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Plate Tectonics. Evolution of the Earth. Free powerpoints at http://www.worldofteaching.com. Interior. Inner Core. Outer Core. Lower Mantle. Upper Mantle. Crust. Interior. 2259 km. 1220 km. 2851 km. What’s in the Earth’s Layers:. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Plate TectonicsPlate TectonicsEvolution of the Earth
Free powerpoints at http://www.worldofteaching.com
InteriorInterior
Crust
Upper MantleLower Mantle
Outer CoreInner Core
InteriorInterior
2851 km
2259 km1220 km
What’s in the Earth’s Layers:Crust: is made up of Silicates which are cooler-rigid rock
Mantle: -made up softer weaker rock that can flow slowly.
Core:-Outer core: liquid metal and very hot!-Inner core: solid metal and very high pressure!
VolcanoesVolcanoes• Volcanoes are the result of hot spots within the
crust or mantle of the earth.• The hot, liquid rock will break through weak spots
in the surface and form volcanoes or flood basalts. These are called Effusive/Quiet Volcanoes
• Many volcanoes do not release lava, instead they spit ash. These are called Explosive Volcanoes
• The type of volcano is determined by the materials in it. Go to: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/forcesofnature/interactive/index.html
Volcanoes
Dissolved Gases
Silica Content
Type of Volcano Looks like…. Effusive or Explosive
High High
High Low
Low High
Low Low
Fill in the following table to determine how quiet and explosive volcanoes differ:
VolcanoesVolcanoes
Quiet lava flows
VolcanoesVolcanoes
Mt. St. Helen before the explosive eruption
VolcanoesVolcanoes
VolcanoesVolcanoesTime lapse of the eruption
VolcanoesVolcanoes
Mt. St. Helen after the eruption
VolcanoesVolcanoes
Mt. St. Helens begins the rebuilding process
Flood basalts: When volcanic eruptions coats a thick layer of cooled magma over the surface of the earth.
Flood basalts: When volcanic eruptions coats a thick layer of cooled magma over the surface of the earth.
This is IGNEOUS ROCK.Igneous Rock is a type of rock that is made in the mantle
VolcanoesVolcanoes
Where does the energy to make a Volcano come from?
Where does the energy to make a Volcano come from?
The earth’s core is extremely HOT!
Magma in the mantle is always moving in the earth because of
the Earth’s Core, which causes Convection:
Hot materials rise and cool materials
sink.
• This causes the plates to move with the magma of the mantle to: 1) move apart
(Divergent Boundaries) or• 2) move together (Convergent Boundaries)
and even • 3) past one another (Transform Boundaries.)
Because Plates move they cause the magma to be released through cracks in the earth’s crust creating volcanoes.
Volcano locations:Why at these locations?
Volcano locations:Why at these locations?
The answer is Tectonic PlatesThe answer is Tectonic Plates
The reason volcanoes occur at specific locations:
1. Plate Tectonics Move at a Convergent Zone: (together)
• Convergent Zones: Volcanoes
The reason volcanoes occur at specific locations:
2. At Divergent Zones: (a part)
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Another source of evidence is based on seafloor ages which get younger as we approach sea floor ridges
Pangea• What is Pangaea? • Pangaea was a super continent at one time.• Scientists use the similarity of rock types and fossil types that date to the
same age to support their theory that the continents were connected to form a super continent.
• The map below give just one example of areas on different continents that show the same fossils and rock types.
PangeaPangea
PangeaPangea
PangeaPangea
The break up of Pangea
The reason volcanoes occur at specific locations:
3. Magma moves to the surface of the earth near a weak spot and can activate a magma chamber
• http://sio.ucsd.edu/volcano/about/magma.html4. This can happen over a HOTSPOT. The Hawaiian Islandshave formed because a platemoved over a hotspot.
Mid-Plate HotspotsMid-Plate Hotspots
What types of energy are taking place to have a volcano?
• Mechanical Energy: – Magma moves from the interior earth up to a weak
portion in the earth’s crust.– Magma also moves out from the volcano. – Ash and rock can also move out from a volcano like in a
pyroclastic flow.• Heat Energy
– The earth’s core has large amounts of heat that escape at the earth’s surface through a volcano
Draw how a volcano works by using words to describe the process such as: magma, crust, mantle, mechanical energy, heat energy
EarthquakesEarthquakes• Earthquakes are a result of motion within the
earth.• This only occurs where the earth is solid and
therefore can only occur within about 100 miles of the surface
• Earthquakes provide the best evidence regarding the interior structure of the Earth.
EarthquakesEarthquakes
EarthquakesEarthquakes
EarthquakesEarthquakes
EarthquakesEarthquakesA. Where the earthquake occurs
B. Directly above the earthquake C. Where the land masses move past one another D. Where the land will either drop down, jet up or change along the fault. E. Waves that move outward causing the shaking movement of the earth.
