Abstract
The mounting influence of technology and social media in India
has stimulated the citizens. It offered citizens numerous sources
in contrast to government owned news channels. In 21st century as
citizens explored the internet they found new way to voice their
opinions by social networking websites. The concerned piece of
scratch in the form of paper attempts to enunciate the impact of
technology in the election campaigning and how technology
influences voter choice. The paper also aims to show the misuse of
media and technology by those who are in power. The data for the
study is obtained from blogs, Election Commission of India,
surveys, and news paper articles.
IntroductionTechnology is changing the face of politics and
elections more and more. Everything is faster, more immediate.
Media and technology has become the prime source getting
information about the politicians. Over a period of time, people
had witnessed the transformation brought by technology in the way
of conducting elections campaigning and in making people rational
while making voting decision. Media is becoming the source of
sharing of political images and messages, affecting voters choice.
Research studies in 1940s that four factors affect the voters
choice ( in order of importance) : party affiliation, social group
allegiance, the candidates personality and consideration of the
issues. But now it has been reversed. Social science research
indicates that the candidate's personality, their position on
issues, party affiliation and group membership are now the deciding
factors. The main reason for this reversal is the development of
technology and media. Technology and media promotes direct
communication of candidates and parties with the voters which helps
in improving candidates personality over other issues. India is a
multilingual, multiethnic and multireligious country with a
plethora of factors shaping the contours of political behavior.
After independence Indian remained a Parliamentary form of
democracy, having slight closeness with American model of
federalism. In 2009 elections there were about 714 million voters,
making India as the largest democracy of the world. In India
internet and television were successful in bringing the changes
into private and personal sphere of ones life which carried more
weight and were quicker than the changes brought by any
educational, industrial or social reform. Over a decade after
independence electronic media was not into action. In absence of
electronic media print media and radio were the primary source of
political information and mobilization. It was the first time in
September 1959 when mass media got a boost, as television was
introduced in the urban India. People witnessed numerous rounds of
debates between politicians for the very first time. The
deregulation of the television network in the 1990s was accompanied
by the internet revolution. According to International
Telecommunication Union , 2008, from between 1992 to 2010 number of
internet users grew to 381,000,000. Today replacing television
internet became the most promising means of information delivery
and helping in enhancing democracy by changing the traditional one
way process of political communications. Indias major population is
young, so they rely more on the information provided by internet.
Social networking websites and other way of campaigning such as
mobile phones etc. are have changed the way of election
campaigning. Politicians are using them as a cost and time
effective way of campaigning. Older methods are being slightly
replaced. Technology has also made politician accountable and now
they have to think twice before adding feathers to their nest.
Television campaigning has some positive points but negative as
well. The concept of paid media is becoming a bane for the
democracy. Moreover the emerging issue of use of fake facebook
accounts of politician to create a sense of misapprehension between
parties should also be checked. Election commission of India
recently issued guidelines for the limiting the unfair use of
social media. Now we have to wait and watch how effective they will
be in 2014 Lok Sabha Elections.Social Networking: Integral Part of
Indian Politics in 2014 ElectionsIndia is gearing up for the
general election 2014 and few months left for the announcement from
the election commission of India. Previously Internet was not a
common thing for everyone but in recent year it has gained
popularity and became very common. Due to the recent development in
the recent years social media has came into picture. This also
helped the industrial sector in reaching the market and knowing and
understanding the people and their trend. The top users of social
networking websites such as Facebook , Twitter, Google + are
teenagers (youth). This youth only will be playing a significant
role in 2014 General elections in changing the condition of India
by contributing their views and ideas for goodness. Although the
previous generation people had a great interest in politics but
their resource to acquire knowledge about it was limited as there
was only one medium available that is of newspaper, but in present
day the youth have Internet and Social networking which can help
