rhkfly| shrhjjlkf k~ Kgmhi ~bxklklk

mkljyklj~* Knnbrilje yb gkilyg& Mxgkmmki brihr kff nbjthry~ yb L~fkm

ugb uhrh mkrrlhi yb ~hthrkf ubmhj yb `hhs bjf| dbxr* Ygh~h yrkilylbj~

nfkrld| ygh tkexhjh~~ bd thr~h->& lj uglng yghrh l~ jb hwsflnly okj

bj mkrr|lje mbrh ygkj dbxr ubmhj ~lmxfykjhbx~f|* Ygh @brkj bofleh~ mhj

yb yrhky yghlr uljh~ h{xkff|& oxy ygl~ rh~yrkljy ihshji~ xsbj k mkj~

nbj~nlhjnh& yghrhdbrh& ly l~ jby nbj~lihrhi k srhrh{xl~lyh yb sbf|e|j|

knnbrilje yb mb~y nbmmhjykybr~*'Kikm~*O*J&;

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srknylnh bd Sbf|e|j| ly ~hfd ibh~jy ~hhm yb oh k~ mxng bd kj l~~xh k~ ibh~

ygh uk| lj uglng ly l~ kssflhi*

JKYX_H KJI HWYHJY BD SBF\E\J\ LJ

MX^FLM NBMMXJLY\

[xrkj l~ ygh bjf| rhflelbx~ obb` bj ygh dknh bd ygh hkryg ygky ~k|~

mkrr| bjf| bjh* Ygh nbjyhwy bd ygl~ sgrk~h l~ ygh dbffbulje thr~h drbm

^xrkg jl~k bd ygh efbrlbx~ [xrkj* Mkrr| ubmhj bd |bxr ngblnh& yub& ygrhh

br dbxr& oxy ld |bx dhkr ygky |bx ~gkff jby oh kofh yb ihkf ax~yf| ulyg yghm

yghj bjf| bjh* 'Kf-[xrkj 91>,??

Ohdbrh ygh [xrkj uk~ rhthkfhi yghrh uk~ jb

xsshr flmly dbr sbf|e|j| kji mkj| mhj gki ~nbrh~ bd ulth~& ~bmh hthj&

gxjirhi~* L~fkm sxy kj xsshr flmly bd dbxr ulth~* L~fkm elth k mkj

shrml~~lbj yb mkrr| yub& yghrh br dbxr ubmhj bjf| bj ygh nbjilylbj ygky gh

ihkf~ ax~yf| ulyg yghm* Yghrhdbrh sbf|e|j| l~ jby k rxfh oxy kj hwnhsylbj*

Mkj| shbsfh krh xjihr ygh ml~nbjnhsylbj ygky ly l~ nbmsxf~br| dbr k

Mx~flm mkj yb gkth mbrh ygkj bjh uldh*'Kf-[xrkj 91>,?>

JKYX_H $ HWYHJY BD SBF\E\J\ LJ MX^FLM NBMMXJLY\1

Lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly| Sbf|e|j| ~|~yhm l~ thr| nbmmbj &~bmh ylmh~

ygl~ ~|~yhm l~ dbffbuhi k~~|mobf bd gbjbxr&~bmh ylmh~ ~bxrnh~ bd hwyrk

fkobxr &hjab|mhjy bd ebbi dbbi& ubmhj nbmshyh dbr mhj~ kyyhjylbj ~bmh

ylmh~ dbr hwyhj~lth srbnrhkylbj*

?? Kf [xrkj 91;? Kf [xrkj 91>

;8

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YKOFH - 4

JKYX_H $ HWYHJY BD SBF\E\J\ LJ MX^FLM NBMMXJLY\1

Ygl~ ykofh kjkf|qh ygh jkyxrh kji hwyhjy bd Sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm

Nbmmxjly|* Lj bxr ~kmsfh ;9( bd rh~sbjihjy~ ~k|~ ygky ygl~ ~|~yhm l~

dbffbulje k~ k ~|mobf bd gbjbr* ;7( ~k|~ ly k~ k ~bxrnh bd hwyrk fkobxr* ;7(

~k|~ ly k~ ly elth~ yb yk~yh tkrlhy| bd dbbi~* ;7( ~k|~ ly ygh uljh~ nbmshyh dbr

ygh mhj~ kyyhjylbj >>( ~k|~ ly elth kj bssbryxjly| bd hwyhj~lth srbnrhkylbj*

Ygh ox~ljh~~ nkyhebr| ;3( ~k|~ ly k~ k ~|mobf bd gbjbr ;3( k~ ~bxrnh bd

hwyrk fkobxr 9( hjab|mhjy bd ebbi fbb`lje* 9( uljh~ nbmshyh dbr mhj~

kyyhjylbj 4( ~k|~ k~ hwyhj~lth srbnrhkylbj* Ygh byghr nkyhebrlh~ ?( k~

~|mobf bd fbjh 9( k~ ~bxrnh bd hwyrk fkobxr 9( k~ hjab|mhjy bd ebbi

fbb`lje 9( uljh~ nbmshyh dbr mhj~ kyyhjylbj 4( ~k|~ ly k~ hwyhj~lth

srbnrhkylbj*

LJYH_S_HYKYLBJ^ BD AX_L^Y^ $ ^NGBFK_^

Knnbrilje yb Mk~ggbxr& Sbf|e|j| l~ k ~ykyh lj uglng k mkj mkrrlh~

mbrh ygkj bjh ubmhj ky k ylmh* Gbu hthr| L~fkmln ljyhrsrhykylbj~ bd ygh~h

thr~h gkth tkrlhi erhkyf|* 'Kf- @rhjkul&Flegymkj&?333,?9Yghrh krh mkj|

krhk~ lj ygh~h thr~h~ ygky krh jby ~shnldlnkff| ihdljhi& kffbulje ~ngbfkr~ kji

axrl~y~ yb ljyhrsrhy ygh srknylnh bd sbf|e|j| ilddhrhjyf|* K mklj sbljy bd

?9 Kf @rhjkul&K$Flegymkj&H* &Fhkrjlje knglhthmhjy&^bnlkf kiax~ymhjy kji dkmlf| nbjdflny&?333*

