Politics of the Politics of the Roaring TwentiesRoaring Twenties

Chapter 12, Section 1Chapter 12, Section 1

Warm upWarm up

What do you think is isolationism?What do you think is isolationism?

Postwar TrendsPostwar Trends Nation divided over the League of Nations Nation divided over the League of Nations

debatedebate

NativismNativism – prejudice against foreign-born – prejudice against foreign-born peoplepeople

IsolationismIsolationism – policy of pulling away from – policy of pulling away from involvement in foreign affairs. involvement in foreign affairs.

Returning soldiers faced unemployment or Returning soldiers faced unemployment or took old jobs from women and minorities. took old jobs from women and minorities.

Fear of CommunismFear of Communism CommunismCommunism – economic and political system – economic and political system

based on single-party government ruled by a based on single-party government ruled by a dictatorship. dictatorship.

The Red ScareThe Red Scare Vladimir Lenin estab. Communist state in Vladimir Lenin estab. Communist state in

RussiaRussia Symbolized by a Red FlagSymbolized by a Red Flag Communist Party formed in the United StatesCommunist Party formed in the United States Several dozen bombs were mailed to Several dozen bombs were mailed to

government and business leaders, the public government and business leaders, the public grew fearful Communists were taking over.grew fearful Communists were taking over.

Fear of CommunismFear of Communism US Attorney US Attorney General A. Mitchell PalmerGeneral A. Mitchell Palmer

took action against “Red Scare”took action against “Red Scare”

The Palmer The Palmer RaidsRaids

August 1919August 1919, Palmer begins to , Palmer begins to hunt down suspected Communists, hunt down suspected Communists, socialists, and anarchistssocialists, and anarchists AnarchistAnarchist – people who oppose – people who oppose

any form of government. any form of government. Trampled the civil rights of those he Trampled the civil rights of those he

suspected.suspected. Soon, the public decided Palmer didn’t Soon, the public decided Palmer didn’t

know what he was talking about. know what he was talking about.

Sacco &Sacco &VanzettiVanzetti

Nicola Sacco and Bartoleomeo Vanzetti Nicola Sacco and Bartoleomeo Vanzetti Both were Italian anarchistsBoth were Italian anarchists Arrested and charged with robbery and Arrested and charged with robbery and

murdermurder Found guilty and sentenced to death with Found guilty and sentenced to death with

circumstantial evidence.circumstantial evidence.

““Suspects appeared to be Italian”Suspects appeared to be Italian”

Bartolomeo VanzettiBartolomeo Vanzetti

Before execution on Before execution on August 23, 1927August 23, 1927

The Klan Rises AgainThe Klan Rises Again

Used anti-communism as Used anti-communism as excuse to harass different excuse to harass different groups.groups.

KKK was devoted to KKK was devoted to ““100 percent Americanism”100 percent Americanism” Keeping blacks “in their Keeping blacks “in their

place”place” Opposing UnionsOpposing Unions Driving out Catholics, Jews, Driving out Catholics, Jews,

& foreigners& foreignersKlan parade. Richmond, VA

1920s

The Klan Rises AgainThe Klan Rises Again

Controlled Controlled some state some state governmentsgovernments

Criminal Criminal activity led to activity led to decrease in decrease in power. power.

Limiting ImmigrationLimiting Immigration

Nativist sentiment: Nativist sentiment:

“Keep America for Americans”“Keep America for Americans” Immigrants worked for lower wagesImmigrants worked for lower wages Fear they were bringing Communism to Fear they were bringing Communism to

the U.S.the U.S.

The Quota SystemThe Quota System Emergency Quota Act, Emergency Quota Act, 19211921 Quota SystemQuota System – maximum number of people – maximum number of people

who could enter the US from each country.who could enter the US from each country. Did not apply to Western HemisphereDid not apply to Western Hemisphere

Labor UnrestLabor Unrest

Employers didn’t Employers didn’t want to give raises or want to give raises or let employees join let employees join unions.unions.

Employers labeled Employers labeled strikers as strikers as Communists in an Communists in an effort to decrease effort to decrease public support of public support of unions. unions.

Boston Police StrikeBoston Police Strike

Police who asked for a raise were Police who asked for a raise were fired.fired.

Remaining police decided to strike.Remaining police decided to strike. National Guard calledNational Guard called Mass governor, Calvin Coolidge said: Mass governor, Calvin Coolidge said:

“There is no right time to strike “There is no right time to strike against the public safety by anybody, against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time.”anywhere, any time.”

