Policy Audit Topic: Environmental Remediation and Health

8/7/2019 Policy Audit Topic: Environmental Remediation and Health

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PHASEONE:RESEARCHANDPRIORPOLICYAUDITT

ENVIRONMENTALREMEDIATIONANDHE

DECEM


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PHASEONE:RESEARCHANDPRIORITIES

AUDITORGANIZATIONENVIRONMENTALREMEDIATIONANDHEALTH

TABLEOFCONTENTS

OBJECTIVESANDPRIORITIES

OBJECTIVES

GUIDINGPRINCIPLES

SYNERGIES

METHODOLOGY

APPROACH

DATACOLLECTIONSOURCES

EXISTINGCONDITIONSANDTRENDS

POLICIES/PLANNINGINITIATIVES

EXISTINGCONDITIONS

DATARELATIONSHIPS/FINDINGS

PRECEDENTSANDBENCHMARKS

REMEDIATIONPRECEDENTS

PRELIMINARYFINDINGSANDCONCLUSIONSOPPORTUNITIES/CHALLENGES

THEMATICDEVELOPMENT

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

2

2.1

2.2

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

4

4.1

55.1

5.2


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1.OBJECTIVESANDPRIOR


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POLICYAUDITTOPIC: ENVIRONMENTALREMEDIATIONANDHEALTH


1.1 Objectives

REMEDIATION SEEKS TO UNDERSTAND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

FACTORS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND COMMUNITY HEALTH.

Environment

Education

Economics

Ethnicity

SOURCE:DetroitHealthandWellnessDepartment

1.1

THE FOUR Es PARADIGMAsadiscipline, publichealthrevolvesaroundaseriesofpoliciesandactions

designedto:

Protectagainst environmentalhazards

Promotehealthybehaviors

Preventepidemicsandthespreadofdisease

Preventinjuries

Respondtodisasters

Assurethequalityandaccessibilityofhealthcare

Theremediationpolicyauditandresultingopportunitiesandchallengesare

gearedtoaddressingthefollowing

Protectingagainstenvironmentalhazards

Promotinghealthybehaviors

ThisapproachreflectsaparadigmofpublichealthembracedbytheCityof

DetroitHealthandWellnessPromotionthatthefourinterrelatedsocial

determinantsofEducation,Economics,EnvironmentandEthnicitystrongly

influencecommunityandindividualhealthoutcomes.


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PROXIMITY TO BROWNFIELD SITES IS A

HEALTH RISK.

WhilemanyfactorsaffectthehealthofCityofDetroitresidents,analysis

historicandcurrentlandusesindicatesthatproximitytobrownfieldsitesmajorenvironmentalpollutionsourcesraisessignificantenvironmentalju

concernsintheCityofDetroit.

Alongwithbrownfields,nearbyactivepointsourcepollutersorcumulativ

exposuretoirritantsintheenvironmentcancompromisepublichealtha

disproportionatelynegativeimpactsforsomeneighborhoodsinthecity.

Thegoalofremediationisto:

defineamethodologytoanalyzeandassessenvironmentalhealththr

developcriteriaforprioritizingthecleanupofsites

identifyasuiteofavailableremediationtoolsbasedonthetypeofthrandsiteconditions

supportanoverallframeworktoguidefuturelandusepolicydecisionregardingindustrialpreservation, landremediation, andopenspace

conversion

SOURCE:AECOM

1.2

HousesincloseproximitytoindustrialusesarecommoninSouthwestDetroit


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1.2 Guiding Principles

GOALS OF STAKEHOLDER ORGANIZATIONS VARY FROM SITE-SPECIFIC

REMEDIATION TO BROADER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CAPACITY-BUILDING

THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL REFORM.

SOUTHWEST DETROIT

ENVIRONMENTAL VISION:

improvetheenvironmentandstrengthentheeconoofSouthwestDetroit

promotecommunityorganizing,advocacy,educatio

andredevelopmenteffortswithafocusonaddressiairquality,abandonedbuildings,illegal dumping,

transportation,recycling,andlanduse

DETROITERS WORKING FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

(DWEJ):

addressthedisproportionateburdensfacedbypeopleofcolorandlowincomeresidentsinenvironmentally

distressedneighborhoods

empowerindividuals,communitiesandcommunity

organizations toeducate,advocateandorganizefor

cleaner,healthiercommunitiesandenvironments

promoteeconomicalternativeswhichwouldcontributetothedevelopmentofenvironmentallysafelivelihoods

REMEDIATION OFTEN

EMBRACES BROADER SOCIAL

AND ECONOMIC JUSTICE

ISSUES.

Variousstate,countyandcityagencies,aswellascommunitygroupsactivelyadvocateforenvironmental

interventionstoimprovepublichealthoutcomesforDetroit

residents.Theirgoalsrangefromtargetedsiteremediation

tospureconomicdevelopmenttotheleveragingof

environmentaljusticeasaplatformtopromotebroader

socialandeconomicequalityforresidents.

SOURCE:DetroitersWorkingForEnvironmentalJustice,SouthwestDetroitEnvironmentalVision

1.2


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1.2 Guiding Principles

GOALS OF STAKEHOLDER ORGANIZATIONS VARY FROM SITE-SPECIFIC

REMEDIATION TO BROADER SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CAPACITY-BUILDING

THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL REFORM.

MICHIGAN ENVIRONMENTALCOUNCIL PRIORITIES:

implementthestatesenvironmentaljusticeplan

promotefairnessandequalityinthedevelopment,implementation andenforcementofenvironmentall

planatransitionfromthetrashburningincineratorinDetroittoaplanthatmoreadequatelyprotects

residentshealththroughrecyclingandwastereduct

assistinturningcontaminatedbrownfieldsintogreeneconomicdevelopmentopportunities

supportenlightenedfoodpoliciesthathelpfarmersagrocerstoprovideresidentswithaccesstolocalfood

promoteparksandothersafe,healthyopenspacesthelpkeeplocalairandwatercleanandmake

neighborhoodsattractive

DETROIT DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH AND WELLNESS

PROMOTION:

promotehealthyandsafelifestylesandenvironments

forchildren,families andcommunitiesoftheCityofDetroit

DETROIT BROWNFIELD

REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

(DBRA):

promotetherevitalization ofenvironmentallydistressedandblightedareas


ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS:

conserveandprotectthenaturalresourcesoftheCityof

Detroit

promoteimprovedsocialandeconomicconditions protectlimitedenvironmentalresources

encourageandpromotesustainableeconomic

development

SOURCE:DetroitHealthandWellness,DetroitDepartmentOfEnvironmentalAffairs,DetroitBrownfieldRedevelopmentAuthority, MichiganEnvironmentalCouncil

1.2


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REMEDIATION SHOULD WORK IN

CONCERT WITH OTHER PLAN INITIAT

TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMY AND BU

SOCIAL CAPACITY, AS WELL AS CLEANENVIRONMENT.

