Politics of Bangladesh

8/6/2019 Politics of Bangladesh

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Politics of Bangladesh

Politics of Bangladesh takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representativedemocratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Bangladesh is the head of

government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by thegovernment. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. TheConstitution of Bangladesh was written in 1972 and has undergone fourteen amendments.

Executive branch

Main office holders

Office Name Party Since

President Zillur Rahman Bangladesh AwamiLeague

12 February 2009

Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh AwamiLeague

6 January 2009

The President is the head of state , a largely ceremonial post. The real power is held bythe Prime Minister, who is the head of government. The president is elected by thelegislature every five years and has normally limited powers that are substantiallyexpanded during the tenure of a caretaker government, mainly in controlling thetransition to a new government. Bangladesh has instituted a unique system of transfer ofpower; at the end of the tenure of the government, power is handed over to members of acivil society for three months, who run the general elections and transfer the power toelected representatives. This system was first practiced in 1991 and adopted to theconstitution in 1996.

Theprime ministeris ceremonially appointed by the president and must be a member ofparliament (MP), commanding the confidence of the majority of the MPs. The cabinet iscomposed ofministers selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president.

Legislative branch

The 300 members are elected by universal suffrage at least every 5 years. There isuniversal suffrage for all citizens at the age of 18.

"On [16 May 2004, the Jatiyo Sangshad (the National Parliament) passed the 14thconstitutional amendment to reintroduce quotas for women (article65).http://www.pmo.gov.bd/constitution/part5.htm#65. The number of seats in parliamentis to be raised to 345, 45 (15%) of which will be reserved for women in the nextparliament. The seats will be allocated to parties in proportion to their overall share of thevote. This quota system replaces the previous quota law which expired in 2001.
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Until 2001 a system of reserved seats for women was used, where 30 seats out of 330were reserved to women (chosen by indirect election by the 300 directly elected MPs).This provision of guaranteeing women reserved seats expired in April 2001. This quotasystem was first introduced by the 1972 Constitution (originally providing for 15reserved seats for women, out of 315 seats, for a period of 10 years). In 1978 a

presidential proclamation enlarged the number of reserved seats to 30 and extended theperiod of reservation to 15 years from the date of promulgation of the constitution of theRepublic in December 1972. The constitutional provision lapsed in 1987 and was re-incorporated in the constitution by an amendment in 1990 to be effective for 10 yearsfrom the first meeting of the legislature next elected. This provision also lapsed in 2001.The Parliament elected in October 2001 does not have reserved seats for women.Women's groups are lobbying for these seats to become directly elected positions and forthe number of reserved seats to be increased." International Institute for Democracy andElectoral Assistance The 8th Parliament had its first sitting on 28 October 2001.

Political parties and elections

The threemajor parties in Bangladesh are the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) andBangladesh Awami League and Jatiya Party. BNP finds its allies among somesecularIslamistparties like Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh while the Awami League alignsitself traditionally with leftist and secularistparties. Another important player is the JatiyaParty, headed by former military rulerHossain Mohammad Ershad. The Awami League-BNP rivalry has been bitter and punctuated by protests, violence and murder. Studentpolitics is particularly strong in Bangladesh, a legacy from the liberation movement era.Almost all parties have highly active student wings, and students have been elected to the

Parliament.

Three radical Islamist parties, Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB) and Jama'atulMujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), Harkatul Jihad were banned in February 2005 by theBNP. Since then, a series of bomb attacks took place in the country. The evidence ofstaging these attacks by these extremist groups have been found in the investigation, andhundreds of suspected members have been detained in numerous security operations,including the head the of those two parties in 2006. The first recorded case of a suicidebomb attack in Bangladesh took place in November 2005.[citation needed]. Another extremistgroup Hizb-ut-Tahrirwas banned on 22 October 2009 by the government, as the groupwas trying to destabilize the country by stoking the army after the 2009 BDR mutiny.

National Council Election, 1970

The election was held on 7 December 1970. The total number of voters were 2,94,79,386.The number of casting votes was 1,70,05,163 (57.68%), the valid casting votes was1,64,54,278
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The summary of the National Council Election, 1970Serial Political Party Total Candidates Seats Votes Percentage Symbol

1 Awami League 162 160 1,23,38,921 74.9% Boat

2 PDP 79 1 4,83,571 2.9%

3 Nijame Islami 49 0 0 0%

4 Jamaat-e-Islami 70 0 9,91,908 6%

5 Pakistan MuslimLeague(Convention

)

93 0 4,64,185 2.8%

6 Pakistan MuslimLeague (Kou)

50 0 2,74,453 1.6%

7 Pakistan MuslimLeague (Kayum)

65 0 1,75,822 1%

8 National AwamiParty (Wali)

39 0 3,10,986 1.8%

9 Independent(politician)

114 1 5,61,083 3.4%

Provincial Council Election, 1970

The election was held on 17 December 1970. The percentage of casting votes was(57.69%), and the number of reserved women seat was 10.