;4

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nbjyhjylbj kmbje ~ngbfkr~ l~ gbu yb ihdljh ygh ax~y yrhkymhjy bd ulth~*

'Kf-@rhjkul&;

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lj ygh ubrfi ughrh ubmhj uhrh elthj ygh ~kmh ~lejldlnkjnh kji h{xkfly| k~

ygh| krh lj L~fkmln fku* 'Nghfko|&;

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dbr srbyhnylbj br iltbrnh* Gbuhthr ly l~ nfhkr ygky ygl~ ~shnldln srbyhnylbj l~

glegf| tkrlkofh kji nkj bjf| oh x~hi lj ~bnlhylh~ ygky krh bshj yb ygl~ fljh bd

yglj`lje* Dxryghrmbrh& k axrl~y mx~y oh obyg ktklfkofh kji ulfflje yb fbb`

ljyb ygh ~shnldln nk~h lj brihr dbr ygl~ fljh bd knylbj yb ubr` ygh~h ljyrlj~ln

~ylsxfkylbj~ rhjihr ygl~ dbrm bd srbyhnylbj yb oh bjf| x~hdxf dbr ubmhj lj

nhryklj ~lyxkylbj~* 'Gljngnflddh&;L~fkm kf~b kffbu~ ubmhj yb srbyhny

yghm~hfth~ drbm sbf|e|j| ygrbxeg ugky Akuki rhdhr~ yb k~ ihfk|hi ibur|

lj ygl~ ~lyxkylbj& ubmkj kji yghlr dkmlflh~ gbfi okn` k ~xo~ykjylkf kmbxjy bd

ygh mkrrlkeh hjibumhjy* Ygh ubmkj nkj yghj nfklm ygl~ ~xm ld k iltbrnh

~gbxfi yk`h sfknh lj ygh dxyxrh& ygx~ hj~xrlje ghr ~bmh ~ykolfly|* Lj yghbr|

ygl~ ~hhm~ fl`h k tlkofh bsylbj dbr k ubmhj& oxy Akuki ibh~ jby nfkrld|

ughrh ygl~ srbyhnylbj gk~ ohhj x~hi br fbu hddhnylth ly gk~ ohhj 'Tkj

Tkxegj&?33>,*>9

Knnbrilje yb ~xgrk& lj L~fkm ubmhj~ krh yrhkyhi fl`h ~hnbji erkih nlylqhj~*

Lj hthr| ~sghrh ubmhj l~ yrhkyhi k~ ~hnbji erkih lj ygl~ mkfh ibmljkjy

~bnlhy| kfuk|~ yrlhi yb `hhs ygh ubmkj lj ygh skrkih ' yrkx~~*K

$Nbrolj&;> Gljngnflddh&Sbf|e|j| lj yrkilylbjkf kji nbjyhmsbrkr| L~fkmln fku&;*>8 ^yrkx~~*K $Nbrolj&Ok~ln~ bd {xkflykylth rh~hkrng yhngjl{xh~ kji srbnhixrh~ dbr ihthfbslje

yghbrlh~&;

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mbrh ygkj bjh uldh* Gbu hthr ygh knyxkf srknylnh bd Sbf|e|j| ly ~hfd ibh~jy

~hhm yb oh k~ mxng bd kj l~~xh k~ ibh~ ygh uk| lj uglng ly l~ kssflhi*

KYYLYXIH BD MX^FLM NBMMXJLY\

YBUK_I^ SBF\E\J\

Dbr mkj| nhjyxrlh~& sbf|e|j| gk~ ohhj bjh bd ygh slffkr~ bd Mx~flm

skyrlkrngkf ~bnlhy|& okhi bj @brkjln shrml~~lbj dbr mhj yb oh mkrrlhi xs

yb dbxr ubmhj ky ygh ~kmh ylmh* Lj ygh fk~y nhjyxr|& tblnh~ nkfflje dbr rhdbrm

lj ygh Mx~flm ubrfi gkth ohhj fhkilje nkmsklej~ dbr ygh kitkjnhmhjy bd

ubmhj~ ~ykyx~* Ygh nkff dbr k okj bj sbf|e|j| l~ kj ljyherkf skry bd ygl~

nkmsklej* Lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly| rhdbrml~y~ gkth ohhj skrylnxfkrf|

srbmljhjy& ygh ~yrxeefh ohyuhhj rhflelbj kji mbihrjly| ohnkmh mbrh

ljyhj~h ulyg ygh h~ykofl~gmhjy bd Mx~flm nbmmxjly|'Nbbshr*_&;

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ljkssrbsrlkyh lj k ~bnlhy| ~yrltlje dbr srberh~~ kji ihthfbsmhjy*

