PlasmaLiquid portion of blood without cellular components

SerumPlasma after a blood clot is formed

Cellular Components Red & White blood cells, platelets

The average adult contains 8-10 pints of blood

Straw colored Contains no cellular components

Water Blood Proteins Plasma Proteins

Fibrinogens- Necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in liver Albumin- From the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and

volume Prothrombin- A globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K

necessary for prothrombin synthesis Nutrients Electrolytes Hormones, vitamins, enzymes Metabolic waste products

Do not contain nucleus/cellular elements Shape

Biconcave discs, donut shaped

Hemoglobin Gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein

FunctionTransports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide

away from cells

Normal:Men= 14-18 gmWomen= 12-16 gm

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange

Arterial bloodLots of oxygenBright red

Venous bloodLots of CO2 Dark crimson

Manufacture of red blood cellsOccurs in bone marrowRed cells live 120 daysOld cells are broken down by the spleen

and liverHemolysis

Rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

Larger than erythrocytes – main function to fight infection 5 types Normal count

3200-9800

Shape Granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid

Types Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes

Phagocytosis Process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria

PhagocytosisProcess when white cells surround, engulf, and

digest harmful bacteriaPerformed by phagocytes

Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Basophils produce heparinAn anticoagulant

DiapedesisWhen white cells move through capillary wall into

neighboring tissue

Smallest of solid components of bloodSynthesized in red marrowNot cells

Fragments of megakaryocytesNecessary for the initiation of the blood

clotting process

Blood TypesBLOOD TYPES• Four major types of blood – A, B, AB, & O• Inherited from parents• Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell

ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body

Someone with type A blood has B antibodies.Someone with type B blood has A antibodies.Someone with type AB blood has NO antibodies.Someone with type O blood has A & B antibodies.

UNIVERSAL DONOR – Blood Type OUNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – Blood Type AB

Blood Types cont’d Red cells also may contain Rh Factor

• If you have it, you’re Rh +• If you don’t, you’re Rh –

When an Rh – mother is pregnant with an Rh + baby, the baby’s blood (usually during delivery) can mix with the mom’s blood, causing the mom’s blood to make anti Rh antibodies.

If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh + positive, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.

RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, & her immune system won’t produce antibodies.

Disorders

ANEMIA• Deficiency in number or %

of red blood cells

IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA• Usually in women, children and adolescents• Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in

sufficient hemoglobin synthesis• Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy

vegetables

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA• Caused by deficiency of B12 or intrinsic factor

(produced by stomach mucosa, necessary for absorption of B12)

• Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, & neurologic changes

• Treatment – injections of B12

APLASTIC ANEMIA• Bone marrow does not produce enough red &

white blood cells• Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA• Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents• Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape• Siclke cells break easily & carry less oxygen• Occurs primarily in blacks• Treatment – blood transfusions

COOLEY’S ANEMIA• Also known as Thalassemia Major• Caused by a defect in hemoglobin• Affects people of Mediterranean descent

POLYCYTHEMIA• Too many red blood cells are formed• May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude

EMBOLISM• Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the

bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage• Also known as a “moving blood clot”

THROMBOSIS• The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel• The blood clot is a THROMBUS

HEMATOMA• Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or

space• Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

HEMOPHILIA• Hereditary• Missing clotting factor• Blood clots slow or abnormally• Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons• Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

THROMBOCYTOPENIA• Not enough platelets• Blood will not clot properly

LEUKEMIA• Malignant condition• Overproduction of immature white

blood cells• Hinders synthesis of red cells

SEPTICEMIA• Presence of pathogens or toxins in the

blood

• Pus- cream colored liquid

• Abscess- pus filed cavity

• Pyrexia- fever

• Leukocytosis-increase in white blood cell count (>10,000 per cubic centimeter)

• Edema-excessive fluid in tissues