The summary of the Provincial Council Election, 1970Serial Political Party Total Candidates Seats Votes Percentage Symbol

1 Awami League 300 288 89% Boat

2 PDP 2 1%

3 Nijame Islami 1

4 Jamaat-e-Islami 1 3%

5 Pakistan MuslimLeague(Convention

0 1%

6 Pakistan MuslimLeague (Kou)

0 0.05%

7 Pakistan MuslimLeague (Kayum)

0 0.05%

8 National AwamiParty (Wali)

1 0.9%

9 Independent(politician)

7 5%
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First General Election, 1973

The election was held on 7 March 1973. Total number of voter=3,52,05,642; Castvotes=1,93,29,683 (54.9%); Valid casting votes=1,88,51,808 (53.54%); Reserved

Women Seats=15.

Summary of the 07 March 1973 Bangladeshi Jatiyo Sangshad electionSerial Political Party Total Candidates Seats Votes Percentage Symbol

1 Awami League 300 293 1,37,93,717

73.2% Boat

2 Jatiyo SamajtantrikDal

237 1 12,29,110 6.52% Torch

3 National AwamiParty (Mozaffar)

224 0 15,69,299 8.33% Hut

4 National AwamiParty (Bhasani)

169 0 10,02,771 3% Sheaf of Paddy

5 Communist Party ofBangladesh

4 0 47,211 0.25% Key

6 Communist Party ofBangladesh (L)

2 0 18,619 0.1% Bullock Cart

7 Bangladesh JatiyoLeague

8 1 62,354 0.33% Plough

8 Banglar CommunistParty

3 0 11,911 0.06% Axe

s
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Second General Election, 1979

The election was held on 18 February, 1979. Total number of voter=3,87,89,239; Castvotes=1,96,76,124 (50.94%); Valid casting votes=1,92,68,437 (49.67%); ReservedWomen Seats=30

Summary of the 18 February 1979 General Election electionSerial Party TotalCandidates Seats Votes % Symbol

1 Bangladesh NationalistParty

298 207 79,34,236 41.16% Sheaf of Paddy

2 Awami League(Malek) 295 39 47,34,277 24.55% Boat

3 Awami League(Mizan) 184 2 5,53,426 2.72% Ladder

4 Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal 240 8 9,31,851 4.84% Torch

5 Muslim DemocraticLeague

266 20 19,41,394 10.08% Lantern(Hurricane)