Basedonasynthesisofstakeholdergoalsandpriorities,aswellasongo

concernsoverpublichealthinequities, remediationshouldfocusonbui

social,economicandphysicalhealthofthecommunity.

Thisphilosophyisshowninthediagram ontheleftdevelopedbyDetroiWorkingforEnvironmentalJustice.

SOURCE:DetroitersWorkingforEnvironmental Justice

1.2

Advocacy

EducationEconomic

Development


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SOURCE:SynergyMatrix

1.3

PlanElements Neighborhoods OpenSpace/Ecology/UrbanAg EnvironmentalRemediation

LandUse/Zoning

Compatibleuses Openspaceasorganizing

framework

Neighborhoods

Neighborhoodanchors;access

tohealthylifestylechoices

Publichealthinterventions

throughsiteremediation

OpenSpace/Ecology/UrbanAg

Parkandrecusestailoredtothe

neighborhoods

EnvironmentalRemediation

Efficientreuseoflandandthe

builtenvironment.Dealingwith

effectsofdemolition.

Transportation

Accesstomultiplemodesof

transportation;walkability

Nonmotorizedmobilityoptions

Infrastructure

Accesstoutilities; conditionof

thepublicrightofway

Greeninfrastructure Cleanertechnologies;Green

remediation

PublicServices

Publicsafety,neighborhood

services

Maintenance;public/private

partnerships

UrbanForm/Identity

EconomicDevelopment

Smallbusinesses, large

employers

Landbankingandreuse

strategies;greenenergy

production

Landbanking&reuse

strategies;Siteremediation;

Remediationtraining

1.3 Synergies

REMEDIATION CAN COMPLEMENT AND SUPPORT OTHER PLAN RESOURCE

AREAS, PARTICULARLY OPEN SPACE AND URBAN AGRICULTURE, AS WELL AS

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE.


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2.METHODOL


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METHODOLOGY

POOR HEALTH PROFILES CAN INDIC

THE POSSIBLE EXPOSURE OF CITY

RESIDENTS TO ENVIRONMENTAL RIS

TheanalysisreliesonvarioushealthindicatorstodetermineifCityo

residentsexperiencepoorhealthoutcomesrelativetootherpartso

metropolitanregionorstate.

Ahealthindicatorisacharacteristic ofanindividualorpopulationth

bemeasuredandusedtodescribeoneormoreaspectsofhealth.

Theindicatorsshowntotheleftwerechosenbecausetheseillnesseresultfromoverallenvironmentalconditionsandthesocialandphy

settingsinwhichindividualslive.

SOURCE:AECOM

2.1

Asthmarates/respiratoryillnessrates

Elevatedleadlevelsinblood

Diabetesrates

Heartdisease

rates

Isthereacomparatively

poorhealthoutcomefor

cityresidents?


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METHODOLOGY

MAPPING NEIGHBORHOOD-LEVEL HEALTH

DATA ALONG WITH HISTORIC AND EXISTIN

LAND USES COULD HIGHLIGHT POTENTIA

LINKS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTHAZARDS AND ILLNESSES.

Theanalysisoverlayshealthindicatordatawithpossiblesourcesof environment

hazardstoillustrateiftherearespatial relationshipsbetweenillnessratesandlan

Sourcesofenvironmentalpollutioncanincludehistoricindustrialactivity,suchas

smelters,

current

facilities

with

known

toxic

releases,

brownfield

sites

that

could

hazardousconditions,androadwayswithmajortrucktraffic.

Itshouldbenotedthattheproximityofcertainareastobrownfieldsitesorknow

sourcepollutersdoesnotimplyadefinitivecausalrelationship.Themapsareme

illustrategeneralpatternsandtohelpguidetheanalysistowardthoseareasthat

requiremorestudyandassessment.

Theillnessesanalyzedalsooftenhaveothersocialandeconomiccauses,suchas

unhealthylifestylechoicesandlackofaccesstogoodfoodandfitnessoptions.Th

relatedissuesareaddressed aspartoftheecologyandurbanagriculturesection

SOURCE:AECOM

2.1

Mappingofcurrentandhistoricindustrialsitesanduses,andpossiblepollutionsources(ToxicReleaseInventory(TRI),CERCLA/Superfundsites,

USTs),majorhighways,incinerator

Istheredisproportionate

exposuretoanenvironmentalhealthhazard?


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METHODOLOGY

POSSIBLE REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES VARY

FROM SITE SPECIFIC CLEAN-UP TO LESS

COSTLY, ALTERNATIVE GREEN PRACTICES.

Theanalysisoverlayshealthindicatordataandpossiblesourcesof environment

hazardswithotherlandusedata,includingnaturalfeatures,vacantlands,andv

industrialclustersandcorridors.Thepurposeofthismappingistobegintonarro

choiceofpossibleremediationstrategiesforpartsofthecitythatexperience

disproportionatelypoorhealthoutcomes.

Someofthestrategiesasdescribedlaterinclude:

permanentprotectionofcontaminatedsiteswithhighpublichealthrisksas

greenbeltoropenspaceinventory

theuseofgreenremediationandtransitional landusestrategiestoremed

withlowerhealthrisksandlimitedshorttermeconomicdevelopmentpote

creationofgreenbufferstoreduceexposurefromknownpollutionsources

useofcleanertechnologiesoralternativeinfrastructuretoreducehazardou

exposure

SOURCE:AECOM

2.1

Conventionalsiteremediation

Alternativegreenremediation

Openspacebuffers

Cleanertechnologies

Policychanges

Healthycommunitydesign

Whataretheappropriate

environmental

interventions?


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METHODOLOGY

Theanalysisreliesonavarietyoffederalandstateresourcesaslistedbelowtodevelophealthindicatorsandidentifypossibleenvironmentalhazards.Themost

effectivedataresultfromtheongoingcollectionandanalysiseffortsoflocal

agencieswithintheCityofDetroit.

OngoingindustriallandsurveyconductedaspartoftheDetroitWorksProject EnvironmentalAffairsBrownfieldsGISDatabase DetroitDepartmentofHealthandWellnessPromotion illnessandmortality

rate

data

DetroitersWorkingforEnvironmentalJustice GreenTaskForce DetroitBrownfieldRedevelopmentAuthority SustainableDetroit WayneCountyDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices EcologyCenter MichiganDepartmentofNaturalResourcesandEnvironment MichiganDepartmentofCommunityHealth USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency CommunityActionAgainstAsthmaandHealthyEnvironmentsPartnership part

oftheDetroitCommunityAcademicUrbanResearchCenter(URC)

UniversityofMichiganBrownfieldsstudyinSouthwestDetroit SouthwestDetroitEnvironmentalVision

SOURCE:EnvironmentalProtectionAgency

2.2

2.1 Data Collection Sources

HEALTH INDICATORS AND POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ARE

DOCUMENTED THROUGH LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL SOURCES.


