Plantae KINGDOM

General Characteristics• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Chlorophyll• Autotrophic (Photosynthesis)• Thick CELL WALL made of

CELLULOSE

Plants Adapting to Land• Waxy CUTICLE to prevent water

loss• Leaves for PHOTOSYNTHESIS• ROOTS to anchor and absorb

minerals & water• VASCULAR TISSUES to transport

materials• REPRODUCTION – seeds, spores,

alternation of generations

Vascular Tissues• Xylem-

transports water and minerals

• Phloem-transports sugars and organic materials

Alternation of Generations• All plants • Primary way of reproduction in NON-

Vascular/NON-seed plantsGAMETOPHYTE GENERATION

PRODUCES HAPLOID GAMETESSPOROPHYTE GENERATION

FORMED FROM FUSION OF GAMETESPRODUCES HAPLOID SPORES

NON-VASCULAR/NON-SEEDPlants

• Classified into 3 divisions• Lack Vascular tissues• Live in MOIST Habitats• Produce SPORES

(Alternation of Generations)

Mosses

Liverworts

Hornworts

NON-Seed Vascular Plants• First vascular plants• Classified into 4 divisions• SPORES produces on the underside of

FROND in the SPORANGIA• SPOROPHYTE generation is DOMINANT

Club MossFerns

Whisk Fern

VASCULAR SEED PLANTS• Produce seeds. SEEDS are plant

EMBRYOS– Advantages of SEEDS

• Food supply for the young plant• Protect the embryo• Many ways of dispersal

• Two main groups– Gymnosperms ‘naked seeds’ produce seeds

in cones. Examples Pines, Spruce etc.– Angiosperms ‘flowering plants’ produce

seeds in the fruit of the plant.

Gymnosperms• Classified into 4 divisions• Needle like LEAVES• Produce SEEDS on cones

PINE

GINKO

DIVISION ANTHOPHYTAAngiosperms

• Flowering plants• Complex diverse group• Produce seeds in fruit• Two sub classes

– Monocotyledon (MONOCOTS)– Dicotyledon (DICOT)

MONOCOT• One seed leaf• Parallel veins• Vascular tissue scattered• Flower parts in THREES (petals,

anthers,etc)• Usually herbaceous, grains• Examples: Corn, wheat, rice

CORN

Dicot• Two seed leaves• Netted veins• Flower parts in

fours and fives or multiples of

• Usually woody plants and trees

• Examples: trees, fruits & vegetables

Two halves

• Roots anchor and absorb water and minerals

• Stems provide support and contain vascular tissues (xylem & phloem)

Dicot RootMonocot Root

Dicot Stem

Monocot Stem

• Leaves site of PHOTOSYNTHESIS• Petals leaf-like structure of flowers• Stamens male reproductive structure• Anther contains pollen grains (male gamete)• Pistil female reproductive structure• Stigma attracts pollen grains• Ovary where the ovules (female gamete)

develop and fertilization occurs• Fruits contain seeds (plant embryo)• Flowers contain the reproductive structures

for flowering plants

FLOWER STRUCTURE

Uses for PLANTS• Agriculture • Chemicals• Spices• Lumber• Fuel

• Flowers• Medicine• Silviculture• Vegetable• Horticulture

Types of Plants• Herbaceous=die in Fall, sprout in Spring• Woody=remain and grow each year• Annuals=produce seed one season

(Cereal, grains, annual flowers)• Biennials=take two years to produce

seeds (beets, carrots, cabbage)• Perennials=takes two years to establish

roots, shoots come up in the spring(lilies, irises, trees, shrubs, vines)