6 National Awami Party(Mo)

89 1 4,32,514 2.25% Hut

7 National Awami Party(Naser)

28 0 25,336 0.14% Rose

8 National Awami Party(Nuru Jahid)

38 0 88,385 0.46% Lamp


11 0 75,455 0.39% Key

10 United Peoples Party 70 0 1,70,955 0.89% Bullock Cart

11 Bangladesh JatiyoLeague

14 2 69,319 0.36% Plough

12 Bangladesh Gono Front 46 2 1,15,622 0.60 Bicycle

13 Jatioybadi GonotantrikDal

29 0 27,259 0.14 Fish

14 Shromik KrishakSomajbadi Dal

2 0 4,954 0.02 Umbrella

15 Bangladesh SamyabadiDal

20 1 74,771 0.39

16 Bangladesh GonotantrikAndolon

16 0 7,738 0.04 Chair

17 Bangladesh LabourParty

18 1 34,259 0.17 Clock

18 Jatioy Janata Party 9 0 10,932 0.06 Mango

19 Bangladesh JatioyDal(Huda)

6 0 0 Date Tree

20 Bangladesh GonotantrikDal

5 0 3,564 0.01

21 Jatiyo Ekata Party 3 1 44,459 0.23 Inkpot

22 Peoples DemocraticParty

3 0 5,703 0.02 Horse

23 Bangladesh Janat MuktiParty

3 0 3,363 0.01 Spade

24 Jatiotabadi Gonotantrik

Chashi Dal

2 0 130 0.01 Elephant

25 United Republican Party 2 0 389 0.01 Pineaple

26 Bangladesh Gono AjadiLeague

1 0 1,378 0.01 Aeroplane

27 Bangladesh NejameIslami

1 0 1,575 0.01 Candle

28 Bangladesh Tati Samity 1 0 1,8340 0.01 Pitcher

29 National RepublicanParty

1 0 14,429 0.07 Cow

30 Independent 422 16 19,63,345 10.10%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1979http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Democratic_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Democratic_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Peoples_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Jatiyo_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Jatiyo_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gono_Front&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatioybadi_Gonotantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatioybadi_Gonotantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shromik_Krishak_Somajbadi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shromik_Krishak_Somajbadi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Samyabadi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Samyabadi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gonotantrik_Andolon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gonotantrik_Andolon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatioy_Janata_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Jatioy_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Jatioy_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gonotantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gonotantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatiyo_Ekata_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Democratic_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Democratic_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Janat_Mukti_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Janat_Mukti_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatiotabadi_Gonotantrik_Chashi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatiotabadi_Gonotantrik_Chashi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Republican_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gono_Ajadi_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gono_Ajadi_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Nejame_Islami&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Nejame_Islami&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Tati_Samity&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1979http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Democratic_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_Democratic_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Peoples_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Jatiyo_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Jatiyo_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gono_Front&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatioybadi_Gonotantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatioybadi_Gonotantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shromik_Krishak_Somajbadi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shromik_Krishak_Somajbadi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Samyabadi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Samyabadi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gonotantrik_Andolon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gonotantrik_Andolon&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatioy_Janata_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Jatioy_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Jatioy_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gonotantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gonotantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatiyo_Ekata_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Democratic_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Democratic_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Janat_Mukti_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Janat_Mukti_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatiotabadi_Gonotantrik_Chashi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatiotabadi_Gonotantrik_Chashi_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Republican_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gono_Ajadi_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Gono_Ajadi_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Nejame_Islami&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Nejame_Islami&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Tati_Samity&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)


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Third General Election, 1986

The election was held on 7 May 1986. Total number of voter=4,78,76,979; Cast

votes=2,89,03,889 (60.31%); Valid casting votes=-----; Reserved Women Seats=30

Summary of the 07 May 1986 BangladeshiJatiyo Sangshad electionSerial Party Total

CandidatesSeats Votes % Symbol

1 Jatiya Party 299 251 1,76,80,133 68.44% Plough2 Bangladesh Awami

League256 76 74,62,157 26.15% Boat

3 Jamaat-e-IslamiBangladesh

76 10 13,14,057 4.60% BalanceScale


9 5 2,59,728 0.91%

5 National Awami Party

(Mozaffar)

10 2 3,68,979 1.29%

6 National Awami Party 5 3,68,979 1.29%7 Bangladesh Krishok

Shromik Awami League6 3 1,91,107 0.67%

8 Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal(Siraj)

14 4 2,48,705 2.54%

9 Muslim League 3 4,12,765 1.45%10 Bangladesh Workers Party 4 1,51,828 0.53%11 Independent 453 32

12 Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal(Rob)

76 7,25,303 0.67%

13 others

Fourth General Election, 1988

The election was held on 3 March 1988. Total number of voter=4,98,63,829; Castvotes=2,88,73,540 (54.93%); Valid casting votes=2,85,26,650; Reserved WomenSeats=30

Summary of the 03 March 1988 Bangladeshi Jatiyo Sangshad electionSerial l Party Total

Candidates

Seats Votes % Symbol

1 Jatiya Party 299 251 1,76,80,133 68.44% Plough2 Combined Opposition Party 269 19 32,63,340 12.63%3 Jatioyo Samajtantrik Dal (Siraj) 25 3 3,09,666 1.20%4 Freedom Party 112 2 8,50,284 0.94% Axe5 Others 214 25 34,87,457 13.50%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_League_(Bangladesh)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Workers_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_Opposition_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatioyo_Samajtantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Freedom_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1986http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awami_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_League_(Bangladesh)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Workers_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1988http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_Opposition_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatioyo_Samajtantrik_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Freedom_Party&action=edit&redlink=1


7/16

Fifth General Election, 1991

The election was held on 13 January 1991. Total number of voter=6,20,81,793; Castvotes=3,44,77,803 (55.45%); Valid casting votes=3,41,03,777; Reserved WomenSeats=30

Summary of the 27 February 1991 Bangladeshi Jatiyo Sangshad electionSerial Party Total


