Political-Law-Reviewer San Beda.pdf

8/19/2019 Political-Law-Reviewer San Beda.pdf

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San Beda College of Law1

M EMORY A ID IN P OLITICAL L AW

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

IN GENERAL

CONSTITUTION- the document which serves as the

fundamental law of the state. (V. Sinco,Philippine Political Law, 11 th ed. , p.68-70) that written instrument enacted !"direct action of the people !" which thefundamental powers of the #overnmentare esta!lished, limited and defined,and !" which those powers aredistri!uted amon# the severaldepartments for their safe and usefule$ercise for the !enefit of the !od"politic ( Malcolm, PhilippineConstitutional Law, p.6 )

Classification:1. written (conventional or

enacted) v. unwritten(cumulative or evolved).

%. ri#id v. fle$i!le

&he 'hilippine onstitution is writtenand ri#id. ( rt. *V++)

&he 1 87 onstitution too effect one!ruar" %, 1 87, the date of the ple!iscite for its ratificationand not on the date itsratification was proclaimed. ( DeLeon v. Esguerra , 1/ S 60%)

Interpretation: a dou!tful provisionshall !e e$amined in the li#ht of thehistor" of the times and theconditions and circumstances underwhich the onstitution was framed(Civil Liberties Union v. Executive

Secretar , !"# SC$% &!' ). +n case of dou!t, the provisions should !econsidered self-e$ecutin#mandator" rather director" andprospective rather than retroactive((achura, $eviewer in Political Law,

p.&)

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW- desi#nates the law em!odied in the

onstitution and the le#al principles#rowin# out of the interpretation andapplication of its provisions !" the courts

in specific cases (Sinco, supra, p.67)

STATE - communit" of persons, more or

less numerous, permanentl" occup"in# adefinite portion of territor", independentof e$ternal control, and possessin# a#overnment to which a #reat !od" of theinha!itants render ha!itual o!edience apoliticall" or#ani2ed soverei#ncommunit" independent of outsidecontrol !ound !" ties of nationhood,le#all" supreme within its territor",actin# throu#h a #overnment functionin#under a re#ime of law. ( C)$ v. Campos$ue*a, 3% S % ).

Elements:People 4 inha!itants of the State, the

num!er of which is capa!le for self-sufficienc" and self-defense of !othse$es for perpetuit".Different meanin s of t!e "or#

people :-'eople as inhabitants (Sec.1,

rt.*+++ Secs.1/ -16, rt. ++Sec.%, rt.+++)

-'eople as citi+ens ('ream!le Secs.1 and 3, rt. ++ Sec.7, rt. +++)-'eople as electors (Sec.3, rt. V++

Sec.%, rt. *V+ Sec. %/, rt.*V+++).

Territor$ 4 fi$ed portion of the surfaceof the earth inha!ited !" the peopleof the State see rt +.

So%erei nt$ 4 supreme anduncontrolla!le power inherent in aState !" which that State is

#overnedC!aracteristics:a. permanent!. e$clusivec. comprehensived. a!solutee. indivisi!lef. inaliena!le#. imprescripti!le

T!eor$ of A&to-Limitation - an"state ma" !" its consent, e$pressor implied, su!mit to a

restriction of its soverei#nP OLITICAL L AW C OMMITTEE CHAIRPERSON : Jonathan Mangundayao A SST . C HAIRPERSON : Andre Jacobo EDP: Shantel Aceret M EM ERS : Je!

Alar"lla# Carlo aut"$ta# Mar% Anthony ay&uen# Ian Ca'ara# arbara J"ll Clara# Ryan Co# ethany Conde# eatr"()eron"lla# MaryAnn Char"$'a )ut"erre(# Chr"$to*her +"nag# Ha(el Manaog# +eah Mer"da# Jenery Pere(. ,red Pr"eto# Ru$$el Tacla#Ma.Mel"$$a -oro#

Joy abala


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2 2005 C ENTRALIZED B AR O PERATIONS

ri#hts. &here ma" thus !e acurtailment of what otherwise isa power plenar" in character.($eagan v. C)$, 5. . o. -

%6 7 . ec. %7, 1 6 ).

Imperi&m - the state9s authorit" to#overn em!raced in the concept of soverei#nt" includes passin# laws#overnin# a territor", maintainin#peace and order over it, anddefendin# it a#ainst forei#n invasion.

Domini&m - capacit" of the state toown or ac:uire propert". ( Lee

ong o- v. Davi*, 38 S 7%)

Effect of 'elli erent Occ&pation -o chan#e in soverei#nt".

;owever, political laws, e$ceptthose of treason, are suspendedmunicipal laws remain in forceunless chan#ed !" the!elli#erent occupant.

principle of jus postliminium 4 t theend of the occupation,political laws areautomaticall" revived.(Peralta v. Director o Prisons, 7/ 'hil. %8/ /

Effect of C!an e of So%erei nt$ (&he political laws of the formersoverei#n, whether compati!leor not with those of the newsoverei#n, are automaticall"a!ro#ated, unless the" aree$pressl" re-enacted !"affirmative act of the newsoverei#n.


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iv. owner is deprived of =urisdiction, supervision andcontrol of his propert".

re:uisites>

i. e$propriator must enter aprivate propert"ii. entr" must !e more than a

momentar" periodiii.entr" must !e under a

warrant or color of authorit"iv. propert" must !e devoted to

pu!lic use or otherwiseinformall" appropriated orin=uriousl" affected

v. utili2ation of the propert"must !e in such a wa" as tooust the owner and deprive

him of !eneficial en=o"mentof the propert" ( $epublic v.Castelvi, ;4 SC$% &&6 ).

4/ Public use - has !een !roadenedto include not onl" uses directl"availa!le to the pu!lic !ut also thosewhich redound to their indirect!enefit that onl" a few wouldactuall" !enefit from thee$propriation of the propert" foesnot necessaril" diminish the essenceand character of pu!lic use ( Manoscav. Court o %ppeals, 1;1 SC$% #!1/.• Ance e$propriated chan#e of

pu!lic use is of no moment. +t iswell within the ri#hts of thecondemnor as owner to alter anddecide its use so lon# as it stillfor pu!lic use. 0$epublic vs.C.%., >.$. (o. !#6;4', ?ul 1,1

aw-ma in# !odies of 5?9s (Sec./,rt. *) and

&he 'resident, under Sec. %8 (%), rt.V+ of the onstitution or asincident of emer#enc" powersthat on#ress ma" #rant to himunder Sec. % (%), rt. V+.

Limitations on t!e Po"er of Ta0ation:)nherent limitations'u!lic purpose

a. on-dele#a!ilit" of power

!. &erritorialit" or situs of ta$ationc. C$emption of #overnment fromta$ation

d. +nternational comit".Constitutional limitations

a. ue process of law!. C:ual protection of lawc. ?niformit", e:uita!ilit", and

pro#ressivit" of ta$ationd. on-impairment of contractse. on-imprisonment for non-

pa"ment of poll ta$

2005 C ENTRALIZED B AR O PERATIONS E EC!TI"E C OMMITTEE AND S !B#ECT C$AIRPERSONS

Ma%&'el A(a%en)o* /O0er1all Cha"r*er$on2# Ronald #al+an,a% /O0er1all 3"ce Cha"r2# YolandaTolen)&no /3C1Acad$2# J enn&fe% Ang /3C1 Secretar"at2# #o- Ind.')&/o /3C1,"nance2# Ela&ne Ma*. a) /3C1EDP2# Anna Ma%ga%&)a E%e* /3C1+og"$t"c$2. #ona) an

Mang.nda-ao /Pol"t"cal +a42# %an'&* Bened&') Reo).)a% /+abor +a42# Ro+.ald Pad&lla /C"0"l +a42#C a%+a&ne To%%e* /Ta5at"on +a42# Ma% Da/&d Ma%)&ne, /Cr"'"nal +a42# 3a%n- L.&*a Aleg%e /Co''erc"al+a42# #&n - Ann !- /Re'ed"al +a42# #a' &e Lo. Ba.)&*)a /+egal Eth"c$2


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f. Ari#in of appropriation, revenue,and tariff !ills

#. on-infrin#ement of reli#iousfreedom

h. ele#ation of le#islativeauthorit" to the 'resident to fi$tariff rates, import and e$port:uotas, tonna#e and wharfa#edues

i. &a$ e$emption of propertiesactuall", directl" and e$clusivel"used for reli#ious, charita!le andeducational purposes

=.


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2005 C ENTRALIZED B AR O PERATIONS E EC!TI"E C OMMITTEE AND S !B#ECT C$AIRPERSONS

Ma%&'el A(a%en)o* /O0er1all Cha"r*er$on2# Ronald #al+an,a% /O0er1all 3"ce Cha"r2# YolandaTolen)&no /3C1Acad$2# J enn&fe% Ang /3C1 Secretar"at2# #o- Ind.')&/o /3C1,"nance2# Ela&ne Ma*. a) /3C1EDP2# Anna Ma%ga%&)a E%e* /3C1+og"$t"c$2. #ona) an

Mang.nda-ao /Pol"t"cal +a42# %an'&* Bened&') Reo).)a% /+abor +a42# Ro+.ald Pad&lla /C"0"l +a42#C a%+a&ne To%%e* /Ta5at"on +a42# Ma% Da/&d Ma%)&ne, /Cr"'"nal +a42# 3a%n- L.&*a Aleg%e /Co''erc"al+a42# #&n - Ann !- /Re'ed"al +a42# #a' &e Lo. Ba.)&*)a /+egal Eth"c$2

POLICEPOWER

E INENTDO AIN

TA8ATION

1. e#ulates!oth li!ert"and propert"

ffects onl"propert"ri#hts

ffects onl"propert"ri#hts

%. C$ercisedonl" !" the5overnment


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P OLITICAL L AW C OMMITTEE CHAIRPERSON : Jonathan Mangundayao A SST . C HAIRPERSON : Andre Jacobo EDP: Shantel Aceret M EM ERS : Je!


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Article I : NATIONAL TERRITOR9

I/ Territor$ of t!e P!ilippines:1. 'hilippine archipela#o, with all

the islands and waters em!racedtherein

ARC.IPELAGIC DOCTRINE( integration of a #roup of islands tothe sea and their oneness so thatto#ether the" can constitute one unit,one countr", and one state. nimaginar single baseline is drawnaround the islands !" =oinin#appropriate points of the outermostislands of the archipela#o withstrai#ht lines and all islands and

waters enclosed within the !aselineform part of the territor". • sea !ed• su!soil• insular shelves and• other marine areas.

