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The analysis of points of view by conceptual space approach
Presenta6on at Interna6onal Computer Science Ins6tut, Berkeley
10.3.2015
© Ph.D An) Hautamäki University of Helsinki
Points of view • A visual point of view is a posi=on from which a certain object or scene is observed or looked at.
• Cogni6ve points of view refer to subjec=ve frames or mental representa=ons by which a person recognizes himself and the situa=on in which he is living.
• Conceptual or theore6cal points of view are conceptual systems used to ar=culate certain domains of knowledge.
• Epistemological points of view are our general frameworks and condi=ons for knowing (cf. Putnam 1981 and 1988) or “ways of worldmaking” (Goodman 1978).
Determinables
• Johnson: Logic, Part I, 1964, p. 174 • “I propose to call such terms as colour and shape determinables in rela=ons to such terms as red and circular which will be called determinates.”
• Func=onal interpreta=on: color(table) = brown
Conceptual spaces • Let I is a set of determinable indexes – ”color”, “pitch”, ”shape”, ”weight”, ”length”
• Let D be a set of values – Red, blue,…, round, – In many applica=ons D = R (quan=fica=on of values)
• The conceptual space is the set of func=ons DI form I to D (Cartesian product) DI ={ f | f: I -‐>D }
• I is finite!
Determina=on base • Β := ⟨I,D,E,S⟩ – I is a (finite) set of determinables – D is set of values – E is a set of en==es – S is a state func=on from E to DI
• S(x) ∈ DI is the state of x
• Func=onal nota=on: • [i](x) = S(x)(i) • [color](table1) = S(table1)(color)
Concepts • Subsets of DI are concepts: C ⊆ DI
• If C ⊆ C*, then C* is superconcept for C and C is subconcept for C*
• [Apple] ⊆ [Fruit]
• EXT(C) = {x ∈ E |S(x) ∈ C} (extension of C) • Concepts are like frames (prototypes)
Concepts: apple (general) • Color: green, red, yellow, pink, russeied • Tast: sweet, acid • Flesh: pale yellowish-‐white, pink, yellow • Diameter: 7.0 to 8.3 cm (e.g. 5,5 cm) • Etc. • There are correla=ons between values – E.g. Green apples are acid
• Subconcepts: Fuji, Golden delicious, Granny Smith, Lobo
• prototype
Subspaces
• Let B = ⟨I,D,E,S⟩ be a determina=on base and let K be a subset of I.
• The set DK is a subspace of DI and the state func,on SK for DK is defined as follows:
• SK(x) := S(x)/K (restric=on of S(x) to K) • [x]K := {y ∈ E | SK(x) = SK(y)} (equivalence class)
• OK := {[x]K | x ∈ E} (K-‐ontology)
Points of view
• A viewpoint V rela,ve to determina,on base B= ⟨I,D,E,S⟩ is a structure V=⟨Β,K,T⟩, where K is a subset of I and T is a subset of DK:
• K ⊆ I and T ⊆ DK. • T is called a theory of the viewpoint V. • K represents selec=on of relevant quali=es and T represents the basic assump=ons of en==es
• The scope of the viewpoint V=⟨Β,K,T⟩ is the set SC(V) := {x ∈ E | SK(x) ∈ T}
Hautamäki 2015
Comparison of viewpoints
• V = ⟨B,K,T⟩ and V* = ⟨B,K*,T*⟩ are comparable iff SC(V) ∩ SC(V*) ≠ Ø
• OBVV* := SC(V) ∩ SC(V*) (object of V and V*) • We can compare V and V* by determinables • K∩K* = Ø • K∩K* ≠ Ø • K ⊆ K* or K* ⊆ K (extension)
Comparison by theories • We can compare viewpoints by theories using conserva=ve extensions of theories:
• CE(T) := {f ∈ DI | f/K ∈ T} • if CE(T) ⊆ CE(T*) then SC(V) ⊆ SC(V*) – T* is more general theory than T
• Correla=on of states by theories: • CVV*(f,g) iff there is x∈OB such that f/K = SK(x) & g/K* = SK*(x)]
• Case: mind-‐body-‐rela=on by looking for correla=on of mental states and neural states
Geometry of concepts • It is assumed that each of the quality dimensions is endowed with certain topological or geometric structures.
• We could build an distance measure or betweenness rela=on in DI.
• The region C in DI is convex if – If s1∈ C and s2 ∈C and s is between s1 and s2 then s ∈ C
• Natural proper=es are convex regions of some conceptual space
• Prototypes and Voronoi tessella=on lead to convex par==oning of the space
Gärdenfors 2000
Perspec=ves
• A perspec=ve is a func=on P from I to [0,1] • P(i) is the weight or the relevance of i • P(i) = 0 -‐> ignore i • P(i) = 1 -‐> i get the full stress • 0 < P(i) < 1 -‐> i is between above
• Then we can define weighted distance measures.
Kaipainen & Hautamäki 2011 ja 2015
Temporal conceptual spaces • Choice: =me is a determinable -‐ =me ∈ I • Or =me is related to state func=on: • B = ⟨I,D,E,T,S⟩ • T = R (real numbers) • S: ExT -‐> DI is par=al state func=on
– S(x,t) = s: “The state of x at t is s” • If S(x,t)=S(y,t) then x=y • If S(x,t) is defined then there is a closed interval πx =[m,n]
containing t such that – If t*∈[m,n] then S(x,t*) is defined – otherwise S(x,t*) is not defined
• πx is called the life-‐cycle of x
Hautamäki (Forthcoming)
i1
i2
A
B C
Change and events
• World-‐lines are func=ons from T into DI • Time related concepts are sets of world-‐lines
WL are vectors of =me
Temporal points of view
• V = ⟨B,π⟩, where B is a determina=on base and π is a closed interval
• Many no=ons could be rela=vized to points of view, like existence:
• x exists from the viewpoint π if π ∩ πx ≠ ø • Temporal points of view are comparable according to James Allen’s interval algebra
References • Gärdenfors, P. (2000). Conceptual spaces: On the geometry of thought. Cambridge,
MA: The MIT Press. • Hautamäki, A. (1983b). The Logic of Viewpoints. Studia Logica XLII, 2/3, 187-‐196. • Hautamäki, A. (1986). Points of view and their logical analysis. Helsinki: Acta
Philosophica Fennica 41. • Hautamäki, A. (1992). A conceptual space approach to seman=c networks.
Computers & Mathema,cs with Applica,ons, 23(6-‐9), 517-‐525. Published also in F. Lehmann (Ed.), Seman,c networks in ar,ficial intelligence (517-‐525). Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1992.
• Hautamäki, A. (2015) Points of view: A conceptual space approach. Founda,ons of Science.
• Hautamäki, A. (Forthcoming). Change, event, and temporal points of view. • Kaipainen, M. & Hautamäki, A. (2011). Epistemic pluralism and mul=-‐perspec=ve
knowledge organiza=on, Explora=ve conceptualiza=on of topical content domains. Knowledge Organiza,on, 38(6), 503-‐514.
• Kaipainen, M. & Hautamäki, A. (2015). A perspec=vist approach to conceptual spaces. In P. Gärdenfors & F. Zenker (Eds.), Conceptual spaces at work. Springer.