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METHODOLOGY

OTHER SOCIAL, DEMOGRAPHIC , AND ECONOM

FACTORS THAT AFFECT COMMUNITY HEALTH.

Althoughexposuretospecificenvironmentalhazardsactsasamajorcomponentinthedis

ratesanalyzedearlier,theseillnessesalsocorrespondwithothersocial,demographic,and

economicfactorsthataffectindividualhealth.HealthdisparitiesinDetroitstemfrombroa

causessuchas:

1. Differencesinsocioeconomicstatus2. Immediatephysicalsurroundings

3. Highconcentrationsofvulnerablepopulationswithanincreasedlikelihoodofillnesses

Socioeconomiccontextcanrenderindividualsmorepronetohealthrisksandalsolessable

obtaintohealthcareonceill.Studies,forexample,consistentlycitetherelationshipbetwe

socioeconomicstatusandcardiovasculardisease(CVD)andmortality.Originallymorecom

amongtheaffluent,CVDhasgraduallybecomemorecommoninlowersocioeconomicgro

thelast50years.Similarly,obesityanddiabetesnowoftencorrelatewithlowersocioecono

status.

Individualsmayalsobemorevulnerabletocumulativehealthrisksbecauseoftheirimmed

physicalsurroundings.Theageandconditionofhousinganditsinfrastructure(specifically

ofpipesorthepresenceofleadbasedpaint)canexposeresidents,particularlychildren,to

leadlevels.

SomeDetroitneighborhoodsmayalsohaveparticularlyhighconcentrationofpopulations

increasedlikelihoodofillnessesorwithspecialhealthcareneeds,suchasseniorcitizensochildren.

Thecomplexityoffactorsaffectingindividualandoverallcommunityhealthsuggestthene

multiprongedapproachthataddresseseducation,outreach,economicsecurity,andhealth

accessalongwithtraditional remediationmethods.

SOURCE:DetroitCollaborative DesignCenter

2.2

Housing

condition

and

structure

age

can

also

correlate

with

health

outcomes

such

as

elevated

lead

levels

in

children


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METHODOLOGY

DATA METRICS INCLUDE BOTH MEASURES

PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL

QUALITY.

Baselineandtrenddataforratesofillnessesassociatedwithexposuretoenviron

toxins:

Trenddataforelevatedleadlevelsinchildren Asthmaratesandhospitalizations Cancerdeaths Birthdefects

Thedensityofmajorpollutionpointsources,suchasToxicReleaseInventory

Airqualitydata

Waterqualitydata

Soilsdata

Acresoflandinremediationorconversion

Theabilitytoquantifyandrankenvironmentalquality,suchaspersondaysinex

airqualitystandardsasshownontheleft,enablescomparativeanalysisandthe

monitoringofconditions.

SOURCE:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency

2.2

Rank CountyPerson Days in Excess of

Air Quality Standards

1 WAYNE 54,777,006

2 MACOMB 12,209,220

3 OAKLAND 7,247,214

4 KENT 5,904,170

5 GENESEE 4,422,5006 WASHTENAW 2,031,372

7 ST.CLAIR 1,352,504

8 OTTAWA 1,246,955

9 INGHAM 1,128,120

10 BERRIEN 976,596

11 KALAMAZOO 968,440

12 MUSKEGON 865,450

13 ALLEGAN 772,317

14 LENAWEE 503,930

15 CLINTON 270,436

16 CASS 256,925

17 HURON 176,080

18 BENZIE 119,546

19 MASON 114,740

20 MISSAUKEE 30,378


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3. EXISTINGCONDITIONSANDTRE


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3.1 Policies/Planning Initiatives

COMMUNITY, CITY, STATE AND FEDERAL PROGRAMS PROMOTE A RANGE O

PUBLIC HEALTH AND REMEDIATION INITIATIVES.

GREEN TASK FORCE:

GreenTaskForceformedtoadvisethecouncilongr

principlesandpractices

NonMotorizedTransit

UrbanAgriculture GreenBuilding/Deconstruction

SustainabilityPolicy/Climate ActionPlan

Youth

GreenJobs/GreenBusiness

Water

DETROIT DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH AND WELLNESS

PROMOTION:

recentstudycompletedbytheDepartmentin

cooperation

with

DPS

has

focused

on

linking

lead

exposureandperformanceinschool

currentsurveyofDetroiters(3000individuals)toevaluateandunderstandhealthhabits(exercise,eating

habits,etc);surveyongoingwithexpected completion

inmid2011


ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS:

EnvironmentalAffairs(EA)isdevelopingageographic

informationsystem(GIS)andBrownfieldDatabaseto

mapenvironmentalassessmentsandredevelopments

throughoutthecity

includesPhaseIIESADataSoilSampling&Analysis

usedSiteAssessmentGrantFundstoconductenvironmentalsiteassessmentsthroughout

theFarEastsideProjectarea

intendedasatrackingtoolfordevelopers,

communityandpublicandprivateentities. EnvironmentalAffairsisseekingEPAgrantstoconduct

comprehensivecommunityassessmentsof

environmentalhazardsinthecity

TheDepartmentisalsoadvocatingforincreased

notificationofnearbyhomeownerswhenmajor

industrialdevelopmentsareproposed

SOURCE:DetroitHealthandWellness,DetroitDepartmentOfEnvironmentalAffairs,GreenTaskForce

3.1


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DECEM






SOUTHWEST DETROITENVIRONMENTAL VISION:

seekstoimproveenvironmentalconditionsinSouthwestDetroitthroughcommunityadvocacy,

education,andredevelopmenteffortsfocusedonai

quality,abandonedbuildings,illegal dumping,

transportation,recycling,andlanduse.