1 BangladeshNationalist Party

300 140 1,05,07,549 30.81% Sheaf of Paddy

2 Jatiyo Party 272 35 40,63,537 11.92% Plough3 Bangladesh

Awami League264 88 1,02,59,866 30.08%

4 Jaker Party (JDP) 251 0 4,17,737 1.22% Rose5 Jamaat-e-Islami

Bangladesh222 18 41,17,737 1.22% Balace Scale

Sixth General Election, 1996

Summary of the 15 February 1996 Bangladeshi Jatiyo Sangshad electionSerial Party Total


1 BangladeshNationalist

Party

300 278 Sheaf of Paddy

2 FreedomParty

1 Axe

3 Independent 10

Seventh General Election, 1996

Summary of the 12 June 1996 Bangladesh Jatiyo Sangshad election resultsParties Votes % SeatsBangladesh Awami League 37.44 146

Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BangladeshJatiyatabadi Dal)

33.60 116

Jatiya Party 16.40 32

Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh 8.61 3

Islami Oikya Jote 1.09 1

Jatiya Samaj Tantrik Dal (RAB) 0.23 1

Non-partisan and others 2.73 1

vacant 0

Total (turnout %)Rejected votes 100.0 300Total votes 5,67,16,93

5

Registered voters 74.96%

Source: http://204.200.210.114/index.php?id=1996Election
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaker_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1996http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Oikya_Jotehttp://204.200.210.114/index.php?id=1996Electionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaker_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1996http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_1991http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Oikya_Jotehttp://204.200.210.114/index.php?id=1996Election


8/16

Eighth General Election, 2001

Summary of the 1 October 2001 Bangladesh Jatiyo Sangshadelection resultsParties Votes % Seats

Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BangladeshJatiyatabadi Dal)

23,074,714 41.40 193

Bangladesh Awami League 22,310,276 40.02 62

Jatiya Party (Ershad)Includes candidates of theIslamic National Unity Front (Islami Jatiya Oikya

Front)

4,023,962 7.22 14

Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh 2,385,361 4.28 17

Jatiya Party (Naziur) 521,472 0.94 4

Islami Oikya Jote 312,868 0.56 2

Krishak Shramik Janata League 261,344 0.47 2

Jatiya Party (Manju) 243,617 0.44 1

Non-partisan and others 2,262,045 4.06 6

vacant 2

Total (turnout 74.9 %) 55,728,162 100.0 300

Rejected votes 441,871

Total votes 56,169,233

Registered voters 74,951,319

Source: Bangladesh Election Commission through Adam Carr and Daily Star

Ninth General Election, 2008

Summary of the 9th Bangladeshi Jatiyo Sangshad electionAlliance Party Votes % Seats Change

Grand Alliance

Bangladesh AwamiLeague

33,887,451 49.0% 230 +168

Jatiya Party 4,867,377 7.0% 27 +16

Jatiyo SamajtantrikDal

429,773 0.6% 3 +2

Workers Party ofBangladesh

214,440 0.3% 2 +1

Liberal DemocraticParty

161,372 0.2% 1 0

Four Party AllianceBangladesh

Nationalist Party

22,963,836 33.2% 30 163

Jamaat-e-IslamiBangladesh

3,186,384 4.6% 2 15

Bangladesh Jatiya

Party-BJP

95,158 0.1% 1 4

Islami Oikya Jote 0 0 0 0Independents and others 3,366,85 4.9% 4 2Total 69,172,649 99.99% 300

Source: Electoral Commission of Bangladesh seat-wise tally Election commission homepage
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Ershad)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_National_Unity_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Naziur)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Oikya_Jotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishak_Shramik_Janata_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Manju)http://www.ecs.gov.bd/election.php3?sum=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Alliance_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Bangladesh)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Bangladesh)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Party_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Jatiya_Party-BJPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Jatiya_Party-BJPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Oikya_Jotehttp://123.49.39.5/result/report4.php?lang=enhttp://www.ecs.gov.bd/English/index.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Ershad)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_National_Unity_Fronthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Naziur)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Oikya_Jotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishak_Shramik_Janata_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Manju)http://www.ecs.gov.bd/election.php3?sum=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Sangshadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_general_election,_2008http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Alliance_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Awami_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiyo_Samajtantrik_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Bangladesh)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Bangladesh)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Party_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Jatiya_Party-BJPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Jatiya_Party-BJPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Oikya_Jotehttp://123.49.39.5/result/report4.php?lang=enhttp://www.ecs.gov.bd/English/index.php


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Judicial branch

The highestjudiciary body is the Supreme Court. Until recently , Chief Justice and judgeswere recommended by the Prime Minister and formally appointed by the President. Since1991 political parties during their tenure in government have initiated the separation of

the judiciary. The separation by presidential promulgation acts have signed and passed.Acts on the separation of Judiciary Administration, Remuneration, Pay and Leave, etc.have all been completed. The Supreme Court have now judiciary and administrativeauthority over all lower courts.

