PLANT DIVERSITYCopy into your colored Notes Foldable

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ADAPTIONS

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS

Multicellular eukaryotes

Photosynthetic autotrophs

Non-motile (fixed to one spot)

Cell walls made of cellulose

Responds to environment and grows through the use of hormones

PLANTS ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON WHETHER OR NOT THEY HAVE

1. Vascular System (transport)2. Seeds 3. Flowers (enclosed seeds)

EARLY PLANTS Came from the water First plants evolved from multicellular green algae

Some Adaptations (solutions)- 1. Parts extending into both air and soil

2. Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant

3. Have a protective outer layer – cuticle (waxy) keeps from drying out

4. Specialized structures for reproduction (spores & seeds)

PLANT LIFE CYCLE

PLANT LIFE CYCLE- ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

diploid phase

haploid phase

(produce sperm) (produce egg)

BRYOPHYTES (NONVASCULAR PLANTS)

BRYOPHYTES-NONVASCULAR1. Most primitive plants2. Found in moist, shady areas 3. NO vascular (transport) system4. Small size due to no vascular tissue 5. No true roots, stems, or leaves6. Needs water for reproduction.7. Reproduces using spores, (a water-proof

single cell that can grow into a new organism)

8. Most common example: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Bryophytes

Mosses

liverworts

hornworts

TRACHEOPHYTES AND VASCULAR TISSUE

TRACHEOPHYTES-VASCULAR PLANTS-

Contains two types of specialized vascular tissues for transport within the plant: xylem and phloem

Allowed plants to become tall. Has specialized organs:

roots, stems, and leaves. Divided into 2 groups:

seedless vs. seeds

VASCULAR TISSUE

Conducts water & nutrients throughout the plant.

Moves fluids through plant body even against gravityXylem: transports water and minerals

from roots to every part of plant (zip up the xylem)

Phloem: transports nutrients & carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis (phloem= food)

PLANT PARTS…Roots- absorb water & minerals

Leaves- photosynthetic organs that contain vascular tissue

Veins (vascular tissue)- xylem & phloem

StemsSupport structure connects roots & leaves carrying water

FERNS (SEEDLESS TRACHEOPHYTES)

FERNS AND RELATIVES Seedless vascular plant Have true roots, stems, and

large leaves (fronds) Examples: Ferns, Club Mosses,

Horsetails Reproduce using spores; still

need water

GYMNOSPERMS (SEEDED CONE TRACHEOPHYTES)

GYMNOSPERMS (NAKED SEED)Examples Cycad (Sago palm) Ginkgo Conifer (pine)

Sago Palm Ginkgo Ginkgo

GYMNOSPERMS (NAKED SEED)

Adaptations –reproduce water freeTransfer of sperm by pollination Protection of embryos in seeds

Cones and pollen Seeds can remain dormant for years

GYMNOSPERMS

1. Most common are Conifers2. Conifers have leaves called

needles or scales 3. Reduce water loss and

prevents freezing

Sequoia

JuniperPine

CONIFER REPRODUCTION

1. Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggs and seeds.

2. Pollen is inefficiently transferred by the wind.

3. Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open scattering the seeds by the wind.

Pollen

Pollen Cone

Seed Cone

ANGIOSPERMS (SEEDED FLOWERING TRACHEOPHYTES)

ANGIOSPERMS- ENCLOSED SEEDS Flowers are reproductive organs Encourage direct and efficient pollen

transfer Fruit: pollinated ovaries Diversity: Monocots and dicots Woody and Herbacious stems

Trees vs. sunflowers Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials

fibrous roots taproot

FRUIT CAN AID IN DISPERSAL OF SEED TO REDUCE COMPETITION WITH PARENT PLANT.

1. Winged fruit – gliding (maple fruit)

2. Floating fruit – floats (coconut)

3. Fleshy fruit - survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit (apple)

4. Spiny fruit- Velcro like projections attach to animal fur (cockleburs)

Maple seeds: Winged fruit

Burdock: Spiny fruit