COMMUNITY ACTION

AGAINST ASTHMA AND

HEALTHY ENVIRONMENTS

PARTNERSHIP:

collectsinformationonthequalityoftheindoorandoutdoorairinSouthwestandEastsideDetroitand

examinesrelationshipsairquality(particulatematter

andozone),lungfunctioning,andasthmasymptoms

children

LEAD POISONINGREDUCTION:

Thecityandstatehaveaveryactivesetofinitiatives toreducetheincidenceofleadpoisoninginchildren

LeadPoisoningPreventionandControl

Program LeadEliminationActionProgram

CHILDHELPLeadHazardReductionProgram

ChildhoodLeadPoisoningPreventionProgram

LeadPoisoningResearchatWayneStateUniversity'sCenterforUrbanStudies

BROWNFIELDREDEVELOPMENT:

Stateandcityprogramsareinplacetofacilitate

brownfieldredevelopment

MichiganDepartmentofEnvironmentalQualityandCleanMichiganInitiative (CMI)

DetroitBrownfieldRedevelopmentAuthorityprovidesincentivesinthecitytorevitalize

underdevelopedorunderutilizedproperty

SOURCE:DetroitHealthandWellness,MichiganDepartmentofEnvironmentalQuality

3.1.1


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DETROIT RIVER-WESTERNLAKE ERIE BASIN INDICATOR

PROJECT:

CompilesecosystemindicatorsfromtheDetroitRiveWesternLakeEriebasin,includingcontaminantsinf

coastalwetlandloss,reproductivesuccessofthreatenedandendangeredspecies,urbansprawl,

usechangesand pollutantemissions

.

SUSTAINABLE DETROIT:

Informationgatewayaboutsustainability effortsaround

Detroit

DETROIT WATER & SEWERAGEDEPARTMENT

DWSDmaintainsaWaterQualityCommitment/Policy toensuresafedrinkingwaterforitscustomers

DETROITERS WORKING FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE:

DetroitersWorkingforEnvironmentalJusticeformedto

addressthedisproportionatehealthimpactsof

environmentallydistressedneighborhoods

BuildUpDetroit(BUD)Project

GreenJobsTrainingProgram

YouthonPatrolAgainstPollution

CommunityHazardsAwarenessTraining

Seminars(CHATS)

HomeInterventionTeam(HIT)

DetroitSustainabilityCenter

SOURCE:DetroitersWorkingForEnvironmentalJustice,SustainableDetroit

3.1.2


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DECEM



Aninitial stepinidentifyingdisparitiesinhealthoutcomesistocreate

overallprofileforCityofDetroitresidentsrelativetoWayneCountyaStateofMichigan.

2008datafromtheMichiganDepartmentofCommunityHealthindica

citydeathratesforcancer,heartdiseaseanddiabetesexceedcounty

rates.

Researchindicatesthatenvironmentalexposure,aswell associaland

economic

factors,

including

lifestyle

and

food

choices,

can

contribute

tillnesses.

Thefollowingslidesmorecloselyexaminespecificconditions,includin

chronicrespiratoryconditionsandelevatedbloodlevelsinchildren.

SOURCE:MICHIGANDEPARTMENTOFCOMMUNITYHEALTH

3.2

LEADINGCAUSESOFDEATHRATES 2008

CityofDetroit

Wayne

County

State of

Michigan

Total 1,036.9 921.4 810.3

HeartDisease 329.1 277.9 220.5

Cancer 213.6 198.9 185.4

ChronicLowerRespiratoryDiseases 33.3 46.4 48.0Stroke 50.0 43.7 42.3

UnintentionalInjuries 38.1 34.5 35.3

DiabetesMellitus 31.0 27.4 25.3

Alzheimer'sDisease 9.3 14.5 24.6

Pneumonia/Influenza 24.3 20.6 17.0

KidneyDisease 23.7 19.3 15.1

IntentionalSelfharm(Suicide) 9.3 10.5 11.5

Note:Ratesareper100,000.

3.2 Existing Conditions

HEALTH INDICATORS REFLECT AN INCREASED RISK AMONG CITY OF

DETROIT RESIDENTS FOR DISEASES WITH ENVIRONMENTAL LINKS.

POLICY AUDIT TOPIC ENVIRONMENTALREMEDIATION AND HEALTH


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DETROIT RESIDENTS, PARTICULARL

CHILDREN, EXPERIENCE UNUSUAL

HIGH RATES OF ASTHMA AND

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY CONDITIO

Asthmaisachroniclungconditioncharacterizedbyinflammation

airways.,whichobstructs airflow. Anepidemiologyofstudyofast

MichigandescribesDetroitastheepicenteroftheasthmaburden

DetroitexperiencesthehighestratesofasthmainMichigan,es

amongits

children

PrevalenceofasthmaamongDetroitadultsis50%higherthanMichiganoverall

RatesofasthmahospitalizationinDetroitarethreetimeshighe

thatofMichiganasawhole

InDetroit,recentasthmahospitalizationratesforblackpersons

overtwotimeshigherthanthatforwhitepersons

Cityhealthdatafrom2007indicatehighmortalityratesforchroni

respiratorydiseasesinthe48214,48217,48208and48221zipcod

SOURCE:CityofDetroitHealthandWellnessPromotion

3.2

POLICY AUDIT TOPIC : ENVIRONMENTALREMEDIATION AND HEALTH


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DECEM



ASTHMA AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY

CONDITIONS ARE COSTLY TO TREAT.

AccordingtoThePriceofPollution:CostEstimatesofEnvironmentRelatedChildhoodDise

Michigan,astudyconductedbyMichiganNetworkforChildrensEnvironmentalHealthan

EcologyCenter,theaveragecostofanasthmahospitalizationinMichiganin2009forchild

17years)was$7,332.ThedirectannualcostsofhospitalizationsduetoasthmainMichiga

estimatedat$31.71million.

AccordingtothestudyEpidemiologyofAsthmainMichiganconductedbytheMichigan

DepartmentofCommunityHealthandtheUniversityofMichigan,theratesofasthma

hospitalizationinDetroitandMichiganfrom200to2006 areconsistentovertime,withn

distinguishabletrend.

SOURCE:EpidemiologyofAsthmainMichigan

3.2



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SOUTHWEST DETROIT EXPERIENC

HIGH CONCENTRATION OF

POTENTIALLY TOXIC RELEASES.

EnvironmentalhealthspecialistsattheKarmanosCancerInstitute

Detroitcitealinkbetweenenvironmentalpollutantsandcancersa

andrespiratorydisorders.

UniversityofMichiganresearchers,fundedbyagrantfromtheKre

Foundation,recentlyassessedthetoxicburdenforeachzipcodei

StateofMichigan.Thestudycompiled EnvironmentalProtectionA

dataonselfreportedtypesandamountsofpollutantsemittedfrofacilities.Tocreateatoxicityscore,theresearchersmultiplied poll

amounts bytheirrelativetoxicityandthenusedairmodelingto

determinehowmuchpollutionfallsinanarea.

Theanalysisincludesthemostcommonairtoxinsgeneratedbyin

metroDetroit,includingmanganese,diisocyanates,sulfuricacid,n

trimethylbenzene,chromium,lead,hydrochloricacid,glycolether

chlorine

and

cobalt.

