PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .1

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .2

MgB2

What’s It All About?Paul M. Grant

Science FellowSS&T

pgrant@epri.comwww.epri.com/highlights

ftp://ftpuser:ftpuser1@ftp.epri.com/outgoing/grant

Electric Power Research InstitutePalo Alto, California USA

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .3

Nature, 1 March 2001How was it ever missed!

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .4

Maybe It Wasn’t!

MgB2 Specific HeatR. M. Swift and D. White,

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 3641 (1957)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

10 20 30 40 50 60

T (K)

Mo

lal C

P (

ca

l/K)

?39

?32

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .5

Nature, 31 May 2001

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .6

Tape dimensions: 3.5 mm x 0.35 mmFilling factor 20%Treated at 900°C for 2 hours in Ar

INFM-Genova, G. Grasso, A. Malagoli, V. Braccini, S. Roncallo, and A.S. Siri, Italy

INFM-GenovaNi-Sheathed MgB2 Tape

Ex-Situ Sintered

0 2 4 6 8 10 121

10

100

1000

Htape

H//tape

I c at 4

.2 K

Magnetic Field [T]1.0x104 1.5x104 2.0x104 2.5x104 3.0x104

10

100

1000

Htape

Transport 4.2K

Cri

tica

l cu

rre

nt [

A]

Magnetic Field (Gauss)

Inductive 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K

4.2 K

4103

4104

4105

A/cm2

Asc = 2.510-3 cm2

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .7

Transformer Cost of Ownership

0

20

40

60

80

$/kAm

Cu (300) BSCCO(77)

MgB2 (25)

Wire

Cryo

Losses

Following ABB SPI I Analysis

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .8

Prologue: The Two Energy Lemmas

I. Any discussion of the application of energy technology must involve, from the very start, an explicit social and political scenario

II. The unique aspect of energy as a life-sustaining necessity separates it from the jurisdiction of many of the usual “laws” of economics

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .9

One Likely Future Scenario

• Global Accord is Achieved– Materials for WOMD controlled; terrorism contained

• World’s Population Aspires to an American SOL– 400 -> 600 quads per year

• GHG-driven GCC a Major Concern– Either accepted scientifically, or “no regrets” policy applied

• Society Demands Green, Sustainable Energy Supply– Many hundred years, minimal environmental impact

• Plus Safe, Robust, Non-intrusive Energy Delivery– Invisible, > 50 year life, 4-9s reliability

By 2025:

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .10

Constrained Energy Technology Choice

• Zero GHG emissions for energy production and personal transportation– No combustion/reforming of fossil fuels – nada!

• Optimal (minimal) utilization of land area for energy production and delivery– No Wind Farms!– No Solar Farms!– No Biomass Farms!

• Optimal (maximal) physical safety and security– Almost everything underground!

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The Challenge

Design a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth.

Accomplish all this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible.

…without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs

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The Solution

• Generation– Nuclear-hydrogen, solar roofs

• Transmission– Underground (lvdcsc electricity and hydrogen)

• Distribution– Reversible fuel cell substations + H2 storage– Local H2 and electricity distribution for end use

• End Use– Appliances, Space Conditioning, Transportation

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Kashiwazaki Kariwa: 8000 MW

1 mile

Unit 7: 1320 MW ABWR

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Diablo Canyon

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Diablo Canyon

TwoDiabl

oNuke

s

6.3 miles

Wind Farm

equal toONE

Diablo Unit1100

1 MWTowers,1000 ftapart

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California Coast Power

Diablo Canyon

2200 MWPower Plant

Wind FarmEquivalent

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Hydrogen ProductionStuart Industries

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Hindenburg Hysteria

The Hindenburg did not crashBecause of a hydrogen leak!

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Solar RoofsPV shingle roofing

2000 ft2 @ 10 Wp/ft2 = 20 kWp

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Urban Biomass

• Average U.S. adult produces 0.7 kg (1.5 lbs) of combustible biowaste daily– Unconsumed food– Paper products

• Assume an energy content of 10 MJ/kg (40% of coal)

• 50 MW/day potential recovery from biowaste for population of 600,000

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .21

“The Energy Pipeline”

MgB2

MgB2

ElectricalInsulation

ThermalInsulation

VacuumLiquid H2

@ 21 K

± 50,000 Vdc

100,000 A10 GW

PMG PDASWG Talk (Detroit, 26 Feb 02) .22

An American Vision for the World:

“SuperCities & SuperGrids”

SupermarketSchool Home

Family Car

DNA-to-order.com

Nuclearplant

H2

H2

MgB2

SuperCity

National Climate Change Technology Initiative (NCCTI – “Necktie”)

“Absolutely Zero GHG Emissions by 2050” -- George W. BushP.M. Grant, The Industrial Physicist, Feb/March Issue, 2002

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SuperCity

• Population: 600,000 (e.g., Seattle)– 40% Commercial– 20% Light Industrial– 40% Residential

• Energy Load– 1000 MWe– 450 MWt– 50 MWe (for cryogenics & pumping)

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SuperCities & SuperGridsA New EPRI SS&T Project

• $150,000 2002 SS&T “Innovative Circle”– Internally Funded Direct Cost– Utilize EPRI staff competence– Network with interested parties in government

and industry• $100,000 Foundation-funded Workshop

– Organized through Jesse Ausebel, Rockefeller U.– To be held, Summer 2002

• Deliverables– Feasibility and cost report– “Energy Pipeline” scoping design– Find a Federal Champion!

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Where there is no vision,the people perish… Proverbs 29:18