New police hired and strike ended. New police hired and strike ended.

Steel Mill StrikeSteel Mill Strike Wanted to negotiate for shorter hours, living Wanted to negotiate for shorter hours, living

wage, and union representation. wage, and union representation. 300,000 workers go on strike300,000 workers go on strike Striking workers were beat by police and Striking workers were beat by police and

militarymilitary Ended Ended Jan 1920Jan 1920, 3 years later a report about , 3 years later a report about

working conditions shocked the public. working conditions shocked the public.

Steel Mill Strike Steel Mill Strike Propaganda Propaganda

Companies had Companies had started propaganda started propaganda campaign calling campaign calling strikers communist. strikers communist.

Labor Movement Loses Labor Movement Loses AppealAppeal

Union membership dropped in the 20’sUnion membership dropped in the 20’s

1.1. Many immigrants willing to work in Many immigrants willing to work in poor conditionspoor conditions

2.2. Multiple languages hard to organizeMultiple languages hard to organize

3.3. Farmers who migrated to cities were Farmers who migrated to cities were use to relying on themselvesuse to relying on themselves

4.4. Most unions excluded African Most unions excluded African AmericansAmericans

The Harding The Harding PresidencyPresidency

Chapter 12Chapter 12

Section 2Section 2

Warren G. Warren G. HardingHarding President 1921President 1921

Campaigned for “normalcy” of Campaigned for “normalcy” of simpler days before Progressivism simpler days before Progressivism and the Great Warand the Great War America had been rapidly America had been rapidly

transforming over the past twenty transforming over the past twenty years, Harding’s ‘Normalcy’ years, Harding’s ‘Normalcy’ campaign was very attractive to campaign was very attractive to AmericansAmericans

Harding Struggles for Harding Struggles for PeacePeace

1921 Washington Naval 1921 Washington Naval ConferenceConference Invited major world powers Invited major world powers

(excluding Russia) to Washington (excluding Russia) to Washington Naval Conference, where Charles Naval Conference, where Charles Evans (Secretary of State) urged Evans (Secretary of State) urged that no more warships be built for that no more warships be built for at least ten yearsat least ten years

The idea being that, a world with less The idea being that, a world with less military weapons is a safer world for military weapons is a safer world for everybodyeverybody

Delegates (England, France, Japan, Delegates (England, France, Japan, Italy, and USA) agreed to partially Italy, and USA) agreed to partially disarm and scrap many of their disarm and scrap many of their largest warships.largest warships.

Charles Evans Hughes, Secretary

of StateUrged

disarmament at the Conference

High Tariffs and High Tariffs and ReparationsReparations

Fordney-McCumber Tariff – Fordney-McCumber Tariff – raised taxes on US imports to 60 raised taxes on US imports to 60 percentpercent

Britain and France couldn’t sell Britain and France couldn’t sell enough goods to repay debtsenough goods to repay debts

Germany couldn’t make Germany couldn’t make reparation payments reparation payments

France marched on Germany to France marched on Germany to take either money or landtake either money or land

Dawes Plan – American investors Dawes Plan – American investors loaned Germany $2.5 billion to loaned Germany $2.5 billion to repay war debts, in order to stop repay war debts, in order to stop a new war. a new war.

ScandalScandal

Harding admittedly did not Harding admittedly did not understand many of the nation’s understand many of the nation’s issues. issues.

Harding’s cabinet was full of Harding’s cabinet was full of corruption and illegal activity. corruption and illegal activity.

Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal

Government set aside oil-Government set aside oil-rich lands in rich lands in Teapot Teapot DomeDome, Wyoming for US , Wyoming for US Navy use.Navy use.

Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of the Interior, Albert FallAlbert Fall leased the leased the land to private land to private companies and received companies and received $400,000$400,000

Embarrassment to Embarrassment to Republicans and Republicans and Harding.Harding.

Harding:Harding:

““I have no trouble with I have no trouble with my enemies…But my…my enemies…But my…

friends, they’re the friends, they’re the ones that keep me ones that keep me walking the floor at walking the floor at

nightsnights!”!”

Harding DiesHarding Dies

August 2, 1923August 2, 1923 – Harding – Harding suddenly dies of natural suddenly dies of natural causescauses

Calvin Coolidge takes over Calvin Coolidge takes over presidency and is elected presidency and is elected the next year. the next year.

