Pneumonia by Kamran UOSargodha

8/14/2019 Pneumonia by Kamran UOSargodha

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PNEUMONIA

Presented to: Abdul Malik

Presented by: Kamran Gulzar


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Contents Introduction Causes Pathogens Community Acquired Pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae Transmission Pathogenesis Symptoms

Diagnosis Treatment Prevention


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Introduction

Pneumonia is a inflammatory illness of the

lung. Frequently, it is described as lung

parenchyma/alveolarinflammation and

abnormal alveolar filling with fluid (

consolidation and exudation).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exudationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exudationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenchymahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation


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Causes

Pneumonia can result from a variety of

causes, including infection with bacteria,

viruses, fungi, orparasites, and chemical or

physical injury to the lungs. Its cause mayalso be officially described as idiopathicthat

is, unknownwhen infectious causes have

been excluded.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection


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Pathogenes

Bacterias Streptococcus Pneumoniae Haemohilus inflenzae Morxella catarrhalis Legionella pneumophila Mycoplasma pneumoniae Staphylococcus pneumoniae Pseudomonas Pneumoniae Pneumocystis carinii Pneumoniae Klebsiella Pneumoniae
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000616.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000082.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000082.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000616.htm


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Viral pneumonia

Influenza virus

Adenovirus

Cytomegalovirus


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Community AcquiredPneumonia CAP is the third most common cause of death due

to infectious disease. According to WHO 3-4 million pepole die each year. Most common community acquired respiratory

pathogens areo Streptococcus Pneumoniao Haemohilus inflenzaeo Morxella catarrhalis

Streptococcus Pneumonia causes up to 70% ofcases of CAP

Streptococcus Pneumonia is the major cause ofCAP , meningitis, otitis media, and sinusitis.


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Streptococcuspneumoniae Gram-positive, lancet-shaped cocci Usually, they are

seen as pairs of cocci (diplococci), but they may alsooccur singly and in short chains. When cultured on bloodagar, they are alpha hemolytic. Individual cells arebetween 0.5 and 1.25 micrometers in diameter. They donot form spores, and they are nonmotile. Like otherstreptococci, they lack catalase and ferment glucose tolactic acid. Unlike other streptococci, they do not displayan M protein, they hydrolyze inulin, and their cell wallcomposition is characteristic both in terms of their

peptidoglycan and their teichoic acid. Surface Proteins: Five penicillin binding proteins (PBPs),

two neuraminidases, Twelve CBPs and an IgA protease.


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Streptococcus pneumoniaescanning electron micrograph of

a pair of diplococci.


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Transmission

Humans are the natural host ofpneumococci: there is no animal reservoir.Resistance is high in healthy individuals,and disease is most often when

predisposing factors are present.


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Pathogenesis

The most important virulence factor is the capsularpolysaccharide. In immunocompromised patient,inflammatory response and septic shocks are produceddue to the activation of complement system.Complement system is activated by lipoteichoic acid.

Colonization and InvasionPneumococci adhere tightly to the nasopharyngealepithelium by multiple mechanisms and for some people,however, progression into the lungs or middle earoccurs.During invasion, the interaction between the

bacterial cell wall choline and the host PAF receptor G-protein contributes to a state of altered vascularpermeability. In the lung, this leads to arrival of aninflammatory exudates.


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Factors that lower the resistance and predispose

person to pneumococcal infection includes

Alcohol or drug intoxification or other cerebralimpairment that can depress the cough reflex and

increase aspiration of secretion.

Abnormality of respiratory tract., bronchialobstruction and respiratory tract injury cause by

irritants.

Abnormal circulatory dynamic Certain chronic diseases such as sickle cell

anemia and nephrosis.


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Symptoms

Cough with greenish or yellow mucus;

bloody sputum happens on occasion

Feverwith shaking chills

Sharp or stabbing chest pain worsened by

deep breathing or coughing

Rapid, shallow breathing

Shortness of breath
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007198.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007198.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm


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Diagnosis

Patient's symptoms and

physical examination

Chest X-ray

Blood tests

sputum cultures
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest_X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_history


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Treatment

The primaroy foccus of empiric therapy is

S.pneumoniae. recent studies showed

pathogens causing CAP are 98%

susceptible to cefuroxime. Patients with mild pneumonia who are

otherwise healthy are usually treated with

oral macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin,clarithromycin, or erythromycin).


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Patients with other serious illnesses, such as

heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease, or emphysema, kidney disease, ordiabetes are often given one of the following:

Fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin (Levaquin),

sparfloxacin (Zagam), or gemifloxacin (Factive),moxifloxacin (Avelox)

High-dose amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate,

plus a macrolide antibiotic (azithromycin,

clarithromycin, or erythromycin).

Vancomycin is the drug of choice.ss


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Prevention

Wash your hands frequently, especially after blowing yournose, going to the bathroom, diapering, and before eating orpreparing foods.

Don't smoke. Tobacco damages the lung's ability to ward offinfection.

Wear a mask when cleaning dusty or moldy areas. Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia in children, the elderly,

and people with diabetes, asthma, emphysema, HIV, cancer, orother chronic conditions:

Pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax, Prevnar) preventsStreptococcus pneumoniae.

Flu vaccine prevents pneumonia and other problems caused bythe influenza virus. It must be given yearly to protect againstnew viral strains.

Hib vaccine prevents pneumonia in children from Haemophilusinfluenzae type b.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002029.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002025.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002023.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002023.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002025.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002029.htm


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Pneumonia by Kamran UOSargodha