them to bring drastic change in General Elections of 2014
Today the role of social media is not restricted to the common
man only but it had affected politicians. Now its not just about
you and me but it had raised its range to the politics also. The
social media had become the public eye due to different political
activities by the politician on the public platform. The existence
of social media in politics will certainly manipulate the upcoming
elections of 2014. The result of which can be seen in the present
election in New Delhi where a new party known as AAM AADMI PARTY
emerged as a big boom and completely became the apple of everyones
eye where the big leading parties thought that they cant cut the
mustard. Inverse to the expectation of every one it proved to be a
cock and bull story for the leading parties and completely piped
down them. The main reason for the tremendous victory of AAP was
the correct use of social media and striking on the main nerve of
common people via social networking. Politics has changed its shape
in the 21st century, to a great extent. The study conducted by IRIS
Knowledge Foundation and supported by the Internet and Mobile
Association of India (IAMAI) had clearly depicted that in Lok Sabha
election of 2014 social media will be a real game changer. The
politicians are now gaining supporters using Facebook, Twitter and
Google +. The success of mass movement of Anna Hazare was a clear
example of influence of technology in todays politics. The leaders/
parties are building their own website to reach a larger group of
people. Parties find it easy to spread their agenda over social
media and they can easily get the feedback on it. The parties are
now trying to cover whole nine yards by giving a significant
importance to social campaigning. Recently Gujarats Chief Minister
Narendra Modi organized a political conference over the web, which
makes him third person to do so after Barak Obama and Julia
Gillard. The politics has changed, now the parties dont wait till
the cows come home but they have started using social media as a
platform for campaign. Researchers have arrived at the conclusion
that social media will be playing a more significant role in
influencing the people rather than televisions.
The recent report published by Internet & Mobile Association
of India (IAMAI) and Indian Market Research Bureau (IMRB) in June
2013 titles as Social Media in India - 2013 clearly showed that
there is a huge development of social media in urban areas. The
following chart shows the internet users in metros:
The result of the study shows, there will be a 3 4 percent of
vote swing in the 24 states where the size of internet users in
large. The political parties have also near about 5% of their
budget for social media campaigning. Google TNS survey also depicts
that the undecided urban population will be certainly aided by
Internet in decision making in the Lok Sabha Election of
2014.FACEBOOK: A NEW VOTEBANK IN THE INDIAN POLITICSIndian
democracy is on the cusp of a revolution led by social media users.
At a very conservative estimate, the fortunes of contestants
seeking election to the next Lok Sabha from not less than 150
constituencies will be determined by Facebook users making them the
newest Vote Bank with the power to shape Indian politics. Facebook
have dramatically changed the way political campaigns are run and
how people connect to their elected representatives. Social media
has made the politicians more accountable as compared to older
days. Now the people had a direct measure to criticize them.
Politicians use facebook very cleverly to reach their
constituencies to advertise their party and to tell their
constituency regarding the developments in the policies they made.
Parties now seek the opinion of public via social media so as to
satisfy them and to gain their support. Now the time of holding
back of horses has gone and the time for action has came. Facebook
is now the new votebank of the country. Facebook has changed the
face of world politics and now it is affecting Indian too. Here are
six ways that Facebook and its users have forever changed the face
of politics.
1. Make Politics and Politicians more accessible : The
materialization of Facebook opened the doors for the general public
to get connected to the politics more and more. In place of wasting
long hours on television or on internet people in search of
political news , facebook provided the people with an option to go
the fan page of the politician and get the latest information about
the latest issues. Personal contact makes the politicians to be
more accountable for their actions and words.
2. Increase Youth Voting Rates: By providing an easy, immediate
way to share and access campaign information and support
candidates, Facebook has increased the political mobilization of
young people, in particular students. The credits for turning out
the second largest youth voting in the history of America , in the
Presidential elections of 2008 directly goes to facebook. As the
intensity of participation of new generation is increasing, they
hope that their say should be kept in mind in determining the
issues that drive campaigns and make the ballots.