'Fb*Nglje&?33;,>7 Ygh rhdbrml~y~ tblnh~& uglng mkljykljhi ygky sbf|e|j|

uk~ xjknnhsykofh hthj knnbrilje yb L~fkm* Sbf|e|j| uk~ h~shnlkff| ixh yb

nlrnxm~ykjnh~ lj uglng tlbfhjnh& mxrihr& kji rhthjeh ngkrknyhrlqhi ygky

mkfh ibmljkyhi ~bnlhy|& ygx~ nrhkylje k ihmberksgln lmokfkjnh lj uglng

ubmhj bxyjxmohrhi mhj ~lejldlnkjyf|* Lj ly~ srlmkr| ~ykeh~& L~fkm gki yb

kn`jbufhieh ygky rhkfly|& kji yghrhdbrh sbf|e|j| k~ kj lj~ylyxylbj uk~

rhgkolflykyhi* Ygh @brkj mkih k skrylnxfkr rhdbrm o| flmlylje yb dbxr ygh

jxmohr bd ulth~ ygky mhj nbxfi oh mkrrlhi yb ky ygh ~kmh ylmh*

'Nbxf~bj*@*M $Mhfgbrj*S*N&?333,>< Ly ~hhm~ ygky ~ljnh ly~ hkrf| ik|~&

L~fkm~ yrhkymhjy bd sbf|e|j| gk~ ohhj nkxylbj~* Gbuhthr& ygh kmoltkfhjy

ubrilje bd ygh @brkjln fku knyxkff| lj~ylyxylbjkflqhi ygh ~ykyx~ {xb& ygx~

mk`lje k nb ljnlihjykf kji nlrnxm~ykjylkf rhkfly| shrhjjlkf k~ Kgmhi ~bklklk

mkljyklj~* Knnbrilje yb ygh gkilyg& Mxgkmmki brihrhi kff nbjthry~ yb

L~fkm ugb uhrh mkrrlhi yb ~hthrkf ubmhj yb `hhs bjf| dbxr* 'Gbmbje

Erkssfh&?33>,93 Ygh~h yrkilylbj~ nfkrld| ygh tkexhjh~~ bd thr~h> lj uglng

yghrh l~ jb hwsflnly okj lj mkrr|lje mbrh ygkj dbxr ubmhj ~lmxfykjhbx~f|*

Ygh @brkj bofleh~ mhj yb yrhky yghlr ulth~ h{xkff|& oxy ygl~ rh~yrkljy

ihshji~ xsbj k mkj~ nbj~nlhjnh* Yghrhdbrh ly l~ jby nbj~lihrhi k

srhrh{xl~lyh yb sbf|e|j|& knnbrilje yb mb~y nbmmhjykybr~*

>7 Fb*Nglje& Gx~g-Gx~g^shk`~ fbxihr ygkj gx~g gx~g gyys1""uuu*gmbjeylmh~*nbm&?33;*>< Nbxf~bj*@*M $Mhfgbrj*S*N& Fltlje lj yub ubrfi~ &Ygh ubmhjc~ srbahny& ?333*93 Gbmbje Erkssfh ulyg fljehrlje hddhny~ bd sbf|ekm|&gyys1""uuu*sbf|ekm|ljdb*nbm&?33>*

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'Ikb*\kje&;

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~xssbrylje Sbf|e|j| ~|~yhm& ygh| ukjy yb hrkilnkyh Sbf|e|j|*83(

rh~sbjihjy~ ~xssbryhi yb ygh~h bsljlbj~ *.3( rh~sbjihjy~ jby rhki| yb

~xssbry kji ;3( gkth jb lihk kobxy ygh~h yglje~*

YKOFH - 5

KYYLYXIH BD MX^FLM NBMMXJLY\ YBUK_I^ SBF\E\J\1

Ygh kobth ykofh ~yxi| ygh kyylyxih bd Mx~flm nbmmxjly| ybukri~

Sbf|e|j| ygrhh {xh~ylbj~ krh mkljf| k~`hi yb tkfxkyh ygh Mx~flm

Nbmmxjlylh~ kyylyxih ybukri~ Sbf|e|j|* 83( bd ygh rh~sbjihjy~ ~xssbryhi

yb ygh {xh~ylbj~ >3( rh~sbjihjy~ jby ~xssbry yb ygh {xh~ylbj~ ?3(

rh~sbjihjy~ gkth jb lihk kobxy ygh ybsln ygh {xh~ylbj k~`hi kobxy ygh

ihshjikolfly| bd Sbf|e|j| lj ygh ~bnlhy| 93( rh~sbjihjy~ kj~uhr ygl~

{xh~ylbj 93( rh~sbjihjy~ rhkny kobxy ygh hrkilnkylbj bd Sbf|e|j| lj ygh

~bnlhy| ?3( rh~sbjihjy~ rhkny kobxy ygh fhel~fkylbj keklj~y Sbf|e|j|*

NBJNFX^LBJ

Lj nbjnfx~lbj Sbf|e|j| l~ kj lj~ylyxlbj ygky gk~ ohhj ml~ljyhrhsyhi&

ml~xjihr~ybbi kji ml~x~hi o| Mx~flm nbmmxjly|*Gbu hthr ygh knyxkf

srknylnh bd Sbf|e|j| ly ~hfd ibh~jy ~hhm yb oh k~ mxng bd kj l~~xh k~ ibh~

ygh uk| lj uglng ly l~ kssflhi* Sbf|e|j| l~ jby k rxfh oxy kj hwnhsylbj*

?>

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Mkj| shbsfh krh xjihr ygh ml~nbjnhsylbj ygky ly l~ nbmsxf~br| dbr k