Coolidge helped restore Coolidge helped restore people’s faith in people’s faith in government and the government and the Republican Party.Republican Party.

The Business of The Business of AmericaAmerica

Chapter 12Chapter 12

Section 3Section 3

The Model AThe Model A

Industries FlourishIndustries Flourish

Calvin Coolidge was the pro-business spirit Calvin Coolidge was the pro-business spirit of the 1920s.of the 1920s. Believed in a lack of government oversight would Believed in a lack of government oversight would

allow Businessmen to run their companies the allow Businessmen to run their companies the most efficient and effective way possiblemost efficient and effective way possible Lassie Faire- Hands OffLassie Faire- Hands Off

““the chief business of the American the chief business of the American people is business…The man who builds people is business…The man who builds a factory builds a temple – the man who a factory builds a temple – the man who works there worships there.”works there worships there.”

Industries FlourishIndustries Flourish

Republicans favored policies that wouldRepublicans favored policies that would Keep taxes down and business profits Keep taxes down and business profits

upup Give businesses more available credit Give businesses more available credit

to expandto expand Allow private enterprise to flourish.Allow private enterprise to flourish.

Wages and productivity were rising Wages and productivity were rising because of new technology.because of new technology.

Impact of the AutomobileImpact of the Automobile

Construction of paved roadsConstruction of paved roads Route 66 provided route from Route 66 provided route from

Chicago to CaliforniaChicago to California Garages and carports in homesGarages and carports in homes Automatic traffic signalsAutomatic traffic signals ““Liberated the isolated rural family, Liberated the isolated rural family,

who could now travel to the city for who could now travel to the city for shopping and entertainment.”shopping and entertainment.”

Impact of the AutomobileImpact of the Automobile

Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl – spreading out of city – spreading out of city dwellersdwellers

Economic base for Economic base for Production Cities (Detroit, Dearborn, Production Cities (Detroit, Dearborn,

Flint, Pontiac)Flint, Pontiac) Oil-producing states (California and Oil-producing states (California and

Texas)Texas) Automobile became a status symbolAutomobile became a status symbol

Airplane IndustryAirplane Industry Began to be used to transport mailBegan to be used to transport mail Established form of peacetime travel.Established form of peacetime travel.

Pan America had the first commercial Trans-Atlantic Flight! Pan America had the first commercial Trans-Atlantic Flight!

Electric ConveniencesElectric Conveniences Factories used electricity to run Factories used electricity to run

machinesmachines Electricity available to cities and Electricity available to cities and

suburbssuburbs Homes use electric appliances. Homes use electric appliances.

Washing Machines, Vacuums, Toaster Ovens, Washing Machines, Vacuums, Toaster Ovens, Refrigerators, all made the life of a Refrigerators, all made the life of a ‘homemaker’ easier, freeing up time for women. ‘homemaker’ easier, freeing up time for women. This allowed women more opportunity to work This allowed women more opportunity to work and experience more of life outside the homeand experience more of life outside the home

Modern AdvertisingModern Advertising

Psychologists studied how to appeal Psychologists studied how to appeal to people’s desires. to people’s desires. ““Say it with flowers” Say it with flowers” ““Reach for a Lucky instead of a Reach for a Lucky instead of a

sweet”sweet”

Producing Great Quantities Producing Great Quantities of Goodsof Goods

Business expands, companies merge, Business expands, companies merge, manufacturing grows, chain stores sprout manufacturing grows, chain stores sprout up, national banks open “branches” up, national banks open “branches”

Farms are producing more crops with new Farms are producing more crops with new machinery.machinery. Overproduction of crops cause the price of food Overproduction of crops cause the price of food

to drop, causing economic hardships for to drop, causing economic hardships for farmers.farmers.

Many farmers, and farmers family members Many farmers, and farmers family members leave the farm and move to the city, where the leave the farm and move to the city, where the fast paced unhindered lifestyle is new to them.fast paced unhindered lifestyle is new to them.

Buying Goods on CreditBuying Goods on Credit

Installment PlanInstallment Plan – enabled people to – enabled people to buy goods over an extended period.buy goods over an extended period.

““You furnish the girl, we’ll furnish You furnish the girl, we’ll furnish the home.”the home.”

““Enjoy while you pay.”Enjoy while you pay.”

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