3. Advertising without Advertising: Advertising on television or
radio results in losing an arm and a leg for political parties.
Facebook alternatively has become fairly cost efficient to
political parties. The parties can produce commercials and publish
them on facebook for free. Many a times the journalists in their
interview with leaders or while submitting their reports on
campaigning will write or talk about these advertisement ,
essentially broadcasting these advertisement to wider populations
without any additional cost to the politicians.
4. Better targeting of voter: The more the politicians are
accessible to public via facebook , the more and immediate feedback
they receive on their stance on various policies for the elections
by public and opponents. Criticism of their methodology by public
help the campaign organizers and strategist to use this feedback
and analyse it with many modern app such as Wisdom, which
identifies the demographic area from which the most likes, shares
and positive comments are coming. This information helps the
campaign masterminds to target specific groups to rally new and
existing supporters and raise funds.
5. Force Media to Provide Reflective Coverage: Communication
between politicians and the public on Facebook obliges the media to
take a backseat in the reporting process. In an effort to reach a
larger audience and speak directly to supporters, politicians often
subvert the press by posting messages on their own Facebook pages.
Facebook users see these messages and respond to them. The media
must then report on public response to a politicians message rather
than on the message itself. This process replaces the traditional,
interrogatory reporting of the press with a reflective style of
coverage that requires the press to report on trending issues
instead of new stories
The New Modi - Virtual MODINarendra Modi, the man of technology
is one of the most polarizing figure Indian Politics has ever
evidenced. Modi is among one of the few doozy politicians who has
used the technology like no other. In his political campaign Namo
has got down to the brass tacks regarding technology. From
Facebook, Twitter, Google + and now on 3D the politician spares no
efforts to complete the whole nine yards. The way Modi has used his
loaf is certainly commendable. Bharitya Janta Party (hereinafter
referred as BJP), which projects itself as the most tech- savvy
party is has presentted it prime ministerial candidate Narendra
Modi in 3D during election rallies. Modis use of 3D technology and
completely swayed the minds of young generation and settled him
apart from his detractors and political rivals in terms of his
openness towards experimenting with latest technology and
innovation to directly reach out to people. This is the very first
time any political leader has used this kind of technology to
address people. There were certain criticism of this technology but
Modi maintained to handle the criticism very wisely. The 3D
technology creates a 3Dvirtual image with audio and visual effects.
In this there is no use of satellite transmission; instead, a
camera is set at a different angle and an image is beamed using
camera techniques to offer a real viewing experience without 3D
glasses. Although this technique was not cost efficient but Modi
managed to cover 4 locations at a time without taking stress and
strain of travel, making it time efficient technique. This
technology is also known as Eyeliner. It is one of the most
expensive technologies, and cost near about 100 crores to BJP. A
company from Dubai was given the tender for this political campaign
of Modi. It is true that BJP spent a lot of money on this campaign
but the influence of it was such that even housewives left their
daily tele soaps to watch 3D for the first time.
Modi is not restricted to 3D technology only but he also became
the first Indian politician to answer questions from followers on
Google +. Statistics suggested that the two hour recorded video of
Modi , broadcast in September on Google+ was watched by 82,000
people live on Youtube from 116 countries., More than 3 lakh people
are in his Google + circle, and statistics claims that Modi has
more views than US president Barak Obama had witnessed in 9 motnhs.
On Twitter and Facebook, Namo has more than one million followers.
He used this opportunity by sharing the videos and photographs of
campaign in an order to spread it nationwide. Also, he has arranged
for Live streaming where people can see his true avatar and can
contact him personally without any media anchors.Mobile Phones in
Election and Voter Registration CampaignMobile phones are used in
increasing the participation in the elections. It helps in
encouragement of youth to participate in elections, monitor
elections and also act as a watch dog in preventing electoral
frauds. Along with the other campaigning strategies it is emerging
as most powerful tool in increasing the democratic participation in
civil society. While internet has affected the globe by mails,
blogs, websites, social networking, mobile phones alongside has
emerged in unifying the country and has became the most primary
cause for the political actions. Although internet has a wide reach
but mobiles phones exhibits some exceptional characteristics such
as portability, affordability and wide spread of use, which makes
it handy for politicians , to reach and advertise in remote areas.