Mx~flm mkj yb gkth mbrh ygkj bjh uldh

DLJILJE^ KJI ^XEEH^LBJ^

Ygh ybsln bd bxr ~yxi| uk~ yb hwsfbrh ygh ljdfxhjnh bd sbf|e|| l~

Mx~flm nbmmxjly|* Kdyhr rhtlhulje ygh flyhrkyxrh bj sbf|e|j|& ygh

rh~hkrngh~ ihthfbshi k ~xrth| ih~lejhi yb kiirh~~ ~bmh bd ygh hddhny~ bd

sbf|e|j|* Ygh rh~hkrngh~ nbjyknyhi 83 ljiltlixkf~& kji ~sb`h ulyg ygh

ljiltlixkf~& hwsfklj yghm ygh sxrsb~h bd ygh ~yxi| ygh keh rkjeh bd ~kmsfh

uk~ drbm ;7 yb 53* Ygh rh~xfy~ drbm ygl~ ~yxi| ~xssbry ygh dljilje~ bd byghr

rh~hkrngh~ ~gbulje ygky sbf|e|j| ibh~ kddhny ygh dhmkfh skryjhr~* Lj ygl~

~yxi| ygh hddhny bd sbf|e|j| uhrh dbxji yb oh ygh dbffbulje ihsrh~~lbj&

~kijh~~& ~yrh~~& kjehr& rh~hjymhjy& ybb mkj| nglfirhj& nbjdx~lbj bd rbfh kji

fkn` bd ygh dbffbulje& fbjh br nbjjhnylbj ulyg ygh dkyghr& rh~shny& rh~bxrnh~

br mbjh| kji rbfh mbihf*

Ygh boahnylth~ bd ygh srh~hjy ~yxi| uhrh ';, yb kjkf|~h jkyxrh kji

hwyhjy bd sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly|* '?, Yb ~yxi| ygh ~bnlb-hnbjbmln

dknybr~ ygky ljdfxhjnh sbf|e|j| '>, Yb dlji bxy ygh ljdfxhjnh kji hddhny~ bd

sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly| '9, Yb hwkmljh ygh kyylyxih bd ygh Mx~flm

nbmmxjly| ybukri~ ygl~ ~|~yhm*

Bj ygh ok~l~ bd ygh kobth boahnylth~& nhryklj g|sbygh~l~ uk~ dbrmhi* ';, Ygh

dknybr~ fl`h keh& hixnkylbj& rhflelbj kji ljnbmh gki k mkabr rbfh lj sbf|e|j|

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'?, Ygh ~bnlb hnbjbmln dknybr~ fhki~ yb ljnrhk~h~ ygh yrhji bd sbf|e|j|* '>,

O| sbf|e|j| ygh dhmkfh skryjhr~ krh dknlje ~b mkj| s~|ngbfbelnkf

srbofhm~*

Ygh ~yxi| uk~ nbjixnyhi lj @bffkm il~yrlny ygh mhygbi bd ~kmsfh nbffhnylbj

uk~ rkjibm ~kmsflje mhygbi* 83 rh~sbjihjy~ uhrh ~hfhnyhi dbr ygh ~yxi|*

Ygh dbbf~ uhrh x~hi dbr nbffhnylje ikyk~ uhrh ygh ljyhrtlhu ~nghixfh kji

{xh~ylbjjklrh* Ygh lmsbrykjy tkrlkofh~ x~hi lj ygl~ ~yxi| krh keh& rhflelbj

kji ljnbmh*

Bxr ~yxi| rhthkf~ ygky ygh sbf|e|j| ljdfxhjnh ubmhj erhkyf|** Gbuhthr ygh

ljdfxhjnh bd sbf|e|j| l~ mbrh kmbje ygh |bxjehr erbxs* Ygh| dknh ~yrh~~

kjehr& s~|ngbfbelnkf srbofhm~& ~kijh~~& rh~hjymhjy& ybb mkj| nglfirhj&

nbjdx~lbj bd rbfh kji fkn` bd fbth& nkrh& kji rh~bxrnh~* Ygh jxmohr bd

kitkjykeh~ bjf| jxmohrhi ygh| uhrh k gleghr jxmohr bd orbyghr~ kji

~l~yhr~& drhhibm drbm fhkrjlje drbm mbyghr~ ml~yk`h~* Ygh nbjdx~lbj bd rbfh

kji fkn` bd rh~bxrnh~ uhrh yub il~kitkjykeh~* Ygh~h yub il~yljny k~shny~

~hhj lj sbf|e|jbx~ dkmlflh~ eb kfbje ulyg ygh rhnhjy dljilje~ bd byghr

rh~hkrnghr~* _h~hkrnghr gki dbxji ygky ygh~h y|sh bd dkmlflh~ fkn`hi ygh

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hnbjbmln rh~bxrnh~ yb ~xssbry ~xng k fkreh dkmlf|& bdyhj rh~lilje lj bthr