History Provisional Government

Bangladesh's first government took oath of office in Meherpur, Kushtia on April 10,1971, after Major Ziaur Rahman initiated the first revolt with his battalion against abrutal five division army crackdown on the local people of Bangladesh, and declaredindependence on March 26th 1971 in Chittagong. The provisional government of the new

nation of Bangladesh was formed in Dhaka with President of the Republic, Justice AbuSayeed Choudhury, and Tajuddin Ahmed as Prime Minister, and General M.A.G Osmanias Commander in Chief of Bangladesh Forces. As this government was formed duringthe war of independence from Pakistan, its significance holds a distinction. Its temporaryheadquarters were soon set up at 8 Theatre Road in Calcutta, India, with a cabinet. TheBangladesh Forces was set up and organised under 11 Sectors to conduct all operationspretaining towards independence from Pakistan under the leadership of the Sector andBrigade commanders.

1972-1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

On January 10th 1972, Mujib was brought from India and was placed at the helm ofgovernment, still according to the election victory under the unified Pakistan government.In 1973 after the first Bangladesh elections, he continued his term in office with immense backing from India, and public popularity, but had great difficulty transforming thispopular support into the political strength needed to function as head of government. Thenew constitution, which came into force in December 1972, created a strong executive prime minister, a largely ceremonial presidency, an independent judiciary, and aunicameral legislature on a modified Westminster model. The 1972 constitution adoptedas state policy the Awami League's (AL) four basic principles ofnationalism, secularism,

socialism, and democracy.

The first parliamentary elections held under the 1972 constitution were in March 1973,with the Awami League winning a massive majority.

No other political party in Bangladesh's early years was able to duplicate or challenge theLeague's broad-based appeal, membership, or organizational strength. Mujib and hiscabinet having no experience in governance nor administration, relied heavily on
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experienced civil servants and political factions of the Awami League, the newBangladesh Government focused on relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction of theeconomy and society. Mujib nationalised the entire economy, banking and industrialsector. Economic conditions took a serious downturn. On top of that heavy corruptionamong his own party members, factions and senior leadership also added to the

devastation and famine. The then U.S. Secretary of State termed Bangladesh aBottomless Basket. In December 1974, Mujib decided that continuing economicdeterioration and mounting civil disorderrequired strong measures. After proclaiming astate of emergency, Mujib used his parliamentary majority to win a constitutionalamendment limiting the powers of the legislative and judicial branches, establishing anexecutive presidency, and instituting a one-party system, the Bangladesh Krishak SramikAwami League (BAKSAL), which all members of Parliament were obliged to join.

Despite promises, no sign of improvement in the economic situation surfaced.Implementation of promised political reforms was almost nil, and criticism ofgovernment policies became increasingly centered on Mujib. Serious disorientation in the

armed services, disenchantment in society, detoriaration of law and order created a hugemistrust of Mujib and his government including the Awami League itself. The then chiefof army staffK.M. Shafiullah and chief of air staffA.K. Khandkerstood stunned and idleduring this situation. In August 1975, Mujib, and most of his family, were assassinated bya small group of mid-level army officers. Mujib's daughters, Sheikh Hasina and SheikhRehana, happened to be out of the country. A new government, headed by former Mujibassociate Khandakar Moshtaque, was formed.

1975 August-1975 November

Mujib's senior cabinet minister Khondakar Mushtaq Ahmad formed a new government

and immediately initiated a few critical changes in Mujib's policies and rules of businessin government. However, within three months the first military coup took place inBangladesh by senior members of the army, removing Mushtaq and replacing hisadministration. Armed forces personnel along with internal political and governmentforces fell into a chaotic dispute, resulting in a vacuum at the highest level ofgovernment.

