AP Kingdom Plantae

8/8/2019 AP Kingdom Plantae

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Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae


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All plants are eukaryoticAll plants are eukaryoticautotrophs making food fromautotrophs making food from

sunlight through photosynthesis.sunlight through photosynthesis.

There are, however, a few speciesThere are, however, a few species

that are both autotrophs andthat are both autotrophs andheterotrophs.heterotrophs.

Plants have cell walls made ofPlants have cell walls made ofcellulose.cellulose.

Primary consumers eat onlyPrimary consumers eat only

plants.plants.


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Land plants evolved from green algaeLand plants evolved from green algae

Researchers have identified green algaeResearchers have identified green algaecalled charophyceans as the closestcalled charophyceans as the closest

relatives of land plantsrelatives of land plants


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Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land

In charophyceans

A layer of a durable polymer called

sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from

drying out

The accumulation of traits that facilitated

survival on land

May have opened the way to its colonizationby plants


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T r r f r k tr its t t l l ts s r

l it c r c s

R s -s c l s f r c ll l s

s t sis


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Copyright 2005 earson ducation, Inc. publishing as en amin Cummings

Per is e enz es

Str ct r e f fl ell ted s er

F r ti n f r l st


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Derived Traits of Plants

ive key traits appear in nearly all land plants

but are absent in the charophyceans

Apical meristems

Alternation of generations

Walled spores produced in sporangia

Multicellular gametangia

Multicellular dependent embryos


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CuticleCuticle a protective waxy coatingthat prevents H2O in plant tissuesfrom evaporating into theatmosphere.


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Within theWithin the cuticlecuticle areare stomatastomata that

allow exchange of gases.

Guard cells open and close pores in

the stomata to release O2 into the

atmosphere and take in CO2.


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AAleafleafis abroad flat organ thatis abroad flat organ that

traps light energy fortraps light energy for

photosynthesis and exchangesphotosynthesis and exchangesgases through stomata.gases through stomata.


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Root a plant

organ thatanchors the

plant in soil

and absorbs

H2O and

minerals from

soil

transportingthem to the

stem.


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A root cells

job is to takewater and

nutrients from

the soil andsend them up

to the part of

the plant

above the

ground.


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TheThe stemstem is the plants structuralis the plants structural

support for upright growthsupport for upright growthcontaining tissues to transportcontaining tissues to transport

HH22O, minerals, and nutrients fromO, minerals, and nutrients from

one part of the plant to another.one part of the plant to another.

Stems may also store food.may also store food.

Green stemsGreen stems carry oncarry on

photosynthesis.photosynthesis.


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AP Biology April 30AP Biology April 30

Plants PP continuedPlants PP continued

Private Life of PlantsPrivate Life of Plants

Animal practicalAnimal practicalComing up.Coming up.-- Plant Test May 4Plant Test May 4-- Chapter 47 objectivesChapter 47 objectives-- Animal systems and structureAnimal systems and structure-- Abstract ?Abstract ?


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Growing root includes 3 regions:Growing root includes 3 regions:-- root tiproot tip-- elongation regionelongation region-- maturation regionmaturation region

Root tip and elongation region are sites ofRoot tip and elongation region are sites of

primary growth through apical meristemprimary growth through apical meristemtissuetissue

Maturation zone, vascular tissue formsMaturation zone, vascular tissue forms

primary xylem and phloem which formsprimary xylem and phloem which formsstele (the inner concentric cylinder)stele (the inner concentric cylinder)


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Plant Vascular TissuesPlant Vascular Tissues

XylemXylem made up of a series ofdead tubular cells that transportH2O and dissolved minerals

upward from roots to leaves.

Phloem made up of a series of

living tubular cells that transportsugars from leaves to all parts ofthe plant.


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Two types of xylem cells:Two types of xylem cells:

-- tracheids which are are long and thintracheids which are are long and thin-- vessel elements which are short and thickvessel elements which are short and thick

Phloem cells are made up ofPhloem cells are made up of-- sieve tube elements (carry nutrients)sieve tube elements (carry nutrients)

-- companion cells (support sieve tubecompanion cells (support sieve tube

elementselements


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When there is no water in the soil for the plant, it

looses turgor pressure (wilts).


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Leaf cellLeaf cell


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Animal CellAnimal Cell


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Chlorophyll absorbs energy from

sunlight and passes that energy into thestroma.