nrbuihi krhk~& k~ uhff k~ gktlje mxng nbjdx~lbj kobxy rbfh~ kji fb|kfy|*

_h~hjymhjy kji ygh fkn` bd fbjh br jhefhny gkth kf~b ohhj lihjyldlhi k~

hddhny~ ~yhmmlje drbm sbf|e|jbx~ dkmlflh~* Lj yghlr ljyhrtlhu~ ~bmh yglje

nbmmbj kmbje kff ygh dhmkfh rh~sbjihjy~ uhrh ~kijh~~& ygh l~~xh bd

fb|kfly| br yk`lje ~lih~& kji ~yrh~~ br kjehr k~ il~kitkjykehbx~ hddhny~ yb

fltlje lj k sbf|e|jbx~ gbx~hgbfi* Ly l~ nfhkr ygky fltlje lj sbf|e|jbx~

dkmlflh~ rh~xfy~ lj ~kijh~~& ihsrh~~lbj& nbjdx~lbj& rh~hjymhjy kji k fb~~ bd

lihjyly| kji fbjh*

^BNLB-HNBJBMLN DKNYB_^ LJDFXHJNH SBF\E\J\

Yghrh krh ~b mkj| dknybr~ dbr ygh ~hnbji yglri kji dbxryg mkrrlkeh~*

Ygh mklj dknybr~ dbr ygh mkrrlkeh~ krh ljdhrylfly| bd srhtlbx~ uldh&

Ohgktlbrkf srbofhm~ bd uldh& rhflelbx~ ohflhd~& ih~lrh dbr uhkfyg br ibur|&

ih~lrh dbr mkfh nglfirhj& mkrrlje dbr dbffbulje ygh yrkilylbj bd ygh dkmlf|&

~bmh mkrrlkeh~ krh gksshjlje o| ygh ljdfxhjnh br ul~g bd ygh mkfh skryjhr~

skrhjy 97( rh~sbjihjy ~xssbryhi kff ygh~h dknybr~ >7( rh~sbjihjy~ il~kerhh

ulyg kff ygh~h dknybr~ ;9( rh~sbjihjy~ gkth jb lihk kobxy ygh~h ljdfxhjnh

YKOFH - 7

BNLB-HNBJBMLN DKNYB_^ LJDFXHJNH SBF\E\J\1

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Ygl~ ykofh kjkf|qh ygh ~bnlb-hnbjbmln dknybr~ ygky ljdfxhjnh