1975-1981 Ziaur Rahman

Following Mushtaq's removal, jail killings of arrested members Mushtaq's cabinet, andassassination of Brigadier General Khaled Musharaf by a segment of army personnel, a

very short lived revolution resulted in the emergence of arrested deputy Army Chief ofStaff Major General Ziaur Rahman ("Zia"), who managed to take the lead and bring thewhole nation out of a political quagmire. His first action was to communicate to thepeople through radio and television and bring order and calm to the nation.

He pledged full support to the civilian government headed by President Chief JusticeSayem. Acting at Zia's behest, Sayem dissolved Parliament, and instituted state of
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emergency under martial law. Fresh elections were to be in 1977 under a multi partydemocracy with full freedom of the press.

Acting behind the scenes of the Martial Law Administration (MLA), Zia sought toinvigorate government policy and administration. Lifting the ban on political parties from

Mujib's one party BAKSAL rule, he sought to revitalize the demoralized bureaucracy, tobegin new economic development programs, infrastructure buildup, a free press and toemphasize family planning. In November 1976, Zia became Chief Martial LawAdministrator(CMLA) and assumed the presidency upon Sayem's retirement 5 monthslater, held national elections in 1978.

As President, Zia announced a 19-point program of economic reform and begandismantling the MLA. Keeping his promise to hold elections, Zia won a 5-year term inJune 1978 elections, with 76% of the vote. In November 1978, his government removedthe remaining restrictions on political party activities in time for parliamentary electionsin February 1979. These elections, which were contested by more than 30 parties, marked

the culmination of Zia's transformation of Bangladesh's Government from the MLA to ademocratically elected, constitutional one. The AL and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party(BNP), founded by Zia, emerged as the two major parties. The constitution was againamended to provide for an executive prime minister appointed by the president, andresponsible to a parliamentary majority. Zia invigiorated a strong foreign policy based onsovereignty and economic independence. He initiated many social programs to uplift thepoor through honest hard work and education. His greatest legacy on the people ofBangladesh was unity and self dependence.

In May 1981, Zia was assassinated in Chittagong by dissident elements of the military.There was no coup or uprising attempted, and the major conspirators were never taken

into custody or killed. In accordance with the constitution, Vice President Justice AbdusSattarwas sworn in as acting president. He immeditaely set out to continue Zia's policiesand called for fresh elections. Due to President Zia's tremendous popularity Satter won asthe BNP's candidate. President Sattar sought to follow the policies of his predecessor andretained essentially the same cabinet.

1982-1990 Hussain Mohammed Ershad

Army Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Hussain Mohammed Ershad assumed power in the second,but, bloodless coup in March 24th 1982. To strenghthen his hold on government Ershadsuspended the constitution andciting pervasive corruption, ineffectual government, and

economic mismanagementdeclared martial law. The following year, Ershad assumedthe presidency, retaining his positions as army chief and CMLA, first time in Bangladesh.During most of 1984, Ershad sought the opposition parties' participation in local electionsunder martial law. The opposition's refusal to participate, however, forced Ershad toabandon these plans.

Ershad sought public support for his regime in a national referendum on his leadership inMarch 1985. He won overwhelmingly, although turnout was small. Two months later,
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Ershad held elections for local council chairmen. Pro-government candidates won amajority of the posts, setting in motion the President's ambitious decentralization program. Political life was further liberalized in early 1986, and additional politicalrights, including the right to hold large public rallies, were restored. At the same time, theJatiya (People's) Party, designed as Ershad's political vehicle for the transition from

martial law, was established.

Despite a boycott by the BNP, led by President Zia's widow, Begum Khaleda Zia,parliamentary elections were held on schedule in May 1986. The Jatiya Party won amodest majority of the 300 elected seats in the national assembly. The participation of theAwami Leagueled by the late Prime Minister Mujib's daughter, Sheikh HasinaWazed--lent the elections some credibility, despite widespread charges of votingirregularities.

Ershad resigned as Army Chief of Staff and retired from military service in preparationfor the presidential elections, scheduled for October. Protesting that martial law was still

in effect, both the BNP and the AL refused to put up opposing candidates. Ershad easilyoutdistanced the remaining candidates, taking 84% of the vote. Although Ershad'sgovernment claimed a turnout of more than 50%, opposition leaders, and much of theforeign press, estimated a far lower percentage and alleged voting irregularities.

Ershad continued his stated commitment to lift martial law. In November 1986, hisgovernment mustered the necessary two-thirds majority in the national assembly toamend the constitution and confirm the previous actions of the martial law regime. ThePresident then lifted martial law, and the opposition parties took their elected seats in thenational assembly.