3. Eaters>• around• !etween and• connectin#- the islands of the archipela#o,re#ardless of

(i) !readth and(ii) dimensions- form part of the internal watersof the 'hilippines.

II/ Territorial Sea• &he !elt of the sea located

!etween the coast and internal

waters of the coastal state onthe one hand, and the hi#h season the other, e$tendin# up to 1%nautical miles from the low

water mar- .

III/Conti &o&s ;one• C$tends up to 1% nautical miles

from the territorial sea .lthou#h not part of the

territor", the coastal State ma"e$ercise =urisdiction to preventinfrin#ement of customs, fiscal,immi#ration or sanitar" laws.

Ia. the esta!lishment and use of

artificial islands,installations, and structures

b. marine scientific researchc. the protection and

preservation of marine

environment3. other ri#hts and duties providedfor in the onvention. 0%rt. ;6o the U( Convention on theLaw o the Sea/


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2. orei#n state propert", includin# theirem!assies, consulates and pu!licvessels en#a#ed in non-commercialactivities

3. cts of states4. orei#n merchant vessels e$ercisin#their ri#hts of innocent passa#e orinvoluntar" entr", such as arrivalunder distress

5. orei#n armies passin# throu#h orstationed in its territor" with itspermission and

6. Such other persons and propert", overwhich the state ma", !" a#reement,waive =urisdiction 0(achura, $eviewer in Political Law, !""6 e*., p. !4/.

Article II :PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

I/ SEPARATION O, POWERS

P&rpose: to prevent concentration of authorit" in one person or #roup of persons that mi#ht lead toirrepara!le error or a!use in e$erciseto the detriment of repu!licaninstitutions. 0Pangasinan:ransportation Co. v. Public ServiceCommission, >.$. (o. #' ART/ II3

1. renounces war as an instrument of national polic"

%. incorporation clause 4 adopts the#enerall" accepted principles of international law as part of the lawof the land and

. adheres to the polic" of peace,e:ualit", =ustice, freedom,cooperation, and amit" with allnations.

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%. the re:uirement that themem!ers of the ' swear touphold and defend the

onstitution, which is the

fundamental law of the civil#overnment. the professionali2ation of the

service and the stren#thenin# of the patriotism and nationalism,and respect for human ri#hts, of the militar"

3. insulation of the ' frompartisan politics

/. prohi!ition a#ainst appointmentto a civil position

6. compulsor" retirement of officers, so as to avoid

propa#ation of power7. a -"ear limitation on the tour of

dut" of the hief of Staff, whichalthou#h e$tendi!le in case of emer#enc" !" the 'resident,depends on on#ressionaldeclaration of emer#enc"

8. re:uirement of professionalrecruitment, so as to avoid an"re#ional cli:ue from formin#within the ' FSec. /, rt. *V+Gand

. the esta!lishment of a policeforce that is not onl" civilian incharacter !ut also under thelocal e$ecutives FSec. 6, rt.*V+G.

ART/ II3

Reinforce# *$:1. reedom of reli#ion clause%. on-esta!lishment of reli#ion

clause. o reli#ious test clause FSec. /,

rt. +++G3. o sectoral representative from

reli#ious sector FSec. / (%), rt.V+G

/. 'rohi!ition a#ainst appropriationfor sectarian !enefits. FSec.% (%), rt. V+G and

6. eli#ious denominations andsects cannot !e re#istered aspolitical parties FSec. % (/) rt.+*- G.

E0ceptions:1. hurches, persona#es, etc.,

actuall", directl" and e$clusivel"used for reli#ious, charita!le and

educational purposes shall !ee$empt from ta$ation FSec. %8( ), rt. V+G

%. 'rohi!ition a#ainst appropriationfor sectarian purposes, e$ceptwhen, priest etc., is assi#ned tothe armed forces, or to an"penal institution or #overnmentorphana#e or leprosarium FSec.% (%), rt. V+G

. Aptional reli#ious instruction forpu!lic elementar" and hi#hschool students FSec. ( ), rt.

*+VG and3. ilipino ownership re:uirement

for educational institutions,e$cept those esta!lished !"reli#ious #roups and mission!oards FSec. 3 (%), rt. *+VG.


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or administration of the#overnment

%. Civil rights 4 ri#hts which municipallaw will enforce at the instance of

private individuals, for the purposeof securin# them the en=o"ment of their means of happiness

. Social an* economic rights and3. uman rights .

I/ DUE PROCESS O, LAW

• &hat which hears !efore itcondemns, which proceeds uponin:uir" and renders =ud#mentonl" after trial ( DarmouthCollege v. oo*war*, 3Eheaton /18).

Aspects of D&e Process:1. S&*stanti%e #&e process

$e7uisites >a. the +nterest of the pu!lic in

#eneral, as distin#uished fromthat of a particular class re:uirethe intervention of the state @

!. means emplo"ed are reasona!l"necessar" for accomplishment of purpose and not undul"oppressive.

- 'u!lication of laws is part of su!stantive due process ( :a a*a v.:uvera, !#6 SC$% ##6/.

%. Proce#&ral #&e process$e7uisites o Civil Proce*ural *ue

process >a. an impartial court or tri!unal

clothed with =udicial power tohear and determine matters!efore it

!. =urisdiction properl" ac:uiredover person of defendin# andover propert" which is su!=ectmatter of proceedin#

c. opportunit" to !e heardd. =ud#ment rendered upon lawful

hearin# and !ased on evidenceadduced 0 anco Espa ol Bilipinov. Palanca, >.$. (o. L@!!&"


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e. evidence must !e dul" considered!" the investi#atin# committeeor official desi#nated !" theschool to hear and decide the

case.( %teneo *e ManilaUniversit v.Capulong, %%% S633)

• i#ht to appeal is not natural ri#htnor part of due process, instead,it is a mere statutor" ri#ht, !utonce #iven, denial constitutesviolation of due process.

II/ EBUAL PROTECTION O, LAW2SEC/ > ART/ III3

all persons or thin#s similarl"situated must !e similarl" treated!oth as to ri#hts conferred andresponsi!ilities imposed.

Re1&isites of


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and the thin#s or person to !esei2ed.

SEARC.

WARRANT

WARRANT O,

ARREST&he description of propert" to !e sei2edneed not !etechnicall" accuratenor necessaril"precise, and itsnature willnecessaril" var"accordin# to whetherthe identit" of thepropert" or itscharacter is a matter

of concern thedescription isre:uired to !especific onl" in so faras the circumstanceswill allow ( 8ho v.

?u*ge Ma-alintal,5. . o. 3 0%-06,

pril %1, 1 )

H5eneral warrantsIare proscri!ed andunconstitutional((olasco v. Puno, 1S 1/%) ;owever,a )o!n Doe Warrant(a warrant for theapprehension of aperson whose truename is un nown)satisfies theconstitutional

re:uirement of particularit" if thereis some *escrpitio

personae which willena!le the officer toidentif" the accused((achura, $eviewer in Political Law, p.'& )

• ommissioner of +mmi#rationand eportation ma" issuewarrant onl" for purpose of carr"in# out a final decision of deportation ( C)D v. ?u*ge De la$osa , 1 7 S 8/ ) or there issufficient proof of #uilt of analien ( arve v. De ensor@Santiago , 5. . o. 8%/33, Bune%8, 1 88).

E0cl&sionar$ R&le 4 Cvidence o!tained inviolation of Sec. %, rt. +++, shall !einadmissi!le for an" purpose in an"proceedin#s ( ruit of a 'oisonous &ree

octrine) ( Stonehill v. Dio-no , %0 S8 )

Warrantless Arrest> W!en ua+on v. *e 9illa , 181 S 6% )

8. Ehen there is a #enuine reason toHstop-and-fris I in the li#ht of thepolice officer9s e0perience ands&rro&n#in con#itions to warrant a!elief that the person detained hasweapons concealed ( Malacat v.Court o %ppeals , 5. . o. 1% / /,


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ecem!er 1, 1 7 citin# &err" vs.Ahio) and

. Ehere prohi!ited articles are inplain view ( Chia v. %ctg. Collector o

Customs , 177 S 7//)

Plain


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− 'ermit for pu!lic assem!l" is notnecessar" if meetin# is to !eheld in>a. a private place!. the campus of a #overnment-

owned or operatededucational institution or

c. a f reedom par . 2 .P. lg.44< 0:he Public %ssembl %cto !"4;/5.

ART/ III3

1. on-esta!lishment clauseScope >a. State cannot set-up church!. annot pass laws which aid one

reli#ion, all reli#ions or preferone over another

c. or influence a person to #o toor remain awa" from churcha#ainst his will nor

d. orce him to profess a !elief ordis!elief in an" reli#ion ( ART/ III

• i#ht to form association shallnot !e impaired without dueprocess of law

• lso #uarantees the ri#ht not to=oin an association.

8/ NON-I PAIR ENT O,CONTRACTS 2SEC/ > ART/ III3

Impairment 4 an"thin# that diminishesthe efficac" of contract

Limitations:1. police power 4 prevails over

contracts.%. eminent domain 4 ma" impair

o!li#ations of contracts.. ta$ation 4 cannot impair o!li#ation

of contracts.

8I/ RIG.TS O, AN ACCUSED UNDER

CUSTODIAL IN ART/ III

1. ri#ht to !e in orme* of his ri#ht toremain silent and to counsel− ationale>

a. to ma e him aware of it!. to overcome the inherent

pressure of theinterro#atin# atmosphereand

c. to show the individualthat his interro#ators are


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prepared to reco#ni2e hisprivile#e should he chooseto invo e it.

• arries the correlative

o!li#ation on the part of theinvesti#ator to e$plain, andcontemplates effectivecommunication which results inthe su!=ect understandin# what isconve"ed ( People v. %gustin, %30S /31).

%. ri#ht to !e remin*e* that if hewaives his ri#ht to remain silent,an"thin# he sa"s can and will !eused a#ainst him- ationale>

a. to warn him of theconse:uences of waivin#his ri#ht to remain silentand

!. to ma e him aware thatthis is an adversar"s"stem, and the police arenot actin# in his interest.

3. ri#ht to remain silent

4. ri#ht to have competent an* in*epen*ent counsel prefera!l" of his own choice- ationale>

a. to miti#ate the dan#ersof untrustworthiness inhis testimon", since theinherent pressureinitiall" overcome !" theri#ht to remain silentma" a#ain run unlesscoupled with the ri#ht tocounsel

!. to lessen the possi!ilit"of coercion !" thepolice.

H pre erabl o his own choice I• does not mean that the

choice of a law"er ise$clusive as to precludeother e:uall" competentand independentattorne"s from handlin#the defense ( People v.

arasina , %% S 3/0).