These

toxins

can

threaten

health

through

developmentalimpairments,cardiovascularrisk,cancerrisk,respi

conditionsandneurologicalconditions.

SOURCE:EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandUniversityofMichiganprofessorsPaulMohai,ByoungSukKweon,SangyunLee,KerryArd.

3.2



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DECEM



SOUTHWEST DETROIT EXPERIENCES A HIGH

CONCENTRATION OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC RELEASES

2576 StateshighesttoxicityburdenscoreinSouthwestDetroit

974. Toxicity score in zip code 48211

56 Statesaveragetoxicityburdenscore

18 Statesmediantoxicityburdenscore

SOURCE:EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandUniversityofMichiganprofessorsPaulMohai,ByoungSukKweon,SangyunLee,KerryArd.

3.2

Note:Toxicityscoreisthequantityoftoxicmaterialsreleasedtimestheirtoxicitylevel



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DECEM


THE DETROIT INCINERATOR IS THE

LARGEST WASTE FACILITY IN THE WORL

NumerousstudiesalsocitetheGreaterDetroitResourceRecoveryFacilitya

majorsourceofNitrogenOxidesNOxemissions.Thefacility canburnupto

tonsofgarbagedailyandreleaseupto2,251tons(4.5Mpounds)ofregula

pollutantsannually.

DepartmentofCommunityHealthstatisticsshowthatchildrenlivingneart

incineratorintheI94/I75corridorarehospitalized forrespiratoryconditio

threetimestherateofthestateaverage.

AsofOctober2010,thefacilityhasceasedoperationsduetoalapseinthewithDetroitThermal,whichpurchasedsteamproducedattheincinerator.

Energy,minorityownerandoperatoroftheincinerator,isseekingoptionst

opentheplant.

SOURCE:DetroitFreePress,EcologyCenter,andMetroTimes

3.2



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DECEM


STUDIES CITE A LINK BETWEEN

HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS

CANCER RISKS.

ThoughnotallTRIreleasesarenecessarilyhazardous,overa

exposure,particularlycumulativeimpacts, representsapot

environmentalhealthrisk.

Studiesspecificallycitealinkbetweenhigherexposuretoha

airpollutantsandincreasedcancerrisks.

SOURCE:ECOLOGYCENTER

3.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

WayneCounty

StateofMichigan

HazardousAirPollutantExposure

CriteriaAirPollutantsPer

SquareMile

TRIFaciliitesPerSquareMile



32/57

DECEM


ALL CHILDREN IN THE CITY OF DETR

ARE CONSIDERED AT-RISK FOR LEAD

EXPOSURE.

A2010studybytheCityHealthDepartmentandDetroitPublicSchool

citesalinkbetweenleaddataandlowerperformanceontestscores.O22,755children,58%ofallDPSstudents,hadahistoryofleadpoisonin

2007datafromtheHealthDepartmentshownontheleftindicatethe

prevalenceofleadpoisoninginthecity.Thefareastside experiencest

highestexposure. Themaptotheleftshowstheprevalenceofleadpo

inthecitybyzipcode.


3.2


EXISTING CONDITIONS AND TRENDS


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DECEM


SOURCES OF LEAD EXPOSURE I

THE CITY INCLUDE OLDER

HOUSING, AUTOMOBILE EMISSI

AND CURRENT OR HISTORICINDUSTRIAL SITES.

PossiblesourcesofleadexposureintheCityofDetroitinclud

Leadbasedpaint

Lead

dust

in

soil

due

to

washing

off

the

sides

of

houses

rainfall

Leadisalsoabsorbedintosoilfromautomotiveandindemissions

Leadtravelsthrougholderpipeswithleadorleadsolde

Studieshavespecificallycitedpotentiallycontaminatedsoil

conditionsaroundformersmeltersnearresidentialareas.Th

absorbsleadreleasedintotheairduringpreviousoperation

Exposuretoleadcanhaveadverseimpactsonchilddevelop

leadingtodecreasedcognitiveabilities, impairedmotorskill

behavioralissues. Themaptotheleftshowsthecorrelation

betweenhistoricsmeltersitesandareaswithleadpoisoning

exposure.


3.2




34/57

DECEM


Areviewofavailabledata andstudiesindicatestrongspatialrela

betweenadversehealthoutcomesinthecityandsoilandairqua

conditions,particularlyinSouthwestDetroitandneighborhoods

EastsideorneartheCBD.

Themaptotheleftindicatesthedistributionofpotentialairand

basedpollutionsourcesthroughoutthecity,includingindustrial

historicsmeltersites,toxicreleaseinventorysites,andmajorfre

freewaysystems.


3.2

3.3 Data Relationships / Findings

THERE IS A SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES

THE CITY AND SOIL AND AIR QUALITY CONDITIONS.




35/57

DECEM


Givenverylimitedresourcesandthescaleofenvironmentalissues,theCitys

Environmental AffairsDepartmentfocusesprimarilyonremediatingspecificsites

inresponsetodevelopmentinterestorachievingtheregulatorycomplianceofindividualindustrialorcommercialusers.

Traditionalbrownfieldcleanuptypicallyinvolvesphysicalorchemicaltechniques,

suchassoilremoval,forremediatingasite.Sinceitismorecostly,thisprocess

reliesheavilythepotentialofthesitetocompeteforgrantsandsupportfuture

economicinvestmentandincreasedpropertytaxrevenues.

Whilethe

conventional

approach

is

highly

effective

at

cleaning

up

and

redevelopingselectsitesinthecity,thesheerscaleoftheissueDetroithas

approximately45,000brownfieldsmeansthatthesupplyofcleanupcandidates

farexceedsrealisticredevelopmentdemandinthenearfuture.

Manycurrentlyvacant,obsoleteorblightedsitesinthecitylackthe

redevelopmentpotentialtoattractdeveloperinterestandgrantfundsdueto

factorssuchasparcelsize,titleissues,locationorlevelofcontamination.

Alternativeremediationtechniques,suchasphytoremediation,canbemore

economicallyviableoptionsforsitesintransitional useorlongertermholding

patterns.

SOURCE:Environmental AffairsDepartment

3.3


REMEDIATION IN THE CITY IS CURRENTLY DRIVEN BY DEVELOPMENT

INTEREST OR THE SPECIFIC INCIDENCE OF A TOXIC RELEASE OR ILLNESS.