In July 1987, however, after the government hastily pushed through a controversiallegislative bill to include military representation on local administrative councils, theopposition walked out of Parliament. Passage of the bill helped spark an oppositionmovement that quickly gathered momentum, uniting Bangladesh's opposition parties forthe first time. The government began to arrest scores of opposition activists under thecountry's Special Powers Act of 1974. Despite these arrests, opposition parties continuedto organize protest marches and nationwide strikes. After declaring a state of emergency,Ershad dissolved Parliament and scheduled fresh elections for March 1988.

All major opposition parties refused government overtures to participate in these polls,maintaining that the government was incapable of holding free and fair elections. Despitethe opposition boycott, the government proceeded. The ruling Jatiya Party won 251 of the300 seats. The Parliament, while still regarded by the opposition as an illegitimate body,held its sessions as scheduled, and passed a large number of bills, including, in June1988, a controversial constitutional amendment making Islam Bangladesh's state religion.

By 1989, the domestic political situation in the country seemed to have quieted. The localcouncil elections were generally considered by international observers to have been lessviolent and more free and fair than previous elections.
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However, opposition to Ershad's rule began to regain momentum, escalating by the endof 1990 in frequent general strikes, increased campus protests, public rallies, and ageneral disintegration of law and order.

On December 6, 1990, Ershad offered his resignation. On February 27, 1991, after 2

months of widespread civil unrest, an interim government oversaw what most observersbelieved to be the nation's most free and fair elections to date.

1991-1996 Khaleda Zia

The center-right BNP won a plurality of seats and formed a coalition government withthe Islamic party Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, with Khaleda Zia, widow of ZiaurRahman, obtaining the post of Prime Minister. Only four parties had more than 10members elected to the 1991 Parliament: The BNP, led by Prime Minister BegumKhaleda Zia; the AL, led by Sheikh Hasina; the Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), led by GolamAzam; and the Jatiya Party (JP), led by acting chairman Mizanur Rahman Choudhury

while its founder, former President Ershad, served out a prison sentence on corruptioncharges. The electorate approved still more changes to the constitution, formally re-creating a parliamentary system and returning governing power to the office of the primeminister, as in Bangladesh's original 1972 constitution. In October 1991, members ofParliament elected a new head of state, President Abdur Rahman Biswas.

In March 1994, controversy over a parliamentary by-election, which the oppositionclaimed the government had rigged, led to an indefinite boycott of Parliament by theentire opposition. The opposition also began a program of repeated general strikes topress its demand that Khaleda Zia's government resign and a caretaker governmentsupervise a general election. Efforts to mediate the dispute, under the auspices of the

Commonwealth Secretariat, failed. After another attempt at a negotiated settlement failednarrowly in late December 1994, the opposition resigned en masse from Parliament. Theopposition then continued a campaign of Marches, demonstrations, and strikes in aneffort to force the government to resign. The opposition, including the Awami League'sSheikh Hasina, pledged to boycott national elections scheduled for February 15, 1996.

In February, Khaleda Zia was re-elected for the second term by a landslide in votingboycotted and denounced as unfair by the three main opposition parties. In March 1996,following escalating political turmoil, the sitting Parliament enacted a constitutionalamendment to allow a neutral caretaker government to assume power conduct newparliamentary elections; former Chief Justice Mohammed Habibur Rahman was named

Chief Advisor(a position equivalent to prime minister) in the interim government. Newparliamentary elections were held in June 1996 and were won by the Awami League;party leader Sheikh Hasina became Prime Minister.

1996-2001 Sheikh Hasina

Sheikh Hasina formed what she called a "Government of National Consensus" in June1996, which included one minister from the Jatiya Party and another from the Jatiyo
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Samajtantric Dal, a very small leftist party. The Jatiya Party never entered into a formalcoalition arrangement, and party president H.M. Ershad withdrew his support from thegovernment in September 1997. Only three parties had more than 10 members elected tothe 1996 Parliament: The Awami League, BNP, and Jatiya Party. Jatiya Party president,Ershad, was released from prison on bail in January 1997.

Although international and domestic election observers found the June 1996 election freeand fair, the BNP protested alleged vote rigging by the Awami League. Ultimately,however, the BNP party decided to join the new Parliament. The BNP soon charged thatpolice and Awami League activists were engaged in large-scale harassment and jailing ofopposition activists. At the end of 1996, the BNP staged a parliamentary walkout overthis and other grievances but returned in January 1997 under a four-point agreement withthe ruling party. The BNP asserted that this agreement was never implemented and laterstaged another walkout in August 1997. The BNP returned to Parliament under anotheragreement in March 1998.