/. ri#ht to !e provi*e* with counsel ,if the person cannot afford theservices of former

ationale>

a. to inform him that if hedoes not have counsel orcannot afford one, hedoes not have to defendhimself alone

!. to inform him that hispovert" is no reason wh"he should lose his ri#ht tocounsel.

Ehile the choice of thelaw"er is naturall" lod#ed in thepolice investi#ators, the suspect

has the final choice as he ma"re=ect the counsel chosen for himand as for another one ( People v.

?ere+ , 5. . o. 113 8/, Banuar"1 , 1 8).

6. no force, etc. which vitiates freewill shall !e used

7. secret detention places, etc., areprohi!ited

8. confessionsKadmissions o!tainedin violation of these ri#hts areinadmissi!le as evidence.− Ehat is sou#ht to !e avoided

!" the rule is the evil of e$tortin# from the ver" mouthof the person under#oin#interro#ation for thecommission of an offense thever" evidence with which toprosecute and thereafter toconvict him ( People v. onola ,5. . o. 116 3, Bune 1 ,

1 7).

W!en a%aila*le− the ri#hts under Sec.1%, rt. +++ are

availa!le when the investi#ation isno lon#er a #eneral in:uir" unto anunsolved crime !ut has begun to

ocus on a particular suspect , thesuspect has !een ta en into policecustod", the police carr" out aprocess of interro#ation that lendsitself to eliciting incriminating


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statements ( People v. Mara , // S318).

− Sec. % of o. 73 8 provides that

custodial investi#ation shall includethe practice of issuin# an invitationto a person who is underinvesti#ation in connection with anoffense he is suspected to havecommitted.

W!at ri !ts ma$ *e "ai%e#:1. the ri#ht to remain silent%. the ri#ht to counsel.− Eaiver must !e in writin# and in the

presence of counsel.

W!at ri !ts cannot *e "ai%e#:1. the ri#ht to !e informed of his ri#ht

to remain silent and to counsel%. the ri#ht to counsel when ma in# the

waiver of the ri#ht to remain silentor to counsel.

Ri !ts of Person S&specte# an#S&*se1&entl$ C!ar e#:

1. Defore case is filed incourtKprosecutor for preliminar"

investi#ation !ut after !ein# put intocustod" to or otherwise deprived of li!ert", and on !ein# interro#ated !"police>a. to remain silentb. to !e informed thereofc. not to !e su!=ected to force,

violence, threat, or intimidationwhich vitiates free will

d. to have evidence o!tained inviolation of these ri#htsinadmissi!le as evidence.

%. fter the case is filed in court>a. to refuse to !e witness a#ainsthimself

b. not to have pre=udice imputedon him as a result of suchrefusal

c. to testif" on his !ehalfd. to cross-e$aminatione. while testif"in#, to refuse

:uestions which tend toincriminate him for some crimeother than present char#e.

8II/ RIG.T TO 'AIL2SEC/ ?> ART/ III3

'AIL - securit" #iven for the release of aperson in custod" of law, furnished !"him or a !ondsman, to #uarantee hisappearance !efore an" court asre:uired under conditions specifiedunder the rules of court. 0see Sec. !,$ule !!#, $evise* $ules o Criminal

Proce*ure ).

- &he ri#ht to !ail ma" !e invo edonce detention commences even if no formal char#es have "et to !efiled ( :eehan-ee v. $ovira , 7/ 'hil.6 3).

- Suspension of the writ of ha!eascorpus does not suspend ri#ht to !ailFSec.1 , rt.+++G.

- Cven when the accused haspreviousl" =umped !ail, still hecannot !e denied !ail !eforeconviction if it is a matter of ri#ht.&he remed" is to increase theamount of !ail. ( S >uan v. %mparo,5. . o. -1771. ecem!er 3,1 37)

'AIL> A ATTER O, RIG.T2RULE 4> SEC/ 43

ll persons in custod" shall !e admittedto !ail as a matter of ri#ht, withsufficient sureties, or !e released onreco#ni2ance as prescri!ed !" law orthis rule>

(a.) Defore or after conviction !"the


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'AIL> W.EN DISCRETIONAR92RULE 4> SEC/ 53

?pon conviction !" the & of an offense notpunisha!le !" death, reclusion perpetua, orlife imprisonment, the court, on application,ma" admit the accused to !ail. &he court, in its discretion, ma" allow theaccused to continue on provisional li!ert"after the same !ail !ond durin# the period toappeal su!=ect to the consent of the!ondsman. +f the court imposed a penalt" of imprisonment e$ceedin# 6 "ears !ut not morethan %0 "ears, the accused shall !e denied!ail, or his !ail previousl" #ranted shall !ecancelled, upon showin# !" the prosecution,with notice to the accused, of the followin#or other similar circumstances>(a) that the accused is a recidivist, :uasi-

recidivist, or ha!itual delin:uent, or hascommitted the crime a##ravated !" thecircumstance of reiteracion

(!) that the accused is found to havepreviousl" escaped from le#alconfinement, evaded sentence, or hasviolated the conditions of his !ailwithout valid =ustification

(c) that the accused committed the offensewhile on pro!ation, parole, or underconditional pardon

(d) that the circumstances of the accused orhis case indicate the pro!a!ilit" of fli#htif released on !ail or

(e) that there is undue ris that durin# thependenc" of the appeal, the accusedma" commit another crime.

.earin : whether !ail is a matter of ri#ht or of discretion, reasona!le noticeof hearin# is re:uired to !e #iven theprosecutor, or at least he must !e as edfor his recommendation, !ecause infi$in# the amount of !ail, the =ud#e isre:uired to ta e into account a num!erof factors ( Cortes v. ?u*ge Catral, .


19/95

- Cver" circumstance favorin# theinnocence of the accused must !eta en into account

- &he proof a#ainst him mustsurvive the test of reason thestron#est suspicion must not !epermitted to swa" =ud#ment.(People v. %ustria , 1 / S 700)

E1&ipoise or E1&ipon#erance of E%i#ence 4 evidence of !oth sides aree:uall" !alanced.

Effect in criminal prosec&tion:ac:uittal of accused !ecause it isinsufficient to overcome presumption of

innocence . ?/ Ri !t to *e !ear# *$ !imself an#

co&nsel− &he accused is ampl" accorded

le#al assistance e$tended !" acounsel who commits himself tothe cause of the defense andacts accordin#l" an efficientand trul" decisive le#alassistance, and not simpl" aperfunctor" representation(People v. ermas , 5. . o.1%03%0, pril %1, 1 ).

− i#ht to counsel durin# the trialis not su!=ect to waiver ( Bloresv. $ui+ , 0 S 3%8).

4/ Ri !t to *e informe# of nat&re an#ca&se of acc&sation a ainst !im@− escription not desi#nation of

the offense is controllin#.


20/95

− all persons shall have the ri#ht tospeed" disposition of cases !efore=udicial, :uasi-=udicial andadministrative !odies.

8 ART/ III3

A%aila*ilit$: not onl" in criminalproceedin#s, !ut also in all other#overnment proceedin#s, includin#civil actions and administrative orle#islative investi#ations. alman v. Pamaran , 1 8 S %73).

8 ART/ III

• o person shall !e detained !"reason of his political !eliefs oraspirations

8


21/95

1. valid complaint or information%. filed !efore competent court

. to which defendant has pleadedand

3. defendant was previousl" ac:uittedor convicted or the case dismissedor otherwise terminated without hise$press consent ( People v. Hlagan,/8 'hil 8/1)

T"o t$pes:1. o person shall !e twice put in

=eopard" of punishment for the sameo ense=

2. +f an act is punisha!le !" a law andan ordinance, conviction or ac:uittalunder either shall constitute a !ar toanother prosecution for the sameact.

− Dismissal o action , when made atinstance of the accused, does notput accused in first =eopard",e$cept>a. when #round for dismissal is

insufficienc" of evidence or!. when the proceedin#s have !een

unreasona!l" prolon#ed as toviolate the ri#ht of the accused

to a speed" trial.

Crimes co%ere#:1. same offense or attempt to commit

or frustration thereof or for an"offense which necessaril" includes oris necessaril" included in the offensechar#ed in ori#inal complaint orinformation and

%. when an act is punished !" a law andan ordinance, conviction or ac:uittalunder either shall !ar anotherprosecution for the same act.

• Doctrine of S&per%enin E%ent (prosecution for another offenseif su!se:uent developmentchan#es character of the firstindictment under which he ma"have alread" !een char#ed orconvicted.

Con%iction of acc&se# s!all NOT *aranot!er prosec&tion for an offense"!ic! necessaril$ incles t!e offenseori inall$ c!ar e# "!en:

1. #raver offense developed due tosupervenin# facts arisin# from thesame act or omission

2. facts constitutin# #raver offense

arose or discovered onl" after filin#of former complaint or informationand

3. plea of #uilt" to lesser offense wasmade without the consent of prosecutor or offended part" ( Peoplev. ?u*ge 9illarama , %10 S %36).

Reopenin of &raton 'alelen Cases:&he new rule ( ule117, Sec 8) has fi$ed atime-!ar of one "ear or two "ears for therevival of criminal cases provisionall"dismissed with the e$press consent of

the accused and with a priori notice tothe offended part".

&he time-!ar cannot !e appliedretroactivel" in 1 when the caseswere dismissed for to so, the stateshall effectivel" have less than two"ears to reopen the case !ecause therule onl" too effect in ecem!er%000. &his would prevent a!surdresults and in=ustice to the Sate.('eople, et al. vs. Pan ilo Lacson ,5. . o. 13 3/ , pril 1, %00 )

88II/ E8 POST ,ACTO LAW AND 'ILL O,ATTAINDER 2SEC/ == ART/ III3

E8 POST ,ACTO LAWin#s:

1. law ma in# an act criminal whichwas not !efore its passa#e

%. law a##ravatin# penalt" forcrime committed !efore passa#e

. law inflictin# #reater or more

severe penalt"3. law alterin# le#al rules of evidence and receive less ordifferent testimon" than lawre:uired at time of commission, inorder to convict accused

/. law assumin# to re#ulate civilri#hts and remedies onl", in effectimposes a penalt"

6. of deprivation of ri#ht forsomethin# which when done waslawful

7. law deprivin# accused of some lawful

protection to which he had !een


22/95

entitled, such a protection of aformer conviction or ac:uittal, or aproclamation of amnest".

C!aracteristics:1. refers to criminal matters%. retroactive and

. pre=udice the accused.

'ILL O, ATTAINDER - le#islative act thatinflicts punishment without trialle#islative declaration of #uilt.