36/57

DECEM


SUCCESFUL DETROITBROWNFIELD

REDEVELOPMENT HAS

INCLUDED PROJECTS SU

LithuanianHall KalesBuilding 6200Second TheEllington MerchantsRow HartzBuilding Mexicantown FortShelbyHotel Woodbridge LaferBuilding

OddFellowsHall VernorScotten MackAlterSouth SouthUniversityVillage LombardoHeritage 6331EastJefferson HudsonsWarehouse BookCadillacHotel&Cadillac Residences

KennedySquareandCompuware CharlotteHouse 3408Woodward WillysOverlandLofts ArgonautBuilding TechOne 4147Burroughs MosaicYouthArtsCenter

SOURCE:DetroitBrownfieldRedevelopment Authority

3.3


OPPORTUNITIES&CHALLENGES

CASEFORCHANGE


37/57

DECEM

AECOM+Stoss

2.3

Acapitalintensivemodel forpublicassessment,ddrivencleanupandcleanerindustrialtechnologies

Detroit'sabilitytoremediateandreduceenvironm

Thelackofresourcesandcapacitytoaddresswide

environmentalissueshasvasthealthanddevelopm

implicationsforDetroiters.

DUE TO GEOGRAPHIC SIZE

AND LIMITED RESOURCES,

ONLY 10% OF DETROITS LA

HAS BEEN ASSESSED FOR

CONTAMINATION.

SOURCE:accounting: EA,U.MichAssessmentsmap:Stosscompiled EPA,EA,DCDC, +CityofDetroitHealthandWellnessPromotion.


REMEDIATION IN THE CITY IS CURRENTLY DRIVEN BY DEVELOPMENT

INTEREST OR THE SPECIFIC INCIDENCE OF A TOXIC RELEASE OR ILLNESS.




38/57

DECEM

ESTABLISHING CRITERIA CAN ASS

IN PRIORITIZING WHERE TO

INTERVENE IN THE ENVIRONMEN

Theprocessshouldbeginwithaddressingtwoquestions:

1. Wheredoweactfirst?2. What aretheappropriateremediationstrategies?Wheredoweactfirst?Thegraphictotheleftshowstheclassificationprocessusedin

SouthwestDetroittoidentifyhighprioritybrownfieldsitesfor

remediation.

Thecriteriafocusonproximitytoschools,parks,youthpopulat

highdensityresidentialarea;theability toincreaserecreationa

opportunitiesforneighborhoodresidents;andtheabilitytoatt

investment.

SOURCE:SouthwestDetroitVision

3.3




39/57

DECEM

APPROPRIATE REMEDIATION STRATEGIES VA

WIDELY BASED ON SITE CONDITIONS AND

HEALTH HAZARDS.

Whataretheappropriateremediationstrategies?Remediationstrategiesvarywidelybasedonsitecharacteristics,thesurroundingc

andthenatureandseverityofthecontamination.

SOURCE:SouthwestDetroit

3.3

Howsevereisthecontamination?

Whatisthedevelopment

potentialofthesite?

Couldthesitebepartofalongerterm

holdingstrategy?




40/57

DECEM

MORE CONVENTIONAL CLEAN-U

TECHNIQUES SUCH AS SOIL

REMOVAL OR CAPPING REQUIRE

MORE RESOURCES, A SHORTERTIMEFRAME AND THE POTENTIAL

FOR REDEVELOPMENT.

Whataretheappropriateremediationstrategies?Appropriateinterventionscanrangefromtraditional sitecleantechnologiestolesscostlybutlongertermgreenremediation

techniques.

Greentechnologiescanprovideforlongtermecologicalbenefi

asiteisundergoingcleanup. Thesepracticesuseplantsto

drawwater,extracttoxics,creategroundcover, orinsomeway

cleanup, whilealsoestablishingopenspace,alivableenvironm

andhabitat.Greentechnologiesareconsideredviableremedia

componentsforlongtermresponseactionsforresidualcontam

issues.

SOURCE:TheInterstateTechnology&RegulatoryCouncilEcological LandReuseTeam

3.3

TargetGoal TraditionalRemedies GreenRemedies

Dig

and

haul(SourceZones) Excavation,sourceremoval,hot

spot

removal

Capsandbarrier

containments

RCRAcovers,slurry/sheetpile

walls,

permeablereactivebarriers

Vegetativecovers,treehydraulic

barriers

Soiltreatment Landfarming,Biopiles Phyto/bioremediationcomposting

Situplume

Treatment

Sparging/soilvaporextraction

system

Deeprootedsystems(trees,

prairiespecies)

Groundwater

control

Pumping/extraction systems Treehydraulicsystems

Exsitutreatment

systems

Granularactivatedcarbon,

advanced

oxidation,bioreactors,

catalytic/thermal

oxidizers

Phytoextraction, photosynthetic

oxidation,

plantbioreactions,constructed

wetlands




41/57

DECEM

EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE,

GREEN REMEDIATION AND

OPEN SPACE BUFFERING

TECHNIQUES CAN INCREATHE ECONOMIC FEASIBILIT

OF CLEAN-UP AND ADDRE

WIDESPREAD HEALTH ISSU

ACROSS THE CITY.

Spatialmappingofhealthindicators,potentialpollu

sources,landuse,vacancy,schoolsandparksand

greenwaysassistintargetingbroaderareasforclea

conversionintogreenspaces,urbanagricultureoro

environmentallysustainablespaces.


3.2




42/57

DECEM

ALTERNATIVE CLEAN-UP

TECHNIQUES CAN SUPPORT A W

RANGE OF OTHER ECOLOGICAL

AND COMMUNITY-BUILDINGFUNCTIONS.

Whataretheappropriateremediationstrategies?ReimaginingClevelandidentifiesabroadsuiteofalternativeop

landundergoinglongertermcleanup.

SOURCE:ReimaginingCleveland

3.3

1. energygeneration:solar2. energygeneration:windturbines3. energygeneration:ethanolproduction4. stormwatermanagement:bioretention

5. constructedwetland6. ripariansetbacks7. greenspace:parks8. greenspace:forest9. greenspace:linkages10. wildlifehabitat11. urbanagriculture/commodityfarming12. treenursery13. bioremediation,phytoremediation,mycoremediation14. stormwatermanagement:ripariansetbacks,streamdaylighting




43/57

DECEM

ALTERNATIVE REMEDIATION

TECHNIQUES OFFER A LESS COST

OPTION FOR CLEANING LAND W

LIMITED DEVELOPMENT POTENTConventionalbrownfieldcleanup,wheretaintedsoilsareremo

disposedofintoxicwastefacilities, iscostlyandgenerallyrequ

stateandfederalsubsidiesandstrongeconomicdevelopmentp

tojustify.

Bioremediation,phytoremediation,andmycoremediationare

tools

for

environmental

clean

up

in

cases

where

conventional

remediationisnotfeasible.Bioremediation,phytoremediation

mycoremediationallownaturalprocesses,suchasthepresence

microbesorplantsandfungi,tocleanupharmfulchemicalsint

environment.