Stroma contain enzymes that turn light

energy into sugar and oxygen from water

and carbon dioxide.

SUNLIGHT + 6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Grana are stacks light trapping

chlorophyll.


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When we burn wood, basically the

photosynthesis formula is reversed.

We're breaking down the

carbohydrate and producing carbondioxide gas and water, plus energy,

which, like sunlight, feels hot and

looks bright.


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Alternation of GenerationsAlternation of Generations

Sexual reproductionSexual reproductioninvolves the two alternatinginvolves the two alternatingprocesses ofprocesses of meiosismeiosis andandfertilizationfertilization..

InIn meiosismeiosis, the chromosome, the chromosomenumber is reduced from thenumber is reduced from thediploiddiploid to theto the haploidhaploid number.number.

In fertilization, the nucleiIn fertilization, the nucleiof two gametes fuse, raisingof two gametes fuse, raisingthe chromosome number fromthe chromosome number from

haploid to diploid.haploid to diploid.


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In mostIn most plantsplants meiosis and fertilizationmeiosis and fertilizationdivide the life of the organism into twodivide the life of the organism into two

distinct phases or "generations".distinct phases or "generations".

TheThe gametophyte generationgametophyte generation beginsbegins

with awith a sporespore produced by meiosis. Theproduced by meiosis. Thespore is haploid, and all the cellsspore is haploid, and all the cellsderived from it (by mitosis) are alsoderived from it (by mitosis) are also

haploid.In due course, thishaploid.In due course, thismulticellular structure producesmulticellular structure produces

gametesgametes byby mitosismitosis and sexualand sexualreproduction then produces the diploidreproduction then produces the diploid

sporophyte generationsporophyte generation..


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In fact, the gametophyte generation is theIn fact, the gametophyte generation is the

major stage in the life ofmajor stage in the life of mossesmosses and anand anindependent plant inindependent plant in fernsferns..

However, the gametophyte is only an

However, the gametophyte is only aninconspicuous structure in angiosperms andinconspicuous structure in angiosperms and

other "higher" plants.other "higher" plants.


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The sporophyte generationThe sporophyte generationproduces spores (diploid) whichproduces spores (diploid) whichdevelop into the gametophytedevelop into the gametophyte

generation.generation.

The gametophyte generationThe gametophyte generation

produces gametes (haploid).produces gametes (haploid).

In vascular plants, the sporophyteIn vascular plants, the sporophytegeneration is dominant.generation is dominant.

In nonIn non--vascular plants, thevascular plants, thegametophyte is larger and moregametophyte is larger and more

conspicuous than the sporophyte.conspicuous than the sporophyte.


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Plant TropismsPlant Tropisms

PhototrophismPhototrophism -- growth toward lightgrowth toward light


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GravitropismGravitropism downward growth of rootsdownward growth of roots


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-- ThigmotropismThigmotropism

plants responseplants response

when it comeswhen it comes

into contact withinto contact with

a solid object.a solid object.


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Vegetative Reproduction.Vegetative Reproduction.

is asexual


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Plant Growth

Meristematic tissue is made up of activelydividing cells

Primarygrowth occurs via apicalmeristems in the tips of roots and stems

Secondarygrowth is carried out by lateralmeristems increasing the girth of the plant

- two types of cells: vascular cambiumcork cambium


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Vascular cambium

produces secondary xylem andphloem secondary which replacesprimary xylem and primary phloem

Cork cambium produces the tissues of theouter bark

Plants also have lenticels which allow for gasexchange through bark


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Bryophytes vs Tracheophyteswhats the difference?


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Division BryophytaDivision Bryophyta mosses,mosses,liverworts, hornworts. All areliverworts, hornworts. All are nonnon--vascularvascularandand nonnon--seedseed..