Article I< : CITI;ENS.IP

I/ CITI;ENS.IP- mem!ership in a political

communit" which is personal and moreor less permanent in character.

o#es of ac1&irin citi ens!ip:1. D" !irth

a. =us san#uinis and!. =us soli

%. D" naturali2ation. D" marria#e

Citi ens of t!e P!ilippines 2Sec/ > Art/I


23/95

2. resided in the 'hilippines for not lessthan 10 "ears ma" !e reduced to /"ears, if>

a.honora!l" held office in the

'hilippines!. esta!lished new industr" orintroduced a useful invention

c.married to a ilipino womand. en#a#ed as teacher in 'hilippine

pu!lic or private school notesta!lished for e$clusiveinstruction to particularnationalit" or race, or in an" of !ranches of education orindustr" for a period of not lessthan % "ears and

e. !orn in the 'hilippines

3. character>a. #ood moral characterb. !elieves in the onstitutionc. conducted himself in an

irreproacha!le conduct durin# hissta" in the 'hilippines

4. Awn real estate in the 'hilippinesnot less than '/,000 in value orhave some lucrative trade,profession or lawful occupation thatcan support himself and his famil"

5. Spea- and write Cn#lish or ilipinoand an" principal 'hilippine dialects(as amended !" Sec. 6 rt. *+V) and

6. Cnrolled minor children in an" pu!licor private school reco#ni2ed !"#overnment where 'hilippine histor",#overnment and civics are tau#ht aspart of curriculum, durin# the entireperiod of residence prior to hearin#of petition.

Declaration of Intention ( must !e filedwith the Affice of the Solicitor 5eneralone "ear !efore filin# of application fornaturali2ation.

E0ception:a. &hose !orn in the 'hilippines and

received primar" and secondar"education in a 'hilippine school

b. &hose who have resided in the'hilippines for thirt" "ears

c. &he widow or children of theapplicant who died !efore hisapplication was #ranted.

Dis1&alification for Nat&rali ation:a. opposed to or#ani2ed

#overnment or affiliatedwith an" association or #roup

of persons who uphold andteach doctrines opposin# allor#ani2ed #overnments

!. defendin# or teachin#necessit" or propriet" of violence, personal assault orassassination for the successor predominance of theirideas

c. pol"#amists or !elievers inpol"#am"

d. sufferin# from mentalalienation or incura!le

conta#ious diseasee. convicted of crime involvin#

moral turpitudef. who durin# residence in the

'hilippines have not min#ledsociall" with ilipinos, or notevinced sincere desire tolearn and em!race customs,traditions and ideals of

ilipinos#. citi2ens or su!=ects of

nations with whom the'hilippines is at war, durin#the period of such war

h. citi2ens or su!=ects of forei#n countr" whose lawsdo not #rant ilipinos ri#ht to!ecome naturali2ed citi2ensor su!=ects thereof (noreciprocit").

Effects of Nat&rali ation :1. A &;C E+ C

vests citi2enship on wife whomi#ht herself !e lawfull"naturali2ed She need not proveher :ualifications !ut onl" thatshe is not dis:ualified. ( Mo HaLim Hao v. Comm. o )mmigration,31 S % %).

2. A &;C M)(3$ ;+ C(i) +f !orn in the 'hilippines 4automaticall" !ecomes a citi2en +f !orn a!road


24/95

) born be ore the naturali+ationothe ather

(ia) residin# in ' at the

time of naturali2ation 4automaticall" !ecomesciti2en

(i!) if not residin# in ' atthe time of naturali2ation 4considered citi2en onl"durin# minorit", unless!e#ins to residepermanentl" in the'hilippines

(ii) +f !orn !orn outside the'hilippines after parents9

naturali2ation consideredilipino, provided re#istered

as such !efore an"'hilippines consulate within1 "ear after attainin#ma=orit" a#e and ta es oathof alle#iance.

Gro&n#s for Denat&rali ation >a) naturali2ation certificate

o!tained fraudulentl" orille#all"

!) if, within / "ears, he returns tohis native countr" or to someforei#n countr" and esta!lishesresidence therein

c) naturali2ation o!tained throu#hinvalid declaration of intention

d) minor children failed to #raduatethrou#h the fault of the parentseither !" ne#lectin# support or!" transferrin# them to anotherschool and

e) allowin# himself to !e used asdumm".

Effects of Denat&rali ation:a) +f #round affects intrinsic

validit" of proceedin#s,denaturali2ation shall divestwife and children of theirderivative naturali2ationand

b) +f the #round is personal, thewife and children shall retainciti2enship.

Doctrine of In#eli*le Alle iance 4 anindividual ma" !e compelled toretain his ori#inal nationalit"

notwithstandin# that he has alread"renounced or forfeited it under thelaws of the second state whosenationalit" he has ac:uired.

III/ LOSS O, P.ILIPPINE CITI;ENS.IP:2CA 7?3 2C= RAND3

!. Naturali2ation in a forei#n countr"1. C$press renunciation of citi2enship

(e$patriation)4 &he mere application or

possession of an alien certificate

of re#istration does not amountto renunciation 0Merca*o vs.Man+ano, >.$. (o. !&;


25/95

I

a. ilipino women who havelost their 'hilippineciti2enship !" marria#e toaliens and

!. natural-!orn ilipinos whohave lost their 'hilippineciti2enship on account orpolitical or economicnecessit".

∗ &he applicant should not !e a>a. 'erson opposed to or#ani2ed

#overnment or affiliatedwith an" association or #roupof persons who uphold andteach doctrines opposin#or#ani2ed #overnment

!. 'erson defendin# or teachin#the necessit" or propriet" of violence, personal assault, orassociation for the

predominance of their ideasc. 'erson convicted of crimesinvolvin# moral turpitude> or

d. 'erson sufferin# from mentalalienation or incura!leconta#ious diseases.

• epatriation shall !e effected !"ta in# the necessar" oath of alle#iance to the epu!lic of the'hilippines and re#istration inthe proper civil re#istr" and inthe Dureau of +mmi#ration. &he

Dureau of +mmi#ration shallthereupon cancel the pertinentalien certificate of re#istrationand issue the certificate of identification as ilipino citi2ento the repatriated citi2en.

• llows the person to recover orreturn to his ori#inal status!efore he lost his 'hilippineciti2enship ( eng+on ))) v. $E: ,5. . o. 13%830, a. atural !orn citi2ens of the

'hilippines who have lost their'hilippine citi2enship !" reasonof their naturali2ation as citi2ensof a forei#n countr" are deemedto have re@ac7uire* 'hilippineciti2enship and

!. atural !orn citi2ens of the'hilippines who, after theeffectivit" of the said !ecomeciti2ens of a forei#n countr" shall

retain their 'hilippineciti2enship.

Derivative *iti-ens!ip @&he unmarriedchild, whether le#itimate,ille#itimate or adopted, !elowei#hteen (18) "ears of a#e, of thosewho re-ac:uire 'hilippine citi2enshipupon effectivit" of the said shall!e deemed citi2ens of the'hilippines.

Art/ I


26/95

Article < : SU,,RAGE

I/ SU,,RAGE- ri#ht to vote in elections.

W!o ma$ e0ercise 2Sec/ > Art/ allego v. 9erra , 7 'hil.3/ )

III/ T.E O


27/95

the name of the immi#rant orpermanent resident from the

ational e#istr" of !senteeVoters and hisKher permanent

dis:ualification to vote ina!sentia.e. n" citi2en of the 'hilippines

a!road previousl" declaredinsane or incompetent !"competent authorit" in the'hilippines or a!road, as verified!" the 'hilippine em!assies,consulates or forei#n serviceesta!lishments concerned,unless such competent authorit"su!se:uentl" certifies that suchperson is no lon#er insane or

incompetent.

Article


28/95

Classes of Referen#&m:1. eferendum on Statutes 4

petition to approve or re=ect anact or law, or part thereof,

passed !" on#ress%. eferendum on Local Laws 4le#al process where!" there#istered voters of the local#overnment units ma" approve,amend or re=ect an" ordinanceenacted !" the san##unian. (Sec.1%6, 7160 or the 5 of 1 1)

II/ CO POSITION

Senate 4 %3, elected at lar#e !" the:ualified voters of the

'hilippinesouse o $epresentatives 4 not more

than %/0 mem!ers consistin# of>a. District $epresentatives 4

elected from le#islativedistricts apportioned amon#the provinces, cities and the


29/95

affiliation within6 months prior toelection does notprevent a districtrepresentativefrom runnin#under his newpart".

affiliation within6 months prior toelection prohi!itsthe part"-listrepresentativefrom sittin# asrepresentativeunder his newpart" oror#ani2ation.

III/ APPORTION ENT O, LEGISLATI Art/ a. at least ei#hteen (18)

months !efore the ne$tre#ular election for mem!ersof the Senate

!. at least (1) "ear !efore thene$t re#ular election for


30/95

(v) proposin# constitutionalamendments FSec. 1, rt.*V++G.

!. votin# =ointl" 4

(i.) to revo e or e$tendproclamation suspendin#the privile#e of writ of ha!eas corpus FSec. 18, rt.V++G

(ii.) to revo e or e$tenddeclaration of martial lawFSec. 18, rt. V++G.

3. %*Aournment 4 neither ham!erdurin# session, without the consentof the other, ad=ourn for more than da"s, nor an" other place than thatin which the two ham!ers shall !e

sittin# FSec. 16 (/), rt. V+G.

A#+o&rnment Sine Die 4 interval!etween the session of one on#ress andthat of another on#ress must Hstop thecloc I at midni#ht of the last da" of session in order to validl" pass a law.

− &he Senate is a continuin# !od"while the ;ouse is not.

ART/


31/95

part"-list s"stem representedtherein.

− Senate 'resident as ex@o iciochairman.

− hairman shall not vote e$cept incase of tie.

Po"ers:1. Shall act on all appointments

su!mitted to it within 0 sessionda"s of on#ress from theirsu!mission and

%. 'ower to promul#ate its own rules of proceedin#s.

8/ POWERS O, CONGRESS

Classification of Po"ers:

1. Legislative 45eneral plenar" power (Sec.1,

rt.V+)specific power of appropriation,

ta$ation and e$propriationle#islative investi#ations:uestion hour.