Waves fall under two categories:
1) P-Waves: occurs when fault moves past each other horizontally, cause a compressed wave.
2) S-Waves: occurs when faults move vertically, causes a wavy wave.
* Both display Mechanical Energy!
Both Body Waves and
Surface Waves will differ in both S & P
Waves:
Seismograph: Measures movement in the earth.
Seismograph: Measures movement in the earth.
Finding an Earthquake’s EpicenterFinding an Earthquake’s Epicenter
Earthquakes occur often!
Earthquakes occur at plate boundaries more frequentlyEarthquakes occur at plate boundaries more frequently
Location of worldwide earthquakes
EarthquakesEarthquakes
Earthquakes by depth.Notice that the deep earthquakes occur only at subduction zones.
• The bigger the magnitude of the earthquake, the more mechanical energy there is.
• Go to: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/forcesofnature/interactive/index.html
• Fill out the following table:
Bed rock Low Description of Damage
High
Fault Low
High
Land fill Low
High
Different Forms of Energy In the Earth
• Mechanical Energy: Energy due to motion• Heat energy: energy due to heat• Potential energy: energy that is built up but
not yet released• Kinetic Energy: energy that is occurring (in
motion)
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Today plate boundaries are determined by examining the location of volcanoes and earthquakes.
Volcanoes result from the friction (heat) of the platesmotion.
Earthquakes occur where plate rub against one another
Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries• Convergent – plates move toward one
another
• Divergent – plates move away from each other
• Transform – plate moves sideways from each other
Faults occur at these Plate boundaries, where land masses move. These faults when moved release energy in the form of an earthquake.
There are 3 different faults:
1. Normal Fault: as stress is pulled away on the plates, one land mass slips down. (Divergent Plate boundary)
2. Reverse Fault: as two plates come together one land mass jets up above the other making a hanging wall. (Convergent Plate Boundary)
3. Transverse Fault: occurs as two plates slide past one another. (Transform plate boundary)
Tectonic PlatesTectonic PlatesVolcanoes
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Another source of evidence is based on seafloor ages which get younger as we approach sea floor ridges
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Our final piece of evidence is the magnetic record of the ocean floor.
This shows the pattern of reversal and we find a near perfect mirror image on opposing sides of the ridge
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates
Composition vs. MotionComposition vs. Motion
We can look at the interior of the Earth based on the composition of the rocks or based on the movement
Based on CompositionBased on Composition
• Crust – solid, relatively low density silicate rock• Mantle – Semi fluid, denser, mafic (iron and magnesium
bearing) rocks• Core – Liquid then solid iron and nickel with traces of
heavier elements
Plate TypesPlate Types• Oceanic plates: basalt
– Dark (black) and dense rock type composed of silicates, iron and magnesium
• Continental plates – granite and andesite– Light colored (pink, white and
gray) and low density rock type composed almost entirely of silicates.
Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries
Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries
Convergent PlatesConvergent Plates
Convergent PlatesConvergent Plates
Convergent PlatesConvergent Plates
Convergent PlatesConvergent PlatesThe only subduction zone in the AtlanticThe only subduction zone in the Atlantic
Convergent PlatesConvergent Plates
Black arrows show subduction zones and the direction of plate movement
Convergent PlatesConvergent Plates
Looking at the depthof earthquakes showsthat angle that the plate is being subducted
Divergent PlatesDivergent Plates
Divergent PlatesDivergent Plates
Divergent PlatesDivergent Plates
Divergent PlatesDivergent Plates
Transform PlatesTransform Plates
Mid-Plate HotspotsMid-Plate Hotspots
Mid-Plate HotspotsMid-Plate Hotspots
Transform PlatesTransform Plates
San Andreas Fault
Mid-Plate HotspotsMid-Plate Hotspots
Mid-Plate HotspotsMid-Plate Hotspots
Why do the Plates Move?Why do the Plates Move?
Why do the Plates Move?Why do the Plates Move?• No single idea explains everything but we can
identify several forces that contribute to the movement of the plates.– Slab pull
• The sinking of the cooled dense oceanic plates pulls on the rest of the plate
– Ridge rises• The material deposited on the top of the ridge slides downs from
the rise pushing on the plate– Convection
• Movement within the mantle could be part of the driving force behind the motion of the plates.
The Big PictureThe Big Picture
Pangea• What is Pangaea? • Pangaea was a super continent at one time.• Scientists use the similarity of rock types and fossil types that date to the
same age to support their theory that the continents were connected to form a super continent.
• The map below give just one example of areas on different continents that show the same fossils and rock types.
PangeaPangea
PangeaPangea
PangeaPangea
The break up of Pangea
Where are we going?Where are we going?
We appear to be headed for another super continent as North America,
South America, Asia and Australia converge in the ever shrinking Pacific Ocean