Sbf|e|j|* Yghrh krh ~b mkj| dknybr~ dbr ygh ~hnbji yglri kji dbxryg

mkrrlkeh~* Ygh mklj dknybr~ dbr ygh mkrrlkeh~ krh ljdhrylfly| bd srhtlbx~ uldh&

Ohgktlbrkf srbofhm~ bd uldh& rhflelbx~ ohflhd~& ih~lrh dbr uhkfyg br ibur|&

ih~lrh dbr mkfh nglfirhj& mkrrlje dbr dbffbulje ygh yrkilylbj bd ygh dkmlf|&

~bmh mkrrlkeh~ krh gksshjlje o| ygh ljdfxhjnh br ul~g bd ygh mkfh skryjhr~

skrhjy 97( rh~sbjihjy ~xssbryhi kff ygh~h dknybr~ >7( rh~sbjihjy~ il~kerhh

ulyg kff ygh~h dknybr~ ;9( rh~sbjihjy~ gkth jb lihk kobxy ygh~h ljdfxhjnh

LJDFXHJNH BD HIXNKYLBJ BJ SBF\E\J\

Hixnkylbj l~ kj ljyherkf skry lj srh~hjy hrk fldh* Ihthfbsmhjy bd k nbxjyr|

ihshji~ bj ygh hixnkylbj bd ygh nlylqhj~* Lj ygh sk~y Mx~flm nbmmxjly| elth

lmsbrykjnh yb ygh hixnkylbj bd mkfh kji ly l~ mkljf| ok~hi bj ygh rhflelbx~

hixnkylbj oxy ybik| yghrh tlhu~ kji ygbxegy~ krh ngkjehi* K~ k rh~xfy ybik|

ygh| krh eltlje lmsbrykjnh yb dhmkfh hixnkylbj kji nxrrlnxfxm kibsyhi l~

~xlykofh yb mhhy ygh jhhi~ bd yghrh ik| ybik| fldh* Ygl~ ~yxi| dbnx~h~ ygh

ljdfxhjnh bd hixnkylbj gkth sfk| kj| skry lj ygh Sbf|e|j| ~|~yhm* Ygh ibjy

gkth kj| ilrhny rbfh lj Sbf|e|j|*

YKOFH - 4( bd ygh rh~sbjihjy ~k|~ yghrh l~ jb ljdfxhjnh bd

hixnkylbj bj ygl~ ~|~yhm ;7( rh~sbjihjy~ gkth jb lihk kobxy ygl~

ljdfxhjnh** 94( rh~sbjihjy~ krh lj ygh bsljlbj ygky ygh hixnkylbjkf ~ykyx~ bd

skryjhr il~nbxrkeh~ Sbf|e|j|* >4( bd rh~sbjihjy~ krh lj ygh bsljlbj ygky ygh

hixnkylbj ~ykyx~ bd skryjhr~ krh jby il~nbxrkelje Sbf|e|j|* ;7( bd ygh

rh~sbjihjy~ krh gktlje jb boahnylbj kobxy ygl~ rhfkylbj ygh| ibjy gkth jb

lihk kobxy ygl~ ljdfxhjnh*

HDDHNY^ BD DHMKFH HIXNKYLBJ BJ SBF\E\J\1

Jbu k ik|~ Mx~flm nbmmxjly| elth~ lmsbrykjnh yb dhmkfh hixnkylbj kji

nxrrlnxfxm kibsyhi l~ ~xlykofh yb mhhy ygh jhhi~ bd yghrh ik| ybik| fldh* Ygl~

~yxi| dbnx~h~ ygh ljdfxhjnh bd hixnkylbj gkth sfk| kj| skry lj ygh Sbf|e|j|

~|~yhm*

YKOFH ;3

HDDHNY^ BD DHMKFH HIXNKYLBJ BJ SBF\E\J\1

Ygh kobth ykofh ~yxi| rhthkf~ ygky ygh hddhny~ bd dhmkfh hixnkylbj lj

ygh Sbf|e|j| ~|~yhm *Ygh hixnkylbj bd dhmkfh~ ljdfxhjnh Sbf|e|j| k fby

BNNXSKYLBJ BD SK_YJH_^ $ LJDFXHJNH BJ SBF\E\J\

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Ygl~ ~yxi| dbnx~h~ ygh ljdfxhjnh bd bnnxskylbj gkth sfk| kj| skry lj

ygh Sbf|e|j| ~|~yhm*

YKOFH - ;;

BNNXSKYLBJ BD SK_YJH_^ $ LJDFXHJNH BJ SBF\E\J\1

Ygh kobth ykofh ~yxi| rhthkf~ ygky ygh hddhny~ bd bnnxskylbjkf ~ykyx~

bd skryjhr kji ljdfxhjnh bj Sbf|e|j|* 43( bd ygh rh~sbjihjy kerhh ulyg ygl~

krexmhjy ygky ygh bnnxskylbjkf ~ykyx~ bd mkfh mhmohr hjnbxrkeh~ Sbf|e|j|*

93( rh~sbjihjy~ krh lj ygh bsljlbj ygky yghrh l~ jb rhfkylbj ohyuhhj ygh

bnnxskylbjkf ~ykyx~ kji Sbf|e|j|*

HDDHNY^ BD LJNBMH BJ SBF\E\J\

Ygh ~yxi| rhthkf~ ygky Sbf|e|j| l~ mbrh srhtkfhjy kmbje gleg ljnbmh

erbxs~ ygkj fbuhr ljnbmh erbxs~* Ygh fbuhr ljnbmh erbxs~ krh ~gbulje

flyyfh ljyhrh~y ybukri~ Sbf|e|j| ohnkx~h lj brihr yb mkljyklj Sbf|e|j|

~|~yhm k gkji~bmh kmbxjy l~ jhhihi& k~ k rh~xfy ygh mkfh mhmohr dknh~ k

fby bd ~yrh~~ kji ~yrklj~ kji ygl~ ~yrh~~ kji ~yrklj~ nbjyrloxyh ~hthr ghkfyg

srbofhm~ lj ygh~h mkfh skryjhr~* Ygl~ bdyhj kddhny~ ygh dktbrkofh

hjtlrbjmhjy lj ygh dkmlf| ljthr~hf|*

YKOFH - ;?

HDDHNY^ BD LJNBMH BJ SBF\E\J\1

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Ygh kobth ykofh ~yxi| rhthkf~ ygky ygh hddhny~ bd Ljnbmh bj

Sbf|e|j|* Lj ygl~ ykofh uh xjihr~ykji ygky ygh fbuhr ljnbmh erbxs~ krh

~gbulje flyyfh ljyhrh~y ybukri~ Sbf|e|j|* Ohnkx~h yghrh ~gbxfi gkth ygh fkn`

bd rh~bxrnh~* Dbr dbffbu Sbf|e|j| ljnbmh l~ kj lmsbrykjy k~shny drbm

ohfbu ljnbmh erbxs ??( krh hjekehi lj Sbf|e|j| drbm ygh~h ;3( ~k|~ |h~

yb ygh {xh~ylbj kji ;3( ~k| jb yb ygh {xh~ylbj& ?( gkth jb nbmmhjy kobxy

ly* Ljnbmh erbxs ?333-9333& ?3( hjekehi lj Sbf|e|j|* Drbm ygh~h ;3(

~kli |h~ 7( ~kli jb ?( gkth jb lihk* Kobth 5333 erbxs >7( l~ hjekehi lj

Sbf|e|j|*

NBJNFX^LBJ

Kj kyyhmsy uk~ mkih yb xjihr~ykji ygh srhtkfhjnh bd Sbf|e|j|

kmbje ygh Mx~flm nbmmxjly| ygl~ ~yxi| rhthkf~ ygky Sbf|e|j| l~ mbrh

srhtkfhjy kmbje gleg ljnbmh erbxs~ ygkj fbuhr ljnbmh erbxs~* Lj ygh

oheljjlje bd ygh ~yxi| ygh rh~hkrnghr gki k ohflhd ygky ygh dknybr~ fl`h keh&

hixnkylbj& rhflelbj kji ljnbmh gki k mkabr rbfh lj Sbf|e|j| Oxy ygh

kjkf|~l~ bd ygh rh~xfy elth~ ygky bjf| ljnbmh sfk|~ k rbfh lj Sbf|e|j|* Ygh

~hnbji g|sbygh~l~ ygky& ygh ~bnlb- hnbjbmln dknybr~ fhki~ yb ljnrhk~h ygh

yrhji bd Sbf|e|j| l~ kj knnhsykofh bjh *

^XMMK_\ KJI NBJNFX^LBJ^

>3

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Ygh sxrsb~h bd ygl~ {xkflykylth ~yxi| uk~ yb hwkmljh ygh hddhny~ bd fltlje lj