%. %on.Legislative ( includes power to>a. canvass presidential elections

!. declare e$istence of a state of warc. dele#ation of emer#enc" powersd. call special election for

'resident and Vice-'residente. #ive concurrence to treaties and

amnestiesf. propose constitutional

amendments (constituentpower)

#. confirm certain appointmentsh. impeachi. decide the disa!ilit" of the

'resident !ecause ma=orit" of the a!inet disputes hisassertion that he is a!le todischar#e his duties

=. revo e or e$tend proclamationof suspension of privile#e of writof ha!eas corpus or declarationof martial law (to revo e Ole#islative veto)

. power with re#ard to utili2ationof natural resources FSec.%, rt.*++G

Limitations on t!e Po"ers of Con ress:1. S&*stanti%e 4

a. C$press>(i) !ill of ri#hts F rt. +++G

(ii) on appropriations FSec. %/and % (1) and (%), rt. V+G(iii) on ta$ation FSec. %8 and %

( ), rt. V+ Sec 3 ( ), rt.*+VG

(iv) on constitutional appellate=urisdiction of Supreme

ourt FSec. 0, rt. V+G(v) no law #rantin# title of

ro"alt" or no!ilit" shall !epassed FSec. 1, rt. V+G

(vi) no specific funds shall !eappropriated or paid for use

or !enefit of an" reli#ion,sect, etc., e$cept forpriests, etc., assi#ned to ',penal institutions, etc.FSec.% (%), rt.V+G.

!. +mplied>(i) prohi!ition a#ainst

irrepeala!le laws(ii) non-dele#ation of powers.

%. Proce#&ral 4a. onl" one su!=ect, to !e stated in

the title of the !ill FSec. %6(1),rt. V+G and

!. readin#s on separate da"sprinted copies of the !ill in itsfinal form distri!uted tomem!ers da"s !efore itspassa#e, e$cept if 'residentcertifies to its immediateenactment to meet a pu!liccalamit" or emer#enc" upon itslast readin# , no amendmentallowed and the vote thereonta en immediatel" and the "easand na"s entered into theBournal FSec. %6(%), rt. V+G

c. appropriation, revenue and tariff !ill ( & Dills) shall ori#inatee$clusivel" from the ;ouse of

epresentatives (Sec. %3, rt. V+)• s!all ori inate e0cl&si%el$

from t!e .o&se ( theinitiative for filin# of &Dills must come from the;ouse, !ut it does notprohi!it the filin# in the

Senate a su!stitute !ill in


32/95

anticipation of its receipt of the !ill from the ;ouse, solon# as the action !" theSenate is withheld pendin#

the receipt of the ;ouse !ill.(:olentino v. Sec. 3 Binance, % / S 6 0).

POWER O, APPROPRIATIONAppropriations La" ( a statute, the

primar" and specific purpose of which, is to authori2e release of pu!lic funds from treasur".

- &he e$istence of appropriations andthe availa!ilit" of funds areindispensa!le pre-re:uisites to or

conditions sine :ua non for the e$ecutionof #overnment contracts. ( Comelec v.

?u*ge FuiAano@Pa*illa an* Photo-inaMar-eting Corp. , 5. . o. 1/1 %,Septem!er 18, %00%)

Implie# Limitations on AppropriationPo"er:1. must specif" pu!lic purpose and2. sum authori2ed for release must !e

determinate, or at leastdetermina!le.

Constit&tional Limitations on SpecialAppropriations eas&res:1. must specif" pu!lic purpose for

which the sum was intended and2. must !e supported !" funds actuall"

availa!le as certified !" ational&reasurer or to !e raised !"correspondin# revenue proposalincluded therein. FSec. %/(3), rt.V+G.

Constit&tional R&les on GeneralAppropriations La"s 2Sec/ =5> Art/


33/95

8I/ LEGISLATI !ill !ecomesa law as if the same has !een si#ned!" him

.o" a 'ill *ecomes La":1. pproved and si#ned !" the

'resident%. 'residential veto overriden !"

%K vote of all mem!ers of !oth;ouses

. ailure of the 'resident to vetothe !ill and to return it with his

o!=ections to the ;ouse where itori#inated, within 0 da"s afterthe date of receipt

3. !ill callin# a special electionfor 'resident and Vice-'residentunder Sec. 10, rt. V++ !ecomeslaw upon third and final readin#.

PRESIDENTIAL +f the 'residentdisapproves a !ill enacted !" on#ress,he should veto the entire !ill. ;e is not

allowed to veto separate items of a !ill.

E0ception > +tem-veto in the case of appropriation, revenue, and tariff !illsFSec. %7 (%), rt. V+G.

E0ceptions to t!e e0ception >1. Doctrine of Inappropriate

Pro%isions 4 a provision that isconstitutionall" inappropriate for anappropriation !ill ma" !e sin#led outfor veto even if it is not anappropriation or revenue HitemI(>on+ales v. Macaraig, ?r. , 1 1 S3/%).

2. E0ec&ti%e Impo&n#ment - refusalof the 'resident to spend fundsalread" allocated !" on#ress forspecific purpose. +t is the failure tospend or o!li#ate !ud#et authorit" of an" t"pe. ( Philconsa v. Enri7ue+ ,5. . o. 11 10/. u#ust 1 , 1 3).

Poc6et


34/95

Article


35/95

office !" elected 'resident FSec.13, rt. V++G and

%) 'resident or actin#-'residentshall not ma e appointments

e$cept temporar" ones toe$ecutive positions % monthsimmediatel" !efore ne$t'residential elections and up tothe end of his term. Anl" whencontinued vacanc" will pre=udicepu!lic service or endan#er pu!licsafet" FSec. 1/, rt. V++G.

) &he spouse and relatives !"consan#uinit" or affinit" withinthe 3 th civil de#ree of the'resident shall not, durin# histenure !e appointed as>

a. mem!ers of theonstitutional ommissions

!. mem!er of the Affice of theAm!udsman

c. Secretariesd. ?ndersecretariese. hairman or heads of

!ureaus or offices, includin#5A and their su!sidiaries.FSec.1 ,par. %, rt. V++G

4. &he 'resident shall have the powerto ma e appointments durin# therecess of the on#ress, whethervoluntar" or compulsor", !ut suchappointments shall !e effective onl"until disapproval !" the or untilthe ne$t ad=ournment of the

on#ress. FSec. 16 par.%, rt. V++G

. POWER O, RE O this power is impliedfrom the power to appoint.

E0ception > those appointed !" himwhere the onstitution prescri!escertain methods for separation frompu!lic service.(e.#. impeachment)

3. POWER O, CONTROLControl 4 power of an office to>

• lter,• ART/


36/95

re!ellion or offensesinherent in or directl"connected with invasion.

(viii.) 'erson arrested must !e

char#ed within da"s if not, must !e released.(i$.) 'roclamation does not

supersede civilian authorit".

Effects of Proclamation of artial La"1. &he 'resident can>

a. e#islateb. order the arrest of people who

o!struct the war effort.%. &he followin# cannot !e done>

a. suspend the operation of theonstitution.

b. Supplant the functionin# of thecivil courts and the le#islativeassem!lies

c. onfer =urisdiction upon militar"courts and a#encies overcivilians, where civil courts area!le to function.Open Co&rt Doctrine 4 civilianscannot !e tried !" militar"courts if the civil courts are openand functionin#.

d. utomaticall" suspend theprivile#e of the writ of ha!eascorpus.FSec.18, par(3), rt.V++G.

,o&r "a$s for t!e proclamation ors&spension to *e lifte#:1. liftin# !" the 'resident himself%. revocation !" on#ress

. nullification !" the Supreme ourt3. operation of law after 60 da"s.

6. PARDONING POWER 2SEC/ > ART/


37/95

notice of

/. oo s !ac wardand puts too!livion theoffense itself

/. oo s forwardand relieves thepardonee of theconse:uence ofthe offense.

6. ART/ ART/


38/95


39/95

d. etropolitan> &nicipal an#&nicipal Circ&it Trial Co&rt

) es >1. iti2en of the 'hilippines

%. t least 0 "ears old. ;as !een en#a#ed for alleast / "ears in the practiceof law in the 'hilippines orhas held pu!lic office in the'hilippines re:uirin#admission to the practice of law as an indispensa!lere:uisite

3. a person of provencompetence, inte#rit",pro!it" and independence.

Proce#&re in Appointment:1. ppointed !" 'resident from amon#

a list of at least nomineesprepared !" Budicial and Dar ouncilfor ever" vacanc".

%. or lower courts, 'resident shallissue the appointment 0 da"s fromsu!mission of the list.

Ten&re of )&stices an# ) esa. Supreme Court 4 hold office until

the" reach 70 "ears of a#e or!ecome incapacitated to dischar#etheir duties FSec.11, rt.V+++G.−


40/95

suspension of the privile#e of writ of ha!eas corpus.

%. %ppellate ?uris*iction• Aver inal Au*gments an*

or*ers of lower courts ina. all cases in which the

constitutionalit" orvalidit" of an" treat",international or e$ecutivea#reement, law,presidential decree,proclamation, order,instruction, ordinance, orre#ulation is in :uestion

!. ll cases involvin# thele#alit" of an" ta$ impost,assessment, or toll, or an"penalt" imposed inrelation thereto

c. ll cases in which the=urisdiction of an" lowercourt is in issue

d. ll criminal cases in whichthe penalt" imposed isreclusion perpetua orhi#her

e. ll cases in which onl" a:uestion of law isinvolved. FSection / (%),

rt. V+++.G

&. Electoral :ribunal or Presi*entialan* 9ice@Presi*ential Contests

• Sittin# En anc, over all contestsrelatin# to the election, returnsand :ualification of the'resident or Vice-'resident (Sec.3(7) rticle V++)

• &he =urisdiction of the Supremeourt, defined !" rticle V++,

Section 3, para#raph 7, of the

1 87 onstitution, would notinclude cases directl" !rou#ht!efore it, :uestionin# the:ualifications of a candidate forthe presidenc" or vice-presidenc" !efore the electionsare held. ( :ecson vs. omelec,5. . o. 1613 3.