The impact of mobile phones is clearly visible in the arena of
elections and voter registration campaign. The use of it is not
only restricted to only campaigning now but, its use in the recent
time has been observed in the area of educating people regarding
their electoral rights, tracking electoral activities such as
turnout and fraud and in raising funds for parties and candidates.
In 2004 Lok Sabha elections the use of mobile phones was at
experimental stage but now a lot has been learnt about the use of
mobile phones in organizing successful campaigns. The mobiles
phones are becoming the cheapest means of communication spaced out
from internet , offering the political parties to reach number of
constituencies with in the short of time during electoral period.
Young generation is mostly the target of political parties as they
are very comfortable in using the mobile phones and text messaging.
The main credit for the popularity of mobile phones does not go to
its usual voice capabilities but to text messaging. Being among the
most personal means of communications it allows the political
campaigners to bypass the mass media when targeting voters with
electoral messages. Mobile phones instead of providing detailed
information bout the campaign provides abstract or light version of
campaign and incites the population to come to rallies or to visit
their websites for detailed information. As witnessed in Delhi
Elections, AAM AADMI PARTY has used mobile phones in their
campaigning very cleverly, by calling on the mobile phones of
people playing a recorded message, appealing to vote them. Also AAP
being new party adopted a new method of gaining support by allowing
people to become member by giving missed call on their official
numbers. National Parties can use this concept to reach the areas
where its not possible for them to reach. This technique is very
cost effective. Parties in 2014 elections introduced a new way of
promotion also, i.e. to provide the caller tune service of their
politically motivated speeches and ringtones free of
cost.Challenges faced by mobile phone campaigning
Mobile phones have not reached in many rural areas due to
limited signal connectivity, so in these areas the electoral
campaign of the party will be restricted.
There are significant security concerns for some activists using
mobile phones during elections in areas where SIM cards and
accounts are registered and monitored by local authorities. In many
countries the people are familiar with the text messages sent from
the central computer system, whereas in, whereas in some countries
people cannot adopt this system, so the participation rate in such
countries may not be high. Mobile phone campaigning interferes in
the personal space of the people as many times the central computer
system make call on the mobile phone of the civilians at night
time, which is not called for. Mobile phone offers a very limited
interactivity and a very small screen.
The campaigners should be careful about sending excessive amount
of SMS to opt in participations.
Electronic Media and Election Campaign
In an age of timeliness and demand for information, the media
plays a crucial role in informing the public about politics,
campaigns and elections.Political parties and candidates tend to
find the media, and in particular television, more and more
important for campaigning and seek to appear as much as possible on
the television. Television today is regarded as best suited method
for campaigning as it covers a wide range of voters throughout the
nation. The media is performing its function by helping voters to
form an opinion about of the competing political parties and their
candidates by informing them about the agendas and policies,
contributing in the voter education. The main aim of media during
elections is to keep an eye and act as a watch dog and fair
circulation of information. Polticians are using media to get
exposure to win elections. Media brings effectiveness in its work
by brining into limelight the issue they feel that public should be
aware of them. The media also changes the view of a candidate in
the eyes of public by challenging or supporting the viability of a
candidate. Exit polls on the televisions influence the choice of
the people. If surveys show that a party or candidate is will be in
lead in the elctions, the public will come to accept that
evalution, which can greatly affect the election results as most of
the people do not intend to waste time on the party or candidate
whom they see not having any chance to win. But now the things are
changing rapidly. The politicians are using media to win the
elections by false means or by influencing them. There used be a
time when things were unbiased and clear but the role of electronic
media has changed now. The media has now become the puppets of
political parties. They have lost their own standings and now the
media which used to be the watch dog, transformed itself purely
into commercialization. The media has now been a part of criticism.