SOURCE:USGS

3.3




44/57

DECEM

SOURCE:USGS

3.3

Contaminant

andArea

Phytoremediation ConventionalTreatment Projected

Savings

Application Es timatedCost Application EstimatedCost

Leadinsoil

(1acre)

Extraction,

harvest,anddisposal

$150,000

$250,000

Excavateand

landfill

$500,000 5065percent

Solventsin

groundwater

(2.5acres)

Degradationand

hydrauliccontrol

$200,000for

installationand

initial

maintenance

Pumpand

treat

$700,000annual

operatingcost

50percentcost

savingbythird

year

Totalpetroleum

hydrocarbonsinsoil

Insitu

degradation

$50,000

$100,000

Excavateand

landfill

orincinerate

$500,000 80percent

GREEN REMEDIATION AS A COSTEFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE.

Byreducingcleanupcostsbyapproximately50to80percentcom

toconventionaltreatment,alternativetechniques,suchas

phytoremediation,canincreasetheviability ofremediationatsite

lackshorttermredevelopmentpotential

Source:Introduction toPhytoremediation. EPA/600/R99/107




45/57

DECEM

PHYTOREMEDIATION RELIES ON NATUR

VEGETATIVE PROCESSES TO CLEANSE SO

AND WATER.Thesemethodsaremosteffectiveonsitesthat:

havelowerlevelsofpollutants,contaminants,hazardoussubstances,pe

products,orotherwastesanddebris

donotposeanimmediateandsignificanthazardtoadjacentresidents

havelimiteddevelopmentpotential

TheresultsofthestudyHeavyMetalsinanUrbanWatershedinSoutheaste

Michiganindicateelevatedlevelsofleadandothermetalsinsurfacesoils.T

studysuggestsuseofcosteffectiveremedialtechnologiesthatfocusonthe

reductionofmetalconcentrationsinnearsurfacesoils,suchasphytoreme

Phytoremediationcanoccuratbothasmallandlargescale.Swedenhassu

employedawillowphytoremediationsystemonasiteof185acres.

SOURCE:http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/phytoremediation,HeavyMetalsinanUrbanWatershedinSoutheasternMichigan

3.3




46/57

DECEM

BASIC GREENING TECHNIQUES CAN ALSO PLAY

ROLE IN ENHANCING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALIT

Forexample,plantinglowmownativeturfgrassesorothergroundcoversonvacantsitesc

containleadandthusreduceexposuretoairborneleadparticles.

Otherinterventionstrategiestoreduceexposuretoenvironmentalhazardsandimprovehe

outcomesinclude:

foodsecuritypromotionthroughurbanagriculture healthyhomeinterventions(leadfreehomesorhomeswithcleanindoorairquality) accesstorecreationandwalking reductionsinvehicleemissionsthroughcleanerfuelsoralternativemobilityoptions

useofstateoftheartfilterstocatchpollutantsfromindustryemissions alternativesolidwastedisposalstrategywithafocusonwastereduction,productreus

recycling,landfill(shorttermoption)andsustainablematerialmanagement

SOURCE:AECOM

3.3




47/57

DECEM

THE ROLE OF SOIL CONDITIONS IN URBAN AGRICULTURThepresenceofheavymetalsinDetroitssoilisafactorinassessingopportunitiesforurbanagricultureon

emergingtechniquestorebuildcommunitiesandreestablishmoresustainable,livableenvironments. Curr

nostandardsfordeterminingsoilqualitiessuitableforurbanfarmingexist. Whenremediatingaspecificsite

supportagriculturalactivities inDetroit,theDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairscleanstoastandardaccep

residentialuses.Theadditionalchallenge,however,isthatresidentsarenotmerelyinproximitytoanareao

possiblesoilcontamination,butmaybeingestingagricultural productsgrownatthesite.

TheDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairsiscurrentlyworkingwithWayneStateUniversityandtheMichigan

UniversityAgriculturalExtensiontoassesstheimpactofsoilconditionsontheviability andsafetyofurbanf

intheCityofDetroit.

Themostcommonlyfoundmetalsarelead,cadmium,nickel,andmercury. Thestandardsforsafeleadlev

100partspermillion(ppm) iftherearesmallchildrenwhomayeatthesoilor300ppmforthegrowingofe

products. Approachesforaddressingleadinsoilsinclude:

immobilizingleadbyreducingthesoilacidityandaddingorganicmatterfollowedbyplantingofsod mixingorcoveringthehighleadsoilwithclean,lowleadsoil growingornamentalplantsratherthanedibleplantsinareasofknowncontamination usingphytoremediation,fungalremediationorcompostremediation usingraisedbeds,containergardens,andhydroponicstoavoidcontaminants

TheDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairscurrentlyendorsestheuseofraisedbedsinDetroituntilfurthers

testingisconducted.

Landadjacenttoheavilytraveledtrafficcorridors,oldbuildings,andactiveorformerindustrialsitesarelike

havesoilissues.Soiltestingisavailabletosmallacreagefarmers,andurbanhomeownersthroughmailinki

canbeanalyzedataccreditedlaboratories.

SOURCE:farm4

3.3

Raisedbedsareanoptiontoavoidissuesofsoilcontamination




48/57

DECEM

PHYSICALLY DESIGNING COMMUNITIES TOSUPPORT HEALTHIER LIFESTYLES CAN ALSO

PRODUCE BETTER HEALTH OUTCOMES.

TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventions(CDC)HealthyCommunitiesProgramf

onmobilizingcommunitiestoreduceratesofchronicdiseaseanditsriskfactors. Thep

emphasizesaholisticapproachtobuildingsocialandeconomiccapacity,improvingphy

socialaccesstohealthassets,andphysicallydesigningcommunitiestosupporthealthie

lifestyles.Theprogramemphasizes.

SmartLocationandLinkage:Encouragedevelopmentwithinandnearexistingcomorpublictransportationinfrastructure.Reducevehicletripsandmilestraveledand

walkingasatransportationchoice.

NeighborhoodPatternandDevelopment: CompactDevelopment.Conserveland.livability,transportationefficiency,andwalkability.

TheCDChasalsobeenapartnerisdevelopingtheLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironme

DesignforNeighborhoodDevelopment(LEEDND)ratingsystem.LEEDNDisthefirstna

standardforneighborhooddesignthat:

encouragesneighborhooddevelopmentprojectsthatprotectandenhancetheovehealth,naturalenvironment,andqualityoflifeincommunities

promotesthelocationanddesignofneighborhoodsthatreduceautodependenceprovidingjobsandservicesthatareaccessiblebyfoot,bicycle,orpublictransit.