k nxfyxrkff| sbf|e|jbx~ gbx~hgbfi* Ygh rh~hkrnghr nbjyknyhi 83 ljiltlixkf~

kji ~sb`h ulyg yghm kji hwsfkljhi yghm ygh sxrsb~h bd ygh ~yxi|* Ygh keh

rkjeh bd ygh ~kmsfh uk~ drbm ;7 yb 53* Ygh rh~xfy~ drbm ygl~ ~yxi| ~xssbry

ygh dljilje~ bd byghr rh~hkrnghr~ ~gbulje ygky sbf|e|j| ibh~ kddhny ygh

ljiltlixkf~* Lj ygl~ ~yxi|& ygh hddhny~ bd sbf|e|j| uhrh dbxji yb oh ygh

dbffbulje 1 ihsrh~~lbj& ~kijh~~& ~yrh~~& kjehr & rh~hjymhjy& nglfirhj&

nbjdx~lbj bd rbfh& kji fkn` bd ygh dbffbulje& fbth br nbjjhnylbj ulyg ygh

skryjhr& k~shny& rh~bxrnh~ br mbjh| kji nbjdx~lbj bd rbfh* Ygh ehjhrkf

yghmh~ ~hhj ygrbxegbxy ygh ljyhrtlhu~ uhrh nbjdx~lbj bd rbfh& fkn` bd

rh~bxrnh~'mbjh|,rh~hjymhjy hynYgh boahnylth~ bd ygl~ ~yxi| uk~ yb

kjkf|qh jkyxrh kji hwyhjy bd sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly|& ~yxi| ygh

~bnlb-hnbjbmln dknybr~ ygky ljdfxhjnh sbf|e|j|*

Dlji bxy ygh ljdfxhjnh kji hddhny~ bd sbf|e|j| lj Mx~flm nbmmxjly| kji

hwkmljh ygh kyylyxih bd Mx~flm nbmmxjly| ybukri~ ygl~ sbf|e|j| ~|~yhm*

Ygh g|sbygh~l~ bd ygl~ ~yxi| l~ ygh dknybr~ fl`h keh&hixnkylbj&rhflelbj kji

ljnbmh gki k mkabr rbfh lj sbf|e|j|* h ~bnlb hnbjbmln dknybr~ fhki~ yb

ljnrhk~h ygh yrhji bd sbf|e|j|*Ygh ~yxi| uk~ nbjixnyhi lj @bffkm

il~yrlny*83 rh~sbjihjy~ drbm ilddhrhjy sfknh~ lj @bffkm il~yrlny* Ygh ybbf~

uhrh x~hi dbr nbffhnylje ikyh~ uhrh ygh ljyhrtlhu ~nghixfh kji

{xh~ylbjjklrh* Ygh lmsbrykjy tkrlkofh~ x~hi lj ygl~ ~yxi| krh

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ljnbmh&keh&rhflelbj&kji hixnkylbj* Bxr ~yxi| rhthkf~ ygky ygh sbf|e|j|

~|~yhm ljdfxhjnh~ ygh ubmhj erhkyf|* Ygh hddhny~ bd sbf|e|j| uhrh dbxji

yb oh ygh dbffbulje1ihsrh~~lbj&~kijh~~&~yrh~~&kjehr&rh~hjymhjy&ybbmkj|

nglfirhj& nbjdx~lbj bd rbfh& fkn` bd fbth kji kddhnylbj ohyuhhj ygh

skryjhr~*Sbf|e|jbx~ mkrrlkeh~ l~ bdyhj k~~bnlkyhi ulyg

~yrh~~&yhj~lbj&nbjdflny kji il~h{xlflorlk lj ygh dkmlf| ~yrxnyxrh* Dljilje~ kf~b

~gbuhi ygky ~hjlbr ulth~ rhsbryhi sbbrhr rhfkylbj~gls ulyg yghlr gx~okji~

nbmskrhi yb yghlr axjlbr nbxjyhrskry~* Bdyhj ughj k gx~okji mkrrlhi k

~hnbji uldh &ygh mkrrlkeh nbxfi oh ok~hi bj fbth& rkyghr ygkj skrhjykf

krrkjehmhjy* Kj hwngkjeh br nbj~kjexljly| k~ lj ygh dlr~y* Ygh~h dknybr~ kf~b

nbjyrloxyh yb ygh ~hjlbr uldh~ fbu ~hfd h~yhhm kji mkrlykf il~~kyl~dknylbj*

Mb~y hixnkyhi |bxje shbsfh nbj~lihr sbf|e|j| xjknnhsykofh& mkrrlkeh k

fldh fbje nbmmlymhjy kji iltbrnh ugky xjhixnkyhi shbsfh ib ohnkx~h ygh|

ibjy `jbu kj| ohyyhr 'Kf-`rhjkul&;