Here are the few ways in which the politicians are using media to
win elections:
1. Staged Political Rallies: The basic idea behind organizing
rallies is to gain support for a candidate. There is nothing wrong
when those homemade signs that you see waving in the air are often
drawn by campaign workers themselves, not people at home. Many
times when there are not enough crowds, the workers and volunteers
made false crowd so that TV cameras dont capture empty room. They
are dressed so that they appear to be a part of the crowd, such as
workers, teachers, old men etc. but all that is only illusionary.
For example, if a candidate is not doing well with young voters, we
will see fake college students or young people in the background.
In this way parties influence the choice of voters by way of
displaying false support.2. Exclusive one-on-interviews: TV
reporters are always eager for exclusive interviews of politician
to increase the TRP of their channels. Campaign experts know to
utilize this interview as free publicity, they are aware that an
exclusive interview just before election day will become viral all
over the television, newspaper and social networking. But these
interviews are not mostly the real one but are scripted. No
questions will be off the table. Political parties are paying
heavily for organizing such interviews.3. TV Commercials and Print
Ads: Candidates with enough money spend much of it on advertisement
on TV and on print media. Just like all other ads, the aim is to
sell a product, not necessarily to tell the entire truth about the
candidate or his campaign. Many time these advertisement are
misleading or downright false. Media knowing of this fact dont take
any initiative to stop these adverts in pursuance of profit.4. Paid
News manipulating the free press The Blatant misuse of print and
electronic media by parties and candidates contesting the general
elections came to light during elections in 2004 and 2009. The
practice used areas such as business news to institutionalize paid
news in print and electronic media to influence public opinion
especially during the elections. The journalists became news
managers succumbing to pressure from media executives. This concern
was first time raised by Andhra Pradesh Union of Working
Journalists (APUWJ). Press Council of India formed a two member
sub-committee which first time defined paid news as any news or
analysis appearing in any media (print or electronic) for a price
in cash or kind as consideration.. Paid news publishes or telecast
the achievements of those candidates who had paid them a huge
amount. The adverts appears in a very dramatic way along with the
any other news, that it misleads the viewer by making them believe
that its a actual news story produced by a local correspondent. The
unaccounted advertisements dressing up as news are causing much
concern. Even unaccounted they are expected to be 65 billion per
month in the coming elections, as a result the claim of conducting
free and fair elections become dubious. The studies in this
direction shows even top national and state parties are not subject
to exception. The constitution of India, parliament and judiciary
provide with some power to election commission to to deal with
problem of paid news. The Press Council of India in July 2010 has
recommended an amendment in Representation of peoples act 1951,
that any kind of payment for advertising or publication of news
will be considered as mal practice. The former chairman of Press
Council of India demanded the government to set up a committee to
eradicate the concept of paid news from the country.
Guidelines by election commission
The Election Commission of India taking cognizance of growing
role of social media campaigning in electoral campaigns in the Lok
Sabha elections 2014 recently issued the guidelines regarding the
use of social media. The basic idea behind the issue of these
guidelines is to maintain decorum in online campaigning. The ECI
will keep an eye on the use of internet by the political parties
and candidates in an order to monitor their posts on social
networking websites and on internet in respect to violation of
electoral laws and model code of conduct. In the history of Indian
Elections this is the very first time ECI issued such guidelines,
prior to this ECI only monitored the content on print and
electronic media. According to ECI these guidelines were needed as
there was certain violation of electoral laws in the social media
and these violations are need to be regulated to bring transparency
and level playing field in the elections.. These guidelines are
very basic and essential steps and are pervasive enough. But there
are certain ambiguities in these which need to be analysed. The ECI
have issued guidelines on the following subject matter :
1. Candidates Social Media Account : Candidates are required to
provide information about their social media account , at the time
of filling nominations by way of affidavit.