In June 1999, the BNP and other opposition parties again began to abstain from attendingParliament. Opposition parties have staged an increasing number of nationwide generalstrikes, rising from 6 days of general strikes in 1997 to 27 days in 1999. A four-partyopposition alliance formed at the beginning of 1999 announced that it would boycottparliamentary by-elections and local government elections unless the government tooksteps demanded by the opposition to ensure electoral fairness. The government did nottake these steps, and the opposition has subsequently boycotted all elections, includingmunicipal council elections in February 1999, several parliamentary by-elections, and theChittagong city corporation elections in January 2000. The opposition demands that theAwami League government step down immediately to make way for a caretakergovernment to preside over paliamentary and local government.

2001-2006 Khaleda Zia

Khaleda led four-party aliiance wins two third of total parliamentary seats while BALwins only 62 seats that represent the smallest opposition after 1991. Khaleda Zia won asecond term in 2001. Her coalition included several Islamist parties, a fact which wascriticized by those who feared post-9/11 Islamic radicalism and de-secularization inBangladesh. Islamist violence targeting courts and imposing social strictures became aserious problem as Zia's term wore on. It came to a head in 2005 with the first suicidebombing and a coordinated bombing. This problem abated as two parties were outlawedand the leaders of the movement were rounded up.2006-2008 caretaker government. An

election was scheduled for the end of 2006, however it did not take place.

The caretaker government was accused of BNP bias by Hasina and her coalition, whofomented nationwide protests and shutdowns. In January 2007, the head of the caretakergovernment stepped down, many believe under pressure from the military.

Fakhruddin Ahmed, formerWorld Bankeconomist, was selected to replace him and hascommitted himself to rooting out corruption and preparing a better voter list. Emergency
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law was declared and a massive campaign to crack down on corruption is underway. ByJuly 2007 some 200,000 people had been arrested. The government says it will holdelections before the end of 2008.

In April, Ahmed's administration attempted to reform the political parties by exiling

Hasina and Zia, but they backed down amid domestic and international protestations.Hasina, who had been visiting her children in the US, was allowed to return but she facedserious charges, including involvement in the assassination of four political rivals. InJuly, she was taken into custody after two businessmen testified that she had extorted 80million taka (US$1.16 million) from them.[11] This provoked angry protests from hersupporters; even her bitter rival Khaleda Zia, as well as six British MPs and MEPs, calledfor her release.[12]Khaleda herself faces charges of tax evasion.

2009-Present Sheikh Hasina

Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina wins the election on December 29, 2008 and the caretaker

government ended its authority on January 6, 2009. Awami League President SheikhHasina becomes the Prime Minister of Bangaldesh for the second time.On 25 February2009, border guards in the Bangladesh Rifles mutinied and killed more than 50 armyofficers, testing the hold of the new government.[13] The political situation has stabilizedsince the mutiny

Administrative divisions

At the local government level, the country is divided into divisions,districts, subdistricts(Upazila), unions, and villages. The lowest level of local government representative areLocal officials of union council those who are elected at the union level election. Alllarger administrative units are run by members of the civil service.

Government agencies

Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority, Bangladesh Bank

International organization participation

AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP,FAO, G-77, IAEA,IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, ICDDRB,IDB,IFAD,IFC,IFRCS,IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF,IMO,Inmarsat, Intelsat,Interpol,IOC, IOM, ISO,ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary),UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK,UNMOP,UNMOT, UNOMIG,UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

References

1. "Bangladeshi Border Guards End Mutiny". Washington Post. Retrieved 14thAmendment, Constitution of Bangladesh, 1996.

2. Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970-2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, BangladeshResearch and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-23
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cifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICRMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Diarrhoeal_Disease_Research,_Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDBhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Saharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OIChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weaponshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq-Kuwait_Observation_Missionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Prevlakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Tajikistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNTAEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organizationhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/25/AR2009022501710.html


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5. http://www.albd.org/aldoc/50years_16.htm

6. Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970-2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, BangladeshResearch and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-307. Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970-2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh

Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-338. Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970-2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh

Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-369. Bangladesher Nirbachan 1970-2001 by A S M Samsul Arefin, Bangladesh

Research and Publications, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003, page-4010. Former Bangladesh PM arrested in corruption crackdown, The Guardian,

July2007.
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Documents

Politics of Bangladesh