Play, Recreation, and the Life Course--Children
HPR 200 Spring 2011 Developmental stages of childhood and the forms of play activity children engage in Obstacles Less physically active Family changes Pressure
Video games TV Family changes Working Single parents Pressure Learn too much Grow too fast Stages of Child Development
Infancy Early childhood Toddler Preschool Middle childhood Stages of Game Play Age Stage Level Process Teaching 1-5 Egocentric
Self-play Parallel play Exploration Imitation Problem solving 4-8 Cooperative Partner Small group Prediction Analysis Synthesis Guided discovery 7-12 Competitive Team Testing Contesting Evaluation Command Infancy 0-18 months Force motor development skills??
Gentle stimulation Grasping Hand-eye coordination Freedom and space Infant exercise class Intervene too much or not enough Infant exercise classesGymboree Teach balance, strengthen muscles, develop hand-eye coordination Not performed to excess More vigorous the newborn, more likely to be active later Early Childhood 18 months to 5 years old Egocentric Self-expression
Emotional and social adjustment Learning language Toddler Preschooler Very wide time period Lots of things changing and happening Very selfish Asking questions Toddler 18 months to 3 years Active explorers Attention span
Movement and sensation Parallel play Imagination Gross-motor skills Grow faster now than any other time Short attention spanthis should dictate how we work with these individuals Learn through movement and touching rather than listening and reasoning Parallel playside-by-side activity with another child; STORY ABOUT BRIE AND FONZIE Gross motor skillsactivities that require use of large muscle groups; walking, running, jumping Preschoolers 3-5 Mobility Gender Energy Handling objects
Seeking out others Are increasingly mobile and getting into things Start to realize gender differences; will talk about more with toys Lots of energy means they quickly forget things and move on Like to touch and play with objects By age five they start to seek out other friends Show and tell activities may be good for this age Middle Childhood 5-12 Slow steady growth Fine motor skills
Variety of growth rates Gender Simple rules Cooperative play ADD Period marked by slow, steady growth, but it occurs at different rates and this can make children feel uncomfortable Fine motor skillsprecise, coordinated movements; cutting, tracing, buttoning Girls may develop quicker and by larger and heavier than boys Girls better at accuracy of movement Boys better at more forceful acts Simple rules that are easy to follow Encourage cooperative play; PROVIDE SOME EXAMPLES Physical activity can have positive influence on ADD; TALK ABOUT ADD AND VIDEO GAMES Activity Groups of 5 Develop skit for assigned age group
Skit should show age appropriate age activities Perform skit for class Class will identify characteristics of the age group Toys Age appropriate Gender differences? Imagination Cooperation
Turn taking Organizing Physical coordination Spatial relationships Boxes will say what age the toys are appropriate for; SAFETY ISSUES Children who have opportunity to play with toys designed for both sexes have advantages These six skills can be developed through playing with toys Playgrounds Boston Sand Garden Traditional Contemporary Adventure
Modern Safety Individuals with disabilities Boston Sand Garden was first playground in 1885 and was literally a sand pile Traditional: steel slides, seesaws, swings, etc Contemporary: creative; tires, nets, suspension bridges; opportunity for creativity; liability issues Adventure: hand tools, wood and rope to build own structures; unattractive and liability Modern: combine elements already listed with safety Falling is biggest safety concern Making accessible for individuals with disabilities Games Play versus game Pursuit of a goal Created games New games
Cooperation versus competition Game is more mature stage of developmentmoves into recreation from play In games there is pursuit of a goal Children create games; EXAMPLE POOL TAG AND BAT GAME IN THE POOL New games: emphasis is on cooperation and social growth; ROPES COURSES not geared to spectators requires little equipment DEMONSTRATE GROUP KNOT WITH ABOUT 8 PEOPLE Sports Little league baseball Physical fitness Discipline Respect
Dedication Teamwork Individuals with disabilities LLB is just one example These five things are skills that can be learned through team sports Problems with Sports? Levels of participation Intensity Injury Adults
Maturation level Fun Losing Play, Recreation, and the Life Course--Children
Review All of the following are psychological benefits/effects of leisure EXCEPT:
Deference Autonomy Justice Relaxation Satisfaction Satisfaction is emotional When discussing the biological interpretations of play, the following theorist suggested that play prepares young people for the demands of life: Fredrich von Schiller George Herbert Mead Joseph Lee Karl Groos Sigmund Freud Name AND define the three essential elements of leisure. Essential Elements of Leisure
Perceived freedom Autotelic nature Beneficial outcome Identify the five components of recreation. Recreation Voluntary Organized Socially redeeming Fun Free time
These pieces of the definition are similar to the definitions for leisure EXCEPT organized Socially redeeming can be defined differently by different culturese.g. street racers Examples? Sports (e.g. require practices or games?), intramurals, book club If a meeting or event is mandatory, is it still recreation? Is it leisure? Leisure and Individuals with Disabilities
Individuals with physical disabilities Individuals with cognitive disabilities Individuals with emotional/behavioral disabilities Older adults PhysicalCerebral palsy, MD, MS, vision, hearing CognitiveMR