My Take : This a very necessary step, for a number of reasons :
as there is no verification policy by facebook and twitter to
verify the accounts registered on their website. The authentication
of accounts is mandatory as without the verification of accounts
people with false identity used to make derogatory statements on
other candidates and parties, violating electoral laws. This
verification will help in validating the statements made by
politician online, as it can be easily found that whether its the
politician who is making the statements or someone with fake
identity. Facebook and twitter with the help of these affidavits
will verify the account and if the account is authenticated , then
the money spent by the account holder in managing that account,
will be directly accountable to Election Commission.
2. Pre-Certification of Political Advertisements: The ECI had
taken a very strong step towards the advertising on social media as
well as on televisions. Now the political parties, national and
state, and independent candidates are required to take a
pre-certification from the ECI before publication of advertisements
on television channels or on any form of electronic media including
social media.
My take: while online advertising requires spends, statements on
Social Media are not necessarily advertisements. So, on Twitter,a
promoted trend might cost Rs 5.5 lakh, but with the
user-driven-amplification that Twitter provides, its not needed.
Facebook, however, necessitates expenditure because it limits the
reach of your updates even to subscribers. Thus, candidates are
likely to spend on Facebook. Note that while messages might be
subject to approval, online advertising is largely dynamic in
nature, and spends can vary, depending on the reach of the
advertisement, and the number of clicks (if candidates are using
CPC), during a certain period. So, while the message may be
certified by the EC, the spends are not going be easy to
determine.3. Expenditure on campaigning through internet including
social media websites. According to Section 77, sub section (1), of
Representation of the People Act,1951, every candidate is required
to keep a separate and correct account of all expenditure in
connection with the election incurred or authorized by him or by
his election agent between the date on which he has filed
nomination and the date of declaration of the result thereof, both
dates inclusive. In the famous case of Common Cause vs. Union Of
India Supreme Court ordered the political parties to submit the
expenditure incurred by them during elections within 75 days in
case of assembly elections and 90 days in Lok Sabha Elections.
Election Commission by this guideline made it very clear that
expenditure on social media websites is also a part of expenditure
in connection with elections
My Take : This is a complicated as it is very difficult to
distinguish between the expenditure by a party, and expenditure on
a party as sometimes the outside supporters of a party spend money
to manage the social media votebank or managing properties or
armies of social media accounts for the. Also it is nearly
impossible to value the work done by a volunteer for his party.
This is the issue very Election Commission fails.
4. Application of Model Code of Conduct to content on Internet
includingsocial media : The Election Commission of India has its
own model code of conduct which comes in force during the time of
elections from the date of announcement of elections, till the
elections are completed. ECI has made it clear that provisions of
the model code of conduct and instructions issued timely, shall be
applicable on the content posted by candidates and political
parties on social media websites & internet. But this guideline
is a little tricky as there are some ambiguities. Some points which
are to be noted are:a. Online abuse : According to model code of
conduct (1) No party or candidate shall include in any activity
which may aggravate existing differences or create mutual hatred or
cause tension between different castes and communities, religious
or linguistic. and (2) Criticism of other political parties, when
made, shall be confined to their policies and programme, past
record and work. Parties and Candidates shall refrain from
criticism of all aspects of private life, not connected with the
public activities of the leaders or workers of other parties.
Criticism of other parties or their workers based on unverified
allegations or distortion shall be avoided.
My take: In the campaigning for Lok Sabha elections this time
the use of internet has been quite significant. These norms of
Election commission are clearly being violated number of times, not
by the political parties but by their supporters online. The
supporters are immune from this guideline of model code of conduct,
of which they are taking undue advantage in criticizing and ruining
the image of their opponents unlawfully.
b. 48 hours deadline : According to model code of conduct (4)
All parties and candidates shall avoid scrupulously all activities
which are corrupt practices and offences under the election law,
such as bribing of voters, intimidation of voters, impersonation of
voters, canvassing within 100 meters of polling stations, holding
public meetings during the period of 48 hours ending with the hour
fixed for the close of the poll, and the transport and conveyance
of voters to and from polling station.