41/95

and le#islative acts in li#ht of theirconformit" with the onstitution. &his isnot an assertion of superiorit" !" thecourts over the other departments, !ut

merel" an e$pression of the supremac"of the onstitution ( %ngara v. ElectoralCommission, 6& Phil. !&" )

Doctrine of )icial S&premac$1. lthou#h holdin# neither purse

nor sword and so re#arded as thewea est of the threedepartments of the #overnment,the =udiciar" is nonethelessvested with the power to annul

the acts of either the le#islativeor the e$ecutive or of !oth whennot conforma!le to thefundamental law. ( %ssociation o Small Lan*owners o thePhilippines v. Secretar o

%grarian $e orm, 17/ S 3 ).2. Ehen the =udiciar" allocates

constitutional !oundaries, itneither asserts superiorit" nornullifies an act of the

e#islature. +t onl" asserts thesolemn and sacred o!li#ationassi#ned to it !" the onstitutionto determine conflictin# claimsof authorit" under the

onstitution and to esta!lish forthe parties in an actualcontrovers" the ri#hts which thatinstrument secures and#uarantees to them. ( aurel,

%ngara v. Electoral Commission,6 'hil 1 )

Re1&isites of )icial Re%ie": 1. ctual case or controvers" 4 a

conflict of le#al ri#hts, an assertionof opposite le#al claims suscepti!leof =udicial determination

%. onstitutional :uestion must !eraised !" the proper part" 4 one whohas sustained or is in imminentdan#er of sustainin# an in=ur" as aresult of the act complained of− or a taxpa erJs suit , %

re:uisites>a. pu!lic funds are dis!ursed !" a

political su!division or

instrumentalit" and

!. a law is violated or someirre#ularit" is committed, andthat the petitioner is directl"affected !" the alle#ed ultra

vires act ( %nti@>ra t League o the Philippines v. Court o %ppeals, 16< SC$% 1;< )

. onstitutional :uestion must !eraised at the earliest opportunit"− 5eneral ule> must !e raised in

the pleadin#s− C$ceptions>

a. criminal cases 4 at an" timeat the discretion of thecourt

!. civil cases 4 at an" sta#e of

the proceedin#s if necessar"for the determination of thecase itself

c. ever" case (e$cept wherethere is estoppel ) 4 at an"sta#e if it involves the=urisdiction of the court

3. etermination of constitutionalit" of the statute must !e necessar" to afinal determination of the case.(People vs. 9era , 6/ 'hil. /6).

− &herefore, the followin# must !eavoided>• political :uestions• advisor" opinions• moot and academic issues• no standin#.

Se%en R&les of A%oi#ance of Constit&tional B&estions (Drandeis, B.)1. riendl", non-adversar" proceedin#s

(no vital conflict)2. nticipation of a :uestion of

constitutional law in advance of thenecessit" of decidin# it (premature

case)3. ormulation of a rule !roader than isre:uired !" the precise facts towhich it is applied

4. C$istence of other #rounds uponwhich the case ma" !e disposed of.(not the ver" lis mota)

5. omplaint made !" one who fails toshow in=ur" as to its operations (nostandin#)

6. +nstance of one who has availedhimself of its !enefit


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7. 'ossi!ilit" of a construction of statute that can avoid the resolutionof the constitutional :uestion.

Polic$ of Strict Necessit$ ( escue rm"ase) 4 the court must refrain frome$ercisin# =udicial review unless all there:uisites for its e$ercise are fulfilled!ecause>

1. the dan#er of e$ercisin# thefunction, in view of possi!leconse:uences for othersstemmin# also fromconstitutional roots

2. comparative finalit" of thoseconse:uences

3. consideration due to the=ud#ment of the otherrepositories of constitutionalpower concernin# the scope of their authorities

4. necessit" for each to eep withinits own power

5. inherent limitations of the=udicial process 4 its lar#el"ne#ative character, and itslimited resources forenforcement

6. withal in paramount importanceof constitutional ad=udication.

)icial Po"er incles:1. dut" of courts to settle actual

controversies involvin# ri#hts whichare le#all" demanda!le andenforcea!le and

%. to determine whether or not therehas !een a #rave a!use of discretionamountin# to lac or e$cess of =urisdiction on part of an" !ranch orinstrumentalit" of #overnment FSec.1, rt. V+++G.

Gra%e A*&se of Discretion Amo&ntin toLac6 of )&ris#iction ( capricious andwhimsical e$ercise of =ud#ment. &hea!use of discretion must !e patent and#ross as to amount to an evasion of positive dut" or a virtual refusal toperform a dut" en=oined !" law, or to actat all in contemplation of law, as wherethe power is e$ercised in an ar!itrar"and despotic manner !" reason of passion or hostilit" ( )ntestate Estate o

Carmen *e Luna v. )%C , 170 S %36).

)USTICIA'LEBUESTION

POLITICALBUESTION

•

definite andconcrete disputetouchin# on thele#al relations of parties havin#adverse le#alinterests whichma" !e resolved !"a court of lawthrou#h theapplication of alaw. ( Cutaran v.DE($ , 5. . o.1 3 /8, Banuar"

1, %001).

&wo aspects>• &hose :uestionswhich, under the

onstitution, are to!e decided !" thepeople in theirsoverei#n capacit"or

• in re#ard to whichfull discretionar"authorit" has !eendele#ated to thele#islature ore$ecutive !ranches

of #overnment.(:a a*a v. Cuenco,100 'hil 1101)

,&nctions of )icial Re%ie"!. chec-ing 4 invalidatin# a law or

e$ecutive act that is found to !econtrar" to the onstitution

1. legitimating 4 upholdin# the validit"of the law that results from a meredismissal of a case challen#in# thevalidit" of the law

r&le on #o&*le ne ati%e 4 uses theterm Hnot unconstitutionalI thecourt cannot declare a lawconstitutional !ecause it alread"en=o"s a presumption of constitutionalit".

&. s mbolic 4 to educate the !ench and!ar as to the controllin# principlesand concepts on matters of #ravepu!lic importance for the #uidanceof and restraint upon the future.(Salonga v. Cru+ Pa o, 1 3 S 3 8)

All co&rts can e0ercise )icial Re%ie"− &he onstitution contemplates that

the inferior courts should have=urisdiction in cases involvin#constitutionalit" of an" treat" or lawfor Sec. / (%), rt. V+++ spea s of appellate review of final =ud#mentsof inferior courts in cases where suchconstitutionalit" happens to !e inissue. ( ?.M. :uason an* Co. v. Courto %ppeals, S 6 6).


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− &he onstitution vests the power of =udicial review not onl" in theSupreme ourt !ut also in the & .;owever, in all actions assailin# the

validit" of a statute, treat",presidential decree, order orproclamation 4 and not =ust inactions involvin# declarator" relief and similar remedies, notice to theSolicitor 5eneral is man*ator , asre:uired in Sec. , ule 63 of the

ules of ourt. &he purpose of thismandator" notice is to ena!le theSolicitor 5eneral to decide whetheror not his intervention in the actionis necessar" ( Mirasol v. Court o

%ppeals , 5. . o. 1%8338, e!ruar"1, %001)

Perio# for Decision 2Sec/ 5> Art/


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Safe &ar#s t!at &aranteeIn#epen#ence of Commissions:1. the" are constitutionall"

created ma" not !e a!olished !"

statute%. each is e$pressl" descri!ed asHindependent I

. each is conferred certain powers andfunctions which cannot !e reduced!" statute

3. the hairmen and mem!ers cannot !eremoved e$cept !" impeachment

/. the hairmen and mem!ers are #ivenfairl" a lon# term of office of 7"ears

6. the hairmen and mem!ers ma" not!e reappointed or appointed in an

actin# capacit" ( rillantes v. Horac ,1 % S /8)

7. the salaries of the hairmen andmem!ers are relativel" hi#h and ma"not !e decreased durin# continuancein office

8. the ommissions en=o" fiscalautonom"

. each ommission ma" promul#ate itsown procedural rules, provided the"do not diminish, increase or modif"su!stantive ri#hts Fthou#h su!=ect todisapproval !" the S G

10. the hairmen and mem!ers aresu!=ect to certain dis:ualificationscalculated to stren#then theirinte#rit"

11. the ommissions ma" appoint theirown officials and emplo"ees inaccordance with ivil Service aw( achura, $eviewer in Political Law ,p.%0 )

Certiorari )&ris#iction of t!e S&premeCo&rt

- imited to decisions rendered inactions or proceedin#s ta en co#ni2anceof the ommissions in the e$ercise of thead=udicator" or :uasi-=udicial functions.+t does not refer to purel" e$ecutivepowers. ;ence, :uestions arisin# fromthe award of a contract for constructionof votin# !ooths can !e !rou#ht !eforethe trial court ( %mbil vs. Comelec , 5. .

o. 13 8, Acto!er /. %000)

I/ CI1. entrance !ased on merit and

fitness to !e determined !"competitive e$amination or

!ased on hi#hl" technical:ualifications.%. Apportunit" for

advancement. Securit" of tenure

in#s:1) open career positions 4 prior

:ualification viae$amination

%) closed career positions 4e.#., scientific or hi#hl"technical

) career e$ecutive service 4e.#., ?ndersecretaries,Dureau irectors

3) career officers 4 appointed!" 'resident, e.#., forei#nservice

/) positions in ', #overned !"separate merit s"stem

6) personnel of 5A 9s withori#inal charter

7) permanent la!orers, whethers illed, semi-s illed oruns illed.


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b. (on@career Service 4characteri2ed !" >

1. entrance on !ases other than

those of usual tests utili2edfor career service.%. &enure limited to period.

in#s:1) elective officials and their

personal and confidentialstaff

%) department heads andofficials of ca!inet ran , andtheir personal andconfidential staff

) chairmen and mem!ers of commissions and !oards withfi$ed terms of office andtheir personal andconfidential staff

3) contractual personnel orthose whose emplo"ment in#overnment is in accordancewith special contract forspecific wor and

/) emer#enc" and seasonalpersonnel.

E0ceptions to re1&irement of competiti%e e0aminations 2to#etermine merit an# fitness3: Polic$ Determinin 4 la"s down principal

or fundamental #uidelines or rules.ormulates method of action.

Primaril$ Confi#ential 4 primaril" closeintimac" which insures freedom of intercourse without em!arrassment of freedom from mis#ivin#s or !etra"alson confidential matters of state

− Ar one declared to !e so !"'resident upon recommendationsof S 0Sala+ar v. Matha , 7S %7/ / .

.i !l$ Tec!nical 4 re:uires possession of technical s ill or trainin# in supreme orsuperior de#ree. ( *e los Santos v.Mallare, 87 'hil %8 )

II/ CO ISSION ON ELECTION

Composition:

• 1 chairman• 6 commissioners

B&alifications:1. natural-!orn citi2en%. at least / "ears old at the time

of appointment. colle#e de#ree holder

3. not candidate in electionimmediatel" precedin# theappointment and

/. ma=orit", includin# the chairman,must !e mem!ers of the'hilippine Dar who have !eenen#a#ed in the practice of lawfor at least 10 "ears

Term:• 7 "ears without reappointment.

+f however, the appointment was a#interim , a su!se:uent renewal of the appointment does not violate theprohi!ition on reappointments!ecause no previous appointmentwas confirmed !" the ommission on

ppointments. urthermore, thetotal term of !oth appointmentsmust not e$ceed the 7 "ear limit(Matibag vs. enapa o 5. . o.

