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State an independent political unit occupying a defined, populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. Nation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Political Geography (Nation/State)
State an independent
political unit occupying a defined, populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs.
Nation is a group of people
with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs
Relationships between Nations and States
Nation-State State that has a
distinct nation, ex. Japan
Relationships between Nations and States
multinational state A state with many
nations within. Ex. Canada
Relationships between Nations and States
part-nation state A single nation that is dispersed and
predominant in two or more states.Ex. Arab Nation
Relationships between Nations and States
stateless nation A people without a
state and are not dominant in any state.
Ex. Kurds
Korea: One State or Two?
Korea
A colony of Japan for many yearsDivided into two occupation zones after
WW II (USSR-North, U.S.-South)Country divided along the 38th parallelN. Korea invaded S. Korea in 1950This started a 3 year war. Border stayed
the same as before the war.
Korea
Both countries want to reunite.Talks ceased with N. Korea development
of nuclear power.In 1992 both countries were admitted to
the UN as separate countries.
China and Taiwan: One state or two?
China and Taiwan
Is the Island of Taiwan a sovereign state?
Until 1999 both agreed that Taiwan was part of China
Civil War fought in late 1940’s between Communists and Nationalists.
Nationalists lost, fled to Taiwan.
China and Taiwan
Until 1971, the U.S. recognized the Nationalists as the official govt. of China
Taiwan is the most populous state not in the United Nations
Largest States
Russia (11% world’s land area)ChinaCanadaUnited StatesBrazil
Smallest States (Microstates)
Monaco (Smallest in the UN, .6 sq. mi)Most are islands and sovereign
What is the largest landmass not part of a sovereign state?
Antarctica
Antarctica: National Claims
Fig. 8-2: Antarctica is the only large landmass that is not part of a state, but several countries claim portions of it.
History of States
Modern movement to divide the world into states originated in Europe.
Can be traced to Middle East and Fertile Crescent
City-states were the first states to evolveWalls established the boundaries of the
city, the country side grew food for city.
History of States (Europe)
Ancient world political unity was at its height during the Roman Empire
Collapsed in 5th Century A.D.European portion divided into estatesConsolidation of estates by kings formed
the first states (England, France, and Spain)
Germany and Italy, 19th Century
Colonies
A colony is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.
European Colonialism
European States controlled much of the world through colonialism
3 ReasonsPromote ChristianityColonies provide resourcesNumber of colonies = power
God, Gold, and Glory
History of Colonialism
Began in 1400s and discovered N. America
From 1776 – 1824 European Powers lost most of their colonies in W. Hemisphere
European powers then focused on Africa and Asia
Imperialism v. Colonialism
Colonization of Africa/Asia is referred to as Imperialism
Imperialism is control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society, whereas colonialism is control of previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land
Largest Colonial Powers
United Kingdom had the largest colonial empire. “Sun never set” on their empire.
France had the second-largest overseas territory.
Colonial Practices (France)
France attempted to assimilate colonies into French culture.
France tried to educate an elite group to provide local leadership
After independence a lot of French colonies retained close ties with France.
Colonial Practices (The U.K.)
The British created different governments for different territories
This protected the diverse cultures and local customs.
Most British colonies made peaceful transition to independence
The Few Remaining colonies
Most Populous Colony—Puerto RicoOne half of population wants to be a state
and one half wants to remain a commonwealth of the U.S.
Pitcairn is the least (U.K.)This is the island settled by mutineers from
the ship Bounty54 people, 2 sq. mi.
Boundaries and DisputesBoundaries and Disputes
WORLD ISSUESWORLD ISSUES
Five Basic Shapes of States
CompactProruptedElongatedFragmentedPerforted
Compact
Efficient to govern Distance from center to
boundary does not vary Beneficial to small states;
easy to set up communication systems if capital is in center
Examples: Rwanda and Uganda
Prorupted
Compact state with a large projecting extension
Can provide access to a resource
Separate two states that would share a boundary
Example: Caprivi strip in Namibia
Elongated
Regions can be separated from capital
Country may have poor communications
Ex. include Chile and Norway
Fragmented
State that has several discontinuous pieces of territory.
2 types Separated by water
and separated by another state.
Tin Bigha corridor (Fragment)
Perforted
A state that completely surrounds another state.
Lesotho is surrounded by S. Africa
Landlocked states
Lacks a direct outlet to the sea.Most common in Africa, 14 states are
landlockedOcean access is critical, international
trade.Landlocked states must work with
neighboring states to transport goods to the ocean.
Types of boundaries
PhysicalGeometricCultural
Physical Boundaries
Use physical features to establish boundary. Mountains Deserts Bodies of water, rivers.
Geometric Boundaries
Lines drawn on maps that follow specific lines of latitude or longitude.
Cultural Boundaries
Religious boundaries Used in dividing Ireland and Pakistan/India
Language Boundaries European countries set main boundaries based
on language. Ex. France, Germany, and Italy.
May also classify boundary when boundary was made.
Antecedent boundary—drawn before an area becomes populated.
Subsequent boundary—drawn after the cultural landscape has been developed.
Consequent boundary is a type of subsequent boundary that is drawn to accommodate differences within a state.
Subsequent superimposed boundaries—boundaries forced on a country by a conquering or colonizing power.
What are the government responsibilities inside a state?
establishes the legal codewhat kind of currency will be usedmay have to join army speak a common languagekind of religion that is taught in school
Two types of states.
1. Unitary: Highly centralized governments, few internal cultural contrasts, strong sense of national identity, borders are cultural as well as political.
2. Federal: Associations with provinces or states and the states have strong regional govt. responsibilities. Capital city was created to serve as an administration center.
The trend is for countries to have a federal government.
Boundary Disputes
1. Positional disputes: When states disagree about the interpretations of documents that define a boundary. Usually arise when the boundary is antecedent.
2. Territorial dispute: These arise when a boundary has been superimposed and divides a ethnic population.
Boundary Disputes (Cont.)
3. Resource disputes: Disagree to the resources and their use in boundary areas.
4. Functional disputes: arise when neighboring states disagree over policies applied to boundaries. Usually over the issue of land use or immigration.