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Bryophyte gametophytesBryophyte gametophytes

Produce flagellated sperm in antheridiaProduce flagellated sperm in antheridia Produce ova in archegoniaProduce ova in archegonia

Generally form groundGenerally form ground--hugging carpetshugging carpets

and are at most only a few cells thickand are at most only a few cells thick Some mossesSome mosses

Have conducting tissues in the centerHave conducting tissues in the center

of their stems and may growof their stems and may growverticallyvertically


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Bryo yte S oro ytes

Br te s r tes

Gr t f rc egoni

re t e s llest nd si lest of ll ext nt

l nt groups

Consist of foot, set , nd spor ngium

Hornwort ndmoss sporophytes H e stomata


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Concept 29.4: Ferns andother seedless

ascularplants formed the first forests

Bryophytes and ryophyte-likeplants

ere theprevalent vegetationduring the first100 millionyears ofplant evolution

Vascularplants

Began toevolveduring the Car oniferous

period


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DivisionDivision LycophytaLycophyta --Club MossesClub Mosses

vascularvascularandand nonnon--seedseed..


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DivisionDivision PterophytaPterophytawhisk ferns, horsetails, and fernswhisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns

vascularvascularandand nonnon--seedseed..

S d B i Pl tS d B i Pl t


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Seed Bearing PlantsSeed Bearing Plants


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GymnospermsGymnospermsarearevascularvascular

plants thatplants that

produceproduceseedsseeds

onscales ofonscales ofwoody strobiliwoody strobili

called cones.called cones.


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In other words, they haveIn other words, they have

naked seedsnaked seeds -- seedsseeds notnotenclosed in a fruit.enclosed in a fruit.


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The four divisions ofThe four divisions of

GymnospermsGymnosperms are:are:

CycadophytaCycadophyta

GinkgophytaGinkgophyta

GnetophytaGnetophyta

ConiferophytaConiferophyta


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CycadsCycads have a terminal rosette ofhave a terminal rosette ofleaves andbear seeds in cones.leaves andbear seeds in cones.

AllAll cycadscycads have separate male andhave separate male andfemale plants.female plants.


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DivisionDivision

GinkgophytaGinkgophytahas

only on livingspecies Ginkgo

biloba..

The leaves arelobed.

Like Cycads,Ginkgos have

separate male

and female trees.


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DivisionDivision GnetophytaGnetophyta has 3 genera:has 3 genera:

GnetumGnetum

EphedraEphedra

WelwitschiaWelwitschia


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ConiferophytaConiferophyta is the largest and mostis the largest and most


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ConiferophytaConiferophyta is the largest and mostis the largest and most

diversedivisionofthegymnosperms.diversedivisionofthegymnosperms.

Most areMost areevergreenevergreen keeping theirkeeping their

leaves yearleaves year--round.round.

A very few areA very few aredeciduousdeciduous droppingdropping

allofthe

i

r leaves atallofthe

i

r leaves atthesame timethesame time


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A iA i


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AngiospermsAngiosperms includeonedivisionincludeonedivision --

AnthophytaAnthophyta


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Though there is only one divisionThough there is only one division

ofofangiospermsangiosperms,, AnthophytaAnthophyta ..

It is the largest and most diverseIt is the largest and most diverse

group of seed plants on Earth.group of seed plants on Earth.

AnthophytesAnthophytes produce flowers,produce flowers,

then seeds enclosed in a fruitthen seeds enclosed in a fruit..

AnthophytesAnthophytes can becan be annualsannuals,,

biennialsbiennials, or, orperennialsperennials..


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What is anWhat is an annualannual??

What is aWhat is a biennialbiennial??

What is aWhat is a perennialperennial??


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AP Biology: May 2AP Biology: May 2


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AP Biology: May 2AP Biology: May 2 Kingdom Plantae continuedKingdom Plantae continued

Kingdom PracticalKingdom Practical

Presentations ? Private Life of Plants ?Presentations ? Private Life of Plants ?

Coming up:Coming up:-- Parade of Kingdoms Test corrections dueParade of Kingdoms Test corrections due

5/45/4-- Kingdom Plantae test ?Kingdom Plantae test ?-- Continue readingContinue reading chapter 47 due May 4chapter 47 due May 4

-- 6th Abstract6th Abstract duedue May 8May 8 plants or systemsplants or systems


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MaleMale

GametophyteGametophyte


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FemaleFemale

Gametophyte

Gametophyte


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What is the purpose of fruit?


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Seeds can be dispersed in aSeeds can be dispersed in avariety of ways:variety of ways:

WindWind

Passing through an animalsPassing through an animalsdigestive systemdigestive system

Catching on fur or skinCatching on fur or skin

Floating on waterFloating on water

Division Anthophyta has twoDivision Anthophyta has two


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Division Anthophyta has twoDivision Anthophyta has two

classes of angiosperms .classes of angiosperms .

Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots


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Possible Advantages to

Alternation ofGenerations

Amplification of the sexual product

because it produces many spores.

Possibly useful in an environment

where limited water availability for

successful fertilization limits the

number of successfulzygotes.


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Adaptations to S rvival in the


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Adaptations to S rvival in theTerrestrial Environment

Separation ofabsorbtive or ans(roots) andphotosynthetic or ans

(leaves)

Waterproof c ticle Stomata

Vasc lartiss es (xylem andphloem)

Str ctural supporttissues(celluloseandli nin)

Species dispersal (spores and seeds)


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Adaptations to Survival in theAdaptations to Survival in the

Terrestrial EnvironmentTerrestrial Environment

Protection of ametes in ametan iaProtection of ametes in ametan ia

Fertilization in theabsence of freeFertilization in theabsence of freewater (pollen tubes instead ofwater (pollen tubes instead ofswimmin sperm)swimmin sperm)

Zy oteand sporophyteembryoZy oteand sporophyteembryoprotectedand nurturedby ametophyteprotectedand nurturedby ametophyte

FungiFungi


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FungiFungi

ConiferophytaConiferophyta

AnthophytaAnthophyta BryophytaBryophyta

LichenLichen

GinkgophytaGinkgophyta Primative seedless vascular plantsPrimative seedless vascular plants

AlgaeAlgae

E l h d tE l h d t


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Early chordatesEarly chordates

Recent chordatesRecent chordates

MolluscaMollusca AnnelidaAnnelida

CnidariaCnidaria

ArthropodaArthropoda InsectaInsecta

PoriferaPorifera

Platyhelmenthes and NematodaPlatyhelmenthes and Nematoda

ArthropodaArthropoda Arachnida, Mesostomata,Arachnida, Mesostomata,

Crustacea, MyriapodaCrustacea, Myriapoda

EchinodermataE

chinodermata

1.1. Why were adaptations necessary forWhy were adaptations necessary for


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y p yy p yplants to become terrestrial ?plants to become terrestrial ?

22 What were the adaptations?What were the adaptations?

3.3. What is the general term for growthWhat is the general term for growth

tissue of plants?tissue of plants?

4.4. Describe the difference(s) betweenDescribe the difference(s) between

gymnosperms and angiosperms.gymnosperms and angiosperms.

5.5. Describe the two patterns of growthDescribe the two patterns of growthin seed plants?in seed plants?

1.1. Plants were no longer surrounded by water whenPlants were no longer surrounded by water when


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g yg y

they became terrestrial. They needed to getthey became terrestrial. They needed to get

water, stay upright, reproduce withoutwater, stay upright, reproduce without

surrounding water.surrounding water.

2.2. Specialized root tissue, waterproof cuticle,Specialized root tissue, waterproof cuticle,

specialized stem tissue with vascular tissue,specialized stem tissue with vascular tissue,leaf tissue, spores, seeds.leaf tissue, spores, seeds.

3.3. Meristematic tissue.Meristematic tissue.

4.4. Gymnosperms are either Cycadophyta,Gymnosperms are either Cycadophyta,

Ginkgophy

ta, Gnetophy

ta, or Coniferophy

ta.Ginkgophy

ta, Gnetophy

ta, or Coniferophy

ta.

4 Cont4 Cont They reproduce using strobilliThey reproduce using strobilli


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4. Cont.4. Cont. They reproduce using strobilliThey reproduce using strobilli naked cones. Angiosperms belong tonaked cones. Angiosperms belong to

phylum Anthophyta and include allphylum Anthophyta and include allflowering plants. The flower is aflowering plants. The flower is aspecialized reproductive structure thatspecialized reproductive structure that

produces seeds (zygote) covered byproduces seeds (zygote) covered byfruit.fruit.

5. The two patterns of growth in5. The two patterns of growth inangiosperms are monocots and dicots.angiosperms are monocots and dicots.

Division Anthophyta has two classes ofDivision Anthophyta has two classes of


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s o t op yta as t o c asses os o t op yta as t o c asses o

angiosperms .angiosperms .

Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots

1.1. Describe the two types of vascularDescribe the two types of vascular


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ypyp

tissue and the cells that make them?tissue and the cells that make them?

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AP Kingdom Plantae