13 0 6, pril%, %00%)Po"ers an# ,&nctions of CO ELEC:1. enforce and administer law and

re#ulations relative to conduct of elections, ple!iscite, initiative,referendum or recall

%. e$clusive ori#inal =urisdiction overall contests relatin# to election,returns and :ualifications of allelective re#ional, provincial, andcit" officials.

. C$clusive appellate =urisdiction over

all contests involvin# electivemunicipal officials decided !" & ,or involvin# elective !aran#a"officials !"


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purpose of insurin# free, orderl",honest, peaceful and credi!leelections

6. e#ister, after sufficient pu!lication,

political parties, or#ani2ations orcoalitions which must present theirplatform or pro#ram of #overnmentaccredit citi2en9s arms

7. ile upon verified complaint or motu propio petitions in court forinclusion or e$clusion of votersinvesti#ate and, where appropriate ,prosecute cases of violations of elections laws

8. ecommend to on#ress effectivemeasures to minimi2e electionspendin#, limitation of places and

prevent and penali2e all forms of election frauds, offenses,malpractice and nuisancecandidates and

. Su!mit to 'resident and on#ress,comprehensive reports on conduct of each election, ple!iscite, initiative,referendum or recall.

• &he A


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3. hairmen and


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ori#inal =urisdiction or of theirappellate =urisdiction. ( 8%3 )


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annual appropriations shall !eautomaticall" and re#ularl" released.(Sec. 13, rt *+)

- &he onstitution and 6770 (&heAm!udsman ct of 1 8 ) hasendowed the Affice of theAm!udsman with a wide latitude of investi#ator" and prosecutor" powervirtuall" free from le#islative,e$ecutive or =udicial intervention.&he Supreme ourt consistentl"refrains from interferin# with thee$ercise of its powers, and respectsthe initiative and independenceinherent in the Am!udsman who,!eholden to no one, acts as the

champion of the people and thepreserver of the inte#rit" of pu!licservice. ( Lo7uias v. 3 ice o the3mbu*sman, 5 o. 1 6, u#ust1/, %000)

- &he Am!udsman is clothed withauthorit" to conduct preliminar"investi#ation and prosecute allcriminal cases involvin# pu!licofficers and emplo"ees, not onl those within the Auris*iction o theSan*iganba an !ut those within the=urisdiction of the re#ular courts aswell. ( U v. San*iganba an, 5 o.10/ 6/-70,


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III/ ,ILIPINI;ED ACTI ilipino citi2ens orentities (read> corporations orassociations) with 6 onl" to

ilipino citi2ens or entities with 60N

− such franchise, etc., shall not !ee$clusive, nor for period lon#er

than /0 "ears and su!=ect toamendment, alteration or repeal!" on#ress all e$ecutive andmana#in# officers must !e

ilipino citi2ens.

I


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compensate t!e pri%ate entit$-o"ner of t!e sai# *&siness as t!ereis no transfer of o"ners!ip ,whether permanent or temporar".

&he private entit"-owner affected !"the temporar" ta eover cannot,

li ewise, claim =ust compensation for theuse of the said !usiness and itsproperties as the temporar" ta eover !"the #overnment is in e$ercise of itspolice po"er and not of its power of eminent domain. ( %gan vs. '+ & A, 5. .

o. 1//001, Art/ 8III31. full protection to la!or%. promotion of full emplo"ment and

e:ualit" of emplo"ment opportunit"to all

. #uarantee of ri#ht of wor ers to self-or#ani2ation

3. collective !ar#ainin# and

ne#otiations

/. peaceful concerted activitiesincludin# the ri#ht to stri e inaccordance with law

6. ri#ht to securit" of tenure

7. ri#ht to human conditions of wor8. ri#ht to participate in polic" anddecision-ma in# affectin# theirri#hts and !enef+ts.

Article 8I< : EDUCATION

Principal C!aracteristic of E#&cation"!ic! State m&st Promote an# Protect:1. :ualit" education%. afforda!le education FSec.1,

rt.*+VG. education that is relevant to the

needs of the people FSec.%(1),rt.*+VG.

Nationali e# E#&cational Acti%ities:1. ownership, e$cept those esta!lished

!" reli#ious #roups and mission!oards

%. control and administration and. student population FSec.3(%),

rt.*+VG.

Aspects of Aca#emic ,ree#om >

1. to the institution 4 to provide thatatmosphere which is most conduciveto speculation, e$perimentation andcreation

,ree#om to #etermine for itself onaca#emic ro&n#s:a. who ma" teach!. what ma" !e tau#htc. how shall it !e tau#ht andd. who ma" !e admitted to stud"

(Miriam College Boun*ation v.C%, 5 o. 1%7 0, ecem!er1/, %000)

- s part of its constitutionall"enshrined academic freedom, the?niversit" of the 'hilippines has theprero#ative to determine who ma"teach its students. &he ivil Service

ommission has no authorit" to forceit to dismiss a mem!er of its facult"even in the #uise of enforcin# ivilService ules.( UP v. Civil ServiceCommission, 5 o.1 %860, pril ,

%001)


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%. to the acult -a. freedom in research and in the

pu!lication of the results,

su!=ect to the ade:uateperformance of his otheracademic duties

!. freedom in the classroom indiscussin# his su!=ect, lesscontroversial matters which !earno relation to the su!=ect

c. freedom from institutionalcensorship or discipline, limited!" his special position in thecommunit".

. to the stu*ent - ri#ht to en=o" inschool the #uarantee of the Dill of

ri#hts ( (on v. Dames, 18/ S /% ).

Article 8overnment o the Philippine)slan*s , 3 'hil., 11).

=/ implie# consenta. when State commences liti#ation

!ecomes vulnera!le tocounterclaim ( Broilan v. Pan3riental Shipping , 5 o. -6060Sept. 0, 1 /0)

!. State enters into a !usinesscontract

?ure >estonis - !" ri#ht of economic or !usinessrelations, ma" !e sued ( US v.>uinto , 18% S 633)

?ure )mperii - !" ri#ht of soverei#n power, in thee$ercise of soverei#nfunctions. o impliedconsent ( US v. $ui+ , 1 6S 387).

c Ehen it would !e ine:uita!lefor the state to claim immunit"( %migable v. Cuenca, 3 S

60)

Scope of Consent: onsent to !e sueddoes not include consent to thee$ecution of =ud#ment a#ainst it. Suche$ecution will re:uire another waiver,!ecause the power of the court endswhen the =ud#ment is rendered, since#overnment funds and properties ma"not !e sei2ed under writs of e$ecution or#arnishment, unless such dis!ursement is

covered !" the correspondin#


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appropriation as re:uired !" law($epublic v. 9illasor, ;# SC$% 4#/.1. ?nder ct o. 08

− Ardinar" rule for e$ecution will

not appl" after mone" =ud#menta#ainst the #overnment, for theconsent to !e sued is onl" up tothe point of =ud#ment

%. ?nder a charter− not suable withoutState consent even if performin#proprietar" function incidentall"( ureau o Printing v. ureau o Printing Emplo ees %ssociation ,1 S 30).

!. performs proprietar" functions>suable ( Civil %eronautics

%*ministration v. C% , 167 S%8).

R&les Re ar#in Garnis!ment or Le%$of Go%ernment ,&n#s in Go%ernmentDepositor$:

General R&le: #overnment fundsdeposited with ' D or authori2ed

depositories cannot !e su!=ect to#arnishment.

E0ceptions > where law or ordinance has

alread" !een acted appropriatin# aspecific amount to pa" a valid#overnmental o!li#ation. ( Municipalit o San Miguel, ulacan v. Bernan*e+,5. . o. -61733. Bune %/, 1 83) funds!elon#in# to #overnment corporationswhich can sue and !e sued that aredeposited with a !an ( P( v. Pabalan,8 S / /).

R&les Re ar#in Pa$ment of Interests*$ Go%ernment in one$ ) mentsA ainst It:

General R&le > 5overnment cannot !emade to pa" interests

E0ceptions:1. eminent domain2. erroneous collection of ta$es or3. where #overnment a#rees to pa"

interest pursuant to law.

Article 8


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resolved !" the peoplein a ple!iscite ( Sec. &,

%rt. 9)) )

− +f on#ress, actin# as aonstituent ssem!l", omits

to provide for theimplementin# details,

on#ress, actin# as ae#islative ssem!l" this

time, can enact thenecessar" implementin#le#islation to fill in the #aps.()mbong v. Berrer, 5. . o.

- %3 %. Septem!er 11,1 70).

b. !" the people throu#h +nitiative 4!" a petition of at least 1%N of the total num!er of re#isteredvoters, of which ever" le#islativedistrict must !e represented !"at least N of the re#isteredvoters therein.− )nitiative 4 the power of the

people to proposeamendments to the

onstitution or to proposeand enact le#islation throu#han election called for thepurpose )n*irect )nitiative 4the e$ercise of initiative !"the people throu#h aproposition sent to on#ressor the local le#islative !od"for action (Sec %, 67 /).

− no amendment in this mannershall !e authori2ed within /"ears followin# the ratificationof this onstitution ( e!ruar" %,1 87) nor more often than onceever" / "ears.

− 67 / (S"stem of +nitiative andeferendum) does not authori2e

a s"stem of initiative to amendthe onstitution. &he law wasdeemed sufficient to cover onl"the s"stems of initiative onnational and local le#islation!ecause>• Sec. % on the Statement of

'olicies of the ct does not

su##est an initiative on themendments to theonstitution

• Sec. / of the ct does not

provide for the contents of the provision for initiative onthe onstitution

• &hat the ct does notprovide a su!-title forinitiative on the onstitutionsimpl" means that the mainthrust of the ct is initiativeand referendum on ationaland ocal aws. ( De ensor@Santiago v. Comelec , 5 o.1%7 %/,


56/95

as re#ular election. 0>on+ales v.Comelec , %1 S 773 / provided thepeople are sufficientl" informed of theamendments to !e voted upon, to

conscientiousl" deli!erate thereon, toe$press their will in a #enuine manner.

− Su!mission of piece-mealamendments is unconstitutional. llthe amendments must !e su!mittedfor ratification at one ple!isciteonl". &he people have to !e #iven aproper frame of reference in arrivin#at their decision. &he" have no idea"et of what the rest of the amendedconstitution would !e. ( :olentino v.Comelec , 5. . o. - 31/0. Acto!er16, 1 71).