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knnhsykofh nbjilylbj~* Uglfh ygh dbxr ~ngbbf~ bd fku lj ^xjjl L~fkm il~kerhh

bj ughyghr br jby k gx~okji ~gbxfi srbtlih gl~ ulth~ h{xkf dxjilje dbr

yghlr flthflgbbi kji ik| yb ik| hwshj~h~ &kff ~ngbbf~ kerhh ygky k gx~okji~

dljkjnlkf rh~sbj~lolfly| yb hkng uldh~ ljnfxih~ dbbi kji mbjh| ~xssf| k~

uhff k~ yk`lje nkrh bd nglfirhj~ dxyxrh mkrrlkeh~* Ih~slyh kff ygh~h ihhsf|

rbbyhi ohflhth~ kji srknylnh~& ybukri~ ygh hji bd ygh jljhyhhjyg nhjyxr|& kji

ygrbxeg bxy ygh yhjyg nhjyxr|& ~bmh Mx~flm~ ~ngbfkr~ kji ljyhffhnyxkf~

ohekj yb tblnh ilddhrhjy bsljlbj bj ubmhj~ ~ykyx~ lj ehjhrkf kji

~shnldlnkff| lj sbf|e|j|*Ygh [xrkj ly ~hfd mkljyklj~ ygky ly l~ lmsb~~lofh dbr

k mkj yb yrhky kff gl~ ulth~ h{xkff| lj hthr| ~hj~h* Ygh ubmhj fltlje lj

ygh~h gbx~h gbfi~ xjihrebh~ ~yrh~~ kji ~yrklj~ bd ilddhrhjy `lji~* Hthj ly

mk| rh~xfy~ lj yb ~hthr nbjilylbj~ fl h ihsrh~~lbj& kji ~xng byghr

s~|ngbfbelnkf il~brihr~*

^xeeh~ylbj~

Ygl~ ~hnylbj ulff il~nx~~ rhnbmmhjikylbj~ dbr dxyxrh ~yxi| bj ygh hddhny~ bd

sbf|e|j|* Ixh yb ygh ~hj~lyltly| bd ygl~ ~xoahny& sbf|e|j| l~ jby hk~lf|

~yxilhi kji rh~hkrnghi* Botlbx~f|& ly l~ rhnbmmhjihi ygky erhkyhr jxmohr bd

~xoahny~ oh ljyhrtlhuhi kji ygky ljiltlixkf~ bd ilddhrhjy keh kji ehjihr~ oh

nbmskrhi yb ihyhrmljh ygb~h hddhny~ bd sbf|e|j|* Kiilylbjkff|& rh~hkrng ygky

hwkmljh ygh hddhny~ bd sbf|e|j| bj brihr bd mbyghr"uldh kji ygh hddhny~

~hhj lj nglfirhj ubxfi oh lffxmljkylje*

>>

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Oloflberksg|

;*Kf-@rhjkul& K0 ergkm& A& Kf-@rhjkul& ^ ';

9*Kfymkj& Lrulj ( Ab~hsg Eljkg& '; drbm gyys1""uuu*drh~jbohh*nbm"~shnlkf"sbf|e|j|*

7*Komhi* H* ^btklklk& Drbm ~hj~kybr| ~ykyx~ yb shrshyxkf ~hjyhjylkf1

_hyglj`lje Sbf|e|j| lj L~fkmln Yrkilylbj~ Jb* > '?339, S*S ?

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;;* Mk~nbyyh& Gbu dk~y gkth rhdbrm~ ebjh lj L~fkm& '?33;, S* ;84*

;?*Kf-@rhjkul& K $ Flegymkj& H*^ '?333,* Fhkrjlje knglhthmhjy& ~bnlkf

kiax~ymhjy kji dkmlf| nbjdflny kmbje Ohibulj-Krko Nglfirhj drbm

sbf|ekmbx~ kji mbjbekmbx~ dkmlflh~& ygh abxrjkf bd ~bnlkf S~|ngbfbe|&

;93'>,& >98->88*

;>* Kf-@rhjkul& K ';9';,& ;-;4*

;8*Kffkm& Gkjjkg '?33?& ^hsyhmohr ??,* Ygh sklj bd Sbf|ekm|* K~~bnlkyhi

srh~~* _hyrlhthi bj Mk| 8& ?33> drbm

;4*Orbxih& E*A ';9*

;7*Nghrlkj& T ';

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;& drbm

gyys1""uuu*sbf|ekm|ljdb*nbm"sfxeemhilk(?33?(?3;?9slbjhhr*gym

gyys1""uuu*sbf|ekm|ljdb*nbm"sf|emhilk(?33?(?3;81

?5*Abjh~& _knghf& Mknkfh~yhr& L~fkm Abxrjkf& '?334,&Ohr`hfh| Srh~~&S*S& ;-?*

>4

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?7*Fht-Ulh~hf& _ $ Kf-@rhjkul& K '?333,* Shrnhsylbj bd dkmlf| kmbje

Ohibulj-Krko nglfirhj bd Sbf|ekmbx~ dkmlflh~ k~ rhdfhnyhi lj yghlr dkmlf|

irkulje~* Kmhrlnkj Abxrjkf bd Kry-Yghrks|& >7'9,& ;*Mkrrlkm-Uho~yhr bj-fljh1 Ygh fkjexkeh nhjyhr ilnylbjkr|* _hyrlhthi bj

Mkrng ;3& ?33> drbm gyys1""uuu*m-u*nbm*gyr

>?*Mk~ggbxr& Kmlrk '?338,& L~fkmln Fku kji Ehjihr H{xkfly|& S*S 84?-

?>*Mbkiihi& mkj~bbr& ';5

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>7*_lnh& S*F '?333,* Ubmhj $ rhsrbixnylbj* Uh~ysbry& NY1 Ohrelj $

Ekrth|*

>, Ubmhj fltlje xjihr Mx~flm Fku~1 @jbulje bxr

rlegy~& Bwdbri Xjlthr~ly| Srh~~& Fbjibj*

9?* yrkx~~& K kji nbrolj& A ';

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