My take: The application of this not much clear. It has not been
made clear that whether candidates can use or not use their social
media accounts before 48 hours of elections. Also whether the
speeches that were recorded before this deadline be broadcasted or
not. The difference between online and offline media is that online
media is perpetual it is on-demand and doesnt need to be live or
part of a live coverage.
Conclusion
In this paper I have tried to study the impact of technology and
electronic media on the election campaigning methods. I have also
studied about the development of technology in the recent years and
about the changes brought down by it in the campaigning. In order
for better understanding the role of technology we have focused on
the social networking and electronic media. Primary focus was given
to the social media as it will be a real game changer in 2014
election. A small amount of light is also shed on the technologies
used by Shri Narendra Modi in election campaigning which
differentiates him from the crowd traditional politicians. As far
as the role of internet is concerned we have focused on the
facebook as how it is emerging as the new vote bank of the country.
My finding suggests that internet and social networking websites
will exercise a meaningful influence over the choice of voters in
the coming years. The impact of mobile phone can also be seen in
the election campaigning as people witnessed the effect of it in
the Delhi elections where AAP comes into power by a wise use mobile
and social campaigning. I have also studied about the paid media
and how it is unethical practice and diverts the mind of voters.
The issue of guidelines by the Election Commission of India, to
limit the use of social media has some loopholes which are needed
to be corrected and reissued after certain amendments in them.
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http://www.ndi.org/files/MobileActiveGuide1_English.pdf
http://www.ndi.org/files/MobileActiveGuide1_English.pdf
http://www.ndi.org/files/MobileActiveGuide1_English.pdf
http://www.ndi.org/files/MobileActiveGuide1_English.pdf
http://www.ndi.org/files/MobileActiveGuide1_English.pdf
http://www.ndi.org/files/MobileActiveGuide1_English.pdf
http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/AAP-membership-drive
http://www.ndi.org/files/MobileActiveGuide1_English.pdf
http://www.ndi.org/files/MobileActiveGuide1_English.pdf
http://www.ndi.org/files/MobileActiveGuide1_English.pdf
http://voices.yahoo.com/the-influence-media-politics-campaigns-and-651361.html?cat=9
http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/pc/pcc/pcc07
id
http://voices.yahoo.com/the-influence-media-politics-campaigns-and-651361.html?cat=9
id
http://voices.yahoo.com/the-influence-media-politics-campaigns-and-651361.html?cat=9
http://voices.yahoo.com/the-influence-media-politics-campaigns-and-651361.html?cat=9
id
http://voices.yahoo.com/the-influence-media-politics-campaigns-and-651361.html?cat=9
http://www.aibd.org.my/node/1219
http://www.aibd.org.my/node/1219
id
id
id
http://www.medianama.com/2013/10/223-election-commission-social-media-india/
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eci-to-monitor-social-media-113102500883_1.html
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eci-to-monitor-social-media-113102500883_1.html
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eci-to-monitor-social-media-113102500883_1.html
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eci-to-monitor-social-media-113102500883_1.html
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/SocialMedia_CI25102013.pdf
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/SocialMedia_CI25102013.pdf
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/SocialMedia_CI25102013.pdf
Representation of peoples act
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/SocialMedia_CI25102013.pdf
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eci-to-monitor-social-media-113102500883_1.html
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eci-to-monitor-social-media-113102500883_1.html
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/SocialMedia_CI25102013.pdf
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/SocialMedia_CI25102013.pdf
Model code of conduct of eci check from web for actual
citation
http://www.medianama.com/2013/10/223-election-commission-social-media-india/