− @uestions as to amendments are nowsu!=ect to Budicial review. 0Sani*a* v. Comelec, 78 S %/


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AD INISTRATI1. @uasi-le#islative or rule-ma in#

power2. @uasi-=udicial or ad=udicator" power

and3. eterminative powers.

A/ BUASI-LEGISLATI


58/95

promul#ate rules and re#ulations onmatters of their own speciali2ation.

Doctrine of Le islati%e Appro%al *$ Re-

enactment - the rules and re#ulationspromul#ated !" the properadministrative a#enc" implementin# thelaw are deemed confirmed and approved!" the e#islature when said law was re-enacted !" later le#islation or throu#hcodification. &he e#islature is presumedto have full nowled#e of the contents of the re#ulations then at the time of re-enactment.

BUASI-LEGISLATI


59/95


60/95

W!en ma#e:1. to determine constitutionalit" or

validit" of an" treat", law,ordinance, e$ecutive order, or

re#ulation%. to determine =urisdiction of an"administrative !oard, commissionor officer

. to determine an" other :uestionsof law and

3. to determine :uestions of factswhen necessar" to determineeither>a. constitutional or =urisdictional

issueb. commission of a!use of

authorit" and

c. when administrative factfindin# !od" is undul"restricted !" an error of law.

o#es of re%ie":!. Statutor"1. on-statutor" 4 inherent power of

the court to review suchproceedin#s upon :uestions of =urisdiction and :uestions of law

&. irect proceedin##. ollateral attac .

General R&le: indin#s of acts of

dministrative #encies accorded #reatwei#ht !" the ourts.E0ceptions to t!e R&le:1. factual findin#s not supported !"

evidence2. findin#s are vitiated !" fraud,

imposition or collusion3. procedure which led to factual

findin#s is irre#ular4. palpa!le errors are committed and5. #rave a!use of discretion,

ar!itrariness or capriciousness ismanifest /

• 'ran#eis Doctrine of Assimilation of ,acts ( onepurports to !e findin# of fact !utis so involved with anddependent upon a :uestion of latter,courts will review theentire case includin# the latter.law as to !e in su!stance andeffect a decision on the .


61/95

LAW ON PU'LIC O,,ICERS

I/PU'LIC O,,ICE- ri#ht, authorit" and dut" created and

conferred !" law, !" which for a#iven period, either fi$ed !" law orendurin# at pleasure of creatin#power, and individual is vested withsome soverei#n functions of #overnment to !e e$ercised !" himfor the !enefit of the pu!lic.0Bernan*e+ vs Sto :omas, % 3 S/36 /

Elements of P&*lic Office: 2LSDIP31. created !" law or ordinance

authori2ed !" law%. possess soverei#n functions of

#overnment to !e e$ercised forpu!lic interests

. functions #efined e$pressl" orimpliedl" !" law

3. functions e$ercised !" an officerdirectl" under control of law, notunder that of a superior officerunless the" are functioned conferred!" law upon inferior officers, who !"law, are under control of a superior

(duties performed independentl")and/. with permanenc" or continuit", not

temporar" or occasional.

C!aracteristics:-'u!lic office is a pu!lic trust.-'u!lic office is not propert" and isoutside the commerce of man. +t cannot!e su!=ect of a contract. 0Cru+, Law onPublic 3 icers, p.;/

II/ PU'LIC O,,ICERS

- individuals vested with pu!lic office

Classification of P&*lic Officers:1. C$ecutive, le#islative and =udicial

officers%. iscretionar" or ministerial officers

. ivil or militar" officers3. Afficers de =ure or de facto and/. ational, provincial or municipal

officials

Eli i*ilit$ an# 1&alification:

two senses>1. ma" refer to en*owments,

7ualities or attributes whichma e an individual eli#i!le forpu!lic office

2. ma" refer to the act of enterin#into performance of functions of pu!lic office.

A&t!orit$ to prescri*e 1&alification:1. when prescri!ed !" onstitution,

or*inaril exclusive , the le#islaturema" not increase or reduce:ualifications e$cept when

onstitution itself providesotherwise as when onl" minimum orno :ualifications are prescri!ed( e$>

rt *+++ Sec 17 (%), rt V+++ Sec 7 (%)onsti)

2. when office created !" statute,on#ress has #enerall" plenar"

power to prescri!e :ualification !utsuch must !e>a. germane to purpose of office

and!. not too speci ic so as to refer to

onl" one individual.III/ DE ,ACTO O,,ICERS

- one who has reputation of !ein# anofficer that he assumes to !e, and"et is not an officer in point of law.

- a person is a de facto officer wherethe duties of the office are e$ercisedunder an" of the followin#circumstances>1. Eithout a nown appointment or

election, !ut under such

circumstances of reputation orac:uiescence as were calculatedto induce people, withoutin:uir", to su!mit to or invo ehis action, supposin# him to the!e the officer he assumed to !eor

%. ?nder color of a nown and validappointment or election, !utwhere the officer has failed toconform to some precedentre:uirement or condition (e.#.,ta in# an oath or #ivin# a !ond)


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. ?nder color of a nown electionor appointment, void !ecause>a. the officer was not eli#i!le

!. there was a want of power inthe electin# or appointin#!od"

c. there was a defect orirre#ularit" in its e$ercisesuch ineli#i!ilit", want of power, or defect !ein#un nown to the pu!lic.

3. ?nder color of an election or anappointment !" or pursuant to apu!lic, unconstitutional law,!efore the same is ad=ud#ed to!e such.

(ote ere, what is unconstitutional isnot the act creating the o ice, but theact b which the o icer is appointe* toan o ice legall existing. 0(orton v.Count o Shelb /

Re1&isites:1. valid e$istin# office%. actual ph"sical possession of said

office. color of title to office

3. !" reputation or ac:uiescence/. nown or valid appointment or

election !ut officer failed toconform with le#al re:uirements

6. nown appointment or election !utvoid !ecause of ineli#i!ilit" of officer or want of authorit" of appointin# or electin# authorit" orirre#ularit" in appointment orelection not nown to pu!lic and

7. nown appointment or electionpursuant to unconstitutional law!efore declaration of unconstitutionalit".

DE )UREO,,ICER

DE ,ACTOO,,ICER

1. rests on theri#ht

1. on reputation

%. has lawful ortitle to theoffice

%. has possessionand performs theduties undercolor of ri#htwithout !ein#technicall"

:ualified in all

points of law toact

. cannot !eremoved in adirectproceedin#

. ma" !e ousted ina directproceedin#a#ainst him.

DE ,ACTOO,,ICER

INTRUDER

1. officer underan" of the 3circumstancesmentioned

1. one who ta espossession of anoffice andunderta es toact officiall"without an"

authorit", eitheractual orapparent

%. has color of ri#ht or title tooffice

%. has neitherlawful title norcolor of ri#ht ortitle to office

. acts are valid asto the pu!l icuntil such time

as his title tothe office isad=ud#edinsufficient

. acts area!solutel" voidand can !e

impeached inan" proceedin#at an" timeunless and untilhe continues toact for so lon# atime as to afforda presumption of his ri#ht to act

3. entitled tocompensationfor servicesrendered

3. not entitled tocompensation

Le al Effects of Acts- valid insofar as the" affect the

pu!licEntitlement to SalariesGeneral R&le > ri#htful incum!ent ma"

recover from *e acto officer salar"received !" latter durin# time of wron#ful tenure even thou#h latteris in #ood faith and under color of title .0Monro v. C%, %0 S 6%0/

E0ception: when there is no *e Aure

pu!lic officer, de facto officerP OLITICAL L AW C OMMITTEE CHAIRPERSON : Jonathan Mangundayao A SST . C HAIRPERSON : Andre Jacobo EDP: Shantel Aceret M EM ERS : Je!


Joy abala


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entitled to salaries for period whenhe actuall" dischar#ed functions.(Civil Liberties Union v. Exec. Sec.,1 3 S 17)

C!allen e to a De ,acto Officer: must !ein a direct proceedin# where the titlewill !e the principal issue

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recommendin# authorit" or of the ( )chief of the !ureau or office or of the (3) persons e$ercisin# immediatesupervision over him. relative is

one within the rd

de#ree either of consan#uinit" or affinit"


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Pre%enti%e S&spension- a precautionar" measure so

that an emplo"ee who is formall"

char#ed of an offense ma" !e separatedfrom the scene of his alle#edmisfeasance while the same is !ein#investi#ated ( autista v. Peralta , 18S %% )

- need not !e preceded !" priornotice and hearin# since it is not apenalt" !ut onl" a preliminar" step in anadministrative investi#ation ( Lastimosav. 9as7ue+ , %3 S 3 7)

- the period of preventive suspension

cannot !e deducted from whateverpenalt" ma" !e imposed upon the errin#officer ( CSC $esolution (o. "a. b whom 4 the proper

disciplinin# authorit" ma"preventivel" suspend

!. against whom 4 an" su!ordinateofficer or emplo"ee under suchauthorit"

c. when 4 pendin# an investi#ation

d. groun*s 4 if the char#e a#ainstsuch officer or emplo"eeinvolves>i. dishonest"

ii. oppression or #ravemisconductiii. ne#lect in the performance

of dut" oriv. if there are reasons to

!elieve that respondent is#uilt" of the char#es whichwould warrant his removalfrom the service

e. *uration 4 the administrativeinvesti#ation must !e terminatedwithin 0 da"s otherwise, therespondent shall !e

automaticall" reinstated unlessthe dela" in the disposition of the case is due to the fault,ne#li#ence or petition of therespondent, in which case theperiod of dela" shall not !ecounted in computin# the periodof suspension.

% Presi*ential %ppointeea. can onl" !e investi#ated and

removed from office after duenotice and hearin# !" the'resident of the 'hilippinesunder the principle that Hthepower to remove is inherent inthe power to appointI as can !eimplied from Sec. /, . .%%60(9illalu+ v. al*ivar , 1/ S710).

!. the Presi*ential Commission %gainst >ra t an* Corruption(' 5 ) shall have the power toinvesti#ate administrativecomplaints a#ainst presidentialappointees in the e$ecutivedepartment of the #overnment,includin# 5A s char#ed with#raft and corruption involvin#one or a com!ination of thefollowin# criteria>i. presidential appointees with

the ran e:uivalent to orhi#her than an ssistant

e#ional irectorii. amount involved is at least

'10


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iii. those which threaten#rievous harm or in=ur" tothe national interest and

iv. those which ma" !e assi#ned

to it !" the 'resident ( E.3.(o. !;! and !;!@%).%. Electi%e Officials: (Sec 6&, $.%.'!6< )

a. b whom I agains

Documents

Political-Law-Reviewer San Beda.pdf