SOURCE:CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention

3.3

Walkabilityand safestreetsareastrategytoimprovehealthoutcomesandcommunityfabric




49/57

DECEM

THE OVERALL DESIGN AND FUNCTION OF COMMUNITIES CAN REDUCE HEALTH RISKS.

TheCDCnotesthefollowinghealthandsocialbenefitsfromcommunitydesignandgreenspacenetworks.

SOURCE:CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention

3.3

Strategy Reducetheriskofobesity,heart

disease,andhypertension

Reducetheriskofasthmaand

otherrespiratorydiseases,

andreduceairpollution

Increasesocial

connectionand

senseofcommunity

Improvemental

health

Encouragehealthier

diets

developingcommunitiesthatpromotewalkingand

accessibletransit

encouragingthebuildingofresidencesandbusinesses

closertogetherandwithinexistingcommunities

creatingstreetsorareasthatareinterconnectedeasily

accessible,safe

providingappealing,safeandcomfortablestreet

environments

placingavarietyofopenspacesandparksclosetowork

andhome

promotingthecreationofabicyclingnetwork

reducingtheamounttimespentcommuting

makingfreshfruitsandvegetablesmoreaccessible

throughcommunitybasedandlocalfoodproduction


50/57

DECEM

4. PRECEDENTSANDBENCHMA




51/57

DECEM

TheCalumetregionisa160squaremileareathatincludesasignificantportionoftheCit

ChicagoandGary,Indiana.Theareahistoricallyhadheavyindustrialdevelopment,resultislagdepositsalongLakeMichiganandinwetlands.Riverswerealsodredgedandchannel

Since2000,theCityofChicago,StateofIllinois,ChicagoParkDistrict,ForestPreserveDist

CookCounty,conservationorganizations,localculturalinstitutions,industrialgroups,and

residentshavecollaboratedtorehabilitate20squaremilesoftheareasopenspacesand

industrialparcels.

Issues:significant

brown

field

issues;

loss

of

natural

habitat

Opportunities:useofwillow,cottonwoodtreesandswitchgrasstoremovecontamina

fromsoil;a4,000acreCalumetOpenSpaceReservewascreated;Reengineeringoft

IndianCreekwaterwaytoprovidenaturalaquatichabitat

Lessons:strongmultipartnershipcollaboration;;aeconomicecosystemapproachthabalancesrestoringlandscapesandattracting new,cleanerindustries

SOURCE:USDAForestServiceNorthCentralResearchStation

4.1

4.1 Precedents

THE CALUMET REGION INITIATIVE USES A HOLISTIC ECO-SYSTEM APPROACHTO HEAL THE ENVIRONMENT.




52/57

DECEM

RUST TO GREEN NEWYORK STATE FOCUSES

ON GREEN

REMEDIATION.

RusttoGreenisanetworkandactionres

initiativeofacademic,citizen,andcommpartnersthatfocusesonsustainabledesi

greeninfrastructure,urbanresilience,an

ecologicallysound designinUticaandot

formerlyindustrialcitiesintheStateofN

York.

Issues:significantbrownfieldissue

aginghousing;highprevalenceofle

poisoning

Opportunities:analysisofsoilcond

andmapping;useofgreenremedia

techniques,includingphytoremedia

andsoundwaves;pilotprojectinra

bedagriculture

Lessons:applicationofsciencebasegreenremediationpractices

SOURCE:RusttoGreen

4.1




53/57

DECEM

GROWTH THROUGH ENERGAND COMMUNITY HEALTH

(GTECH) COMBINES

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

JOBS CREATION AND

REMEDIATION.

GTECHStrategiesisaPittsburghbasednonprofit

organizationthatseekstobuildcommunitythroughgr

economyinitiativesandblightelimination.Projectsre

landbyapplyinglowcostenvironmentalstrategieson

sitesandlargedevelopmentcorridors.GTECHalsofoc

on

green

job

training

and

the

use

of

transitioning

spacstabilizedistressedcommunities,

Issues:vacant,blightedsitesthaterodecommunity

Opportunities:plantingofsunflowers,switchgrassothervegetationforbiofuelproduction;bioenergy

gardens

Lessons:transitioningofvacantlotstoproductiveuthatanchorcommunityrevitalization

SOURCE:GrowthThroughEnergyAndCommunityHealth

4.1


54/57

DECEM

PRELIMINARYFINDINGSANDCONCLUSI


PRELIMINARYFINDINGSANDCONCLUSIONS

5 1 O t iti / Ch ll


55/57

DECEM

SOURCE:AECOM

5.1

Issue Challenge Opportunity

Significant number of brownfield sites

throughout city

Limited development potential on some sites

hinders traditional remediation techniques;proximity to residential areas poses a healthrisk; remediation is current y development

driven

Land re-use strategy including ranking

system to determine appropriateremediation techniques; use of alternative,less costly green remediation practices

High metal content in surface soils Proximity to residential areas poses a healthrisk Phytoremediation

High lead exposure for children in some

neighborhoods

Presence of lead in soils and air-borne lead

particles

Phytoremediation, vegetative land cover,

home interventions

High rates of respiratory illness and asthma Concentration of toxins in city

neighborhoods, particularly to the southwest

Cleaner technology to reduce automotive

and industrial emissions; use of basic

greening practices to enhance air quality

Major incinerator Known source of nitrogen oxides Cleaner technology to reduce emissions ;

alternative solid waste disposal strategies

5.1 Opportunities / Challenges

ANALYSIS INDICATES AN OPORTUNITY TO USE ALTERNATIVE REMEDIATIONTECHNIQUES TO ENHANCE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND COMMUNITY

HEALTH IN DETROIT.



5 2 Th ti D l t


56/57

DECEM

WHAT IF VACANT OR

UNDERUSED LOTS COULD BE

TRANSFORMED INTO

ECOLOGICALLY PRODUCTIVESPACES THAT CLEANSE SOIL

AND GROUNDWATER?

Underused land becomes part of a permanent or

transitional inventory of green infrastructure

throughout the city

Alternative greening and remediation techniques are inplace

Sites support renewable energy production and other

green economy initiatives

SOURCE:AECOM

5.2

5.2 Thematic Development



5 2 Thematic Development


57/57

DECEM

WHAT IF DETROIT BECOMES A

ZERO-EMISSIONS AND ZERO-

WASTE CITY?

Employ state-of-the-art waste-to-energy plant

technology

Zones with limited vehicular use

Emphasis on fully sustainable material management

SOURCE:EcoCycle

5.2

5.2 Thematic Development

ZeroWasteisaprocessthatencouragesrecyclinganddiversionfromlandfills,andalsorestructuresproductionand

distribution systemstopreventwastefrombeingmanufactured

Documents

Policy Audit Topic: Environmental Remediation and Health