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Gymnospermae
1. Cycads (or Cycadophyta),
2. Ginkgo group (Ginkgophyta),
3. Conifers (Coniferophyta)
4. Gnetales
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1. Cycads (or Cycadophyta)
consisting of approximately 185 species in 11 or so
genera
The trunk of cycads does not usually exhibit lateral
(axillary) branching
The leaves of cycads have circinate vernation
Dioecious
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2. Ginkgophyta, or ginkgophytes
Contain only one extant species, Gingko biloba
This species is native only to certain remote regions of
China but has now been planted worldwide as a
popular street tree
A highly branched, woody tree.
Two-lobed leaves with dichotomous venation
Dioecious
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3. Coniferophyta, or conifers
Highly branched trees or shrubs with simple leaves
Leaves of conifers are linear, acicular (needle-like), or
subulate (awl-shaped)
Siphonogamous, the male gametophytes develop
pollen
Conifers produce male cones and female cones, either
on the same individual (monoecy) or, less commonly,
on different individuals (dioecy) tubes
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A. Araucariaceae. Araucaria
heterophylla, Norfolk Island-pine.
B–G. Cupressaceae. B. Cupressus
macrocarpa, Monterrey cypress. C.
Cupressus sempervirens, with
female cones. D. Juniperus
californica, California juniper,
bearing eshy female cones. E.
Sequoia sempervirens, redwood,
with attened branch system having
linear leaves. F. Sequoiadendron
giganteum, giant sequoia,
branches with awl-like leaves. G.
Taxodium distichum, bald cypress,
with leaf-like branches and female
cones. H. Podocarpaceae.
Podocarpus gracilior. Note seeds
not aggregated in female cones. I,J.
Taxaceae, Taxus sp., yew. I. Branch
with bearing male cones. J. Branch
with female cone of single seed
surrounded by red, eshy aril. K–L.
Pinaceae. K. Abies magni ca, r,
female cone. L. Cedrus sp., cedar,
with female cones
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4. Gnetales
also referred to as the Gnetopsida or Gnetophyta
containing three extant families: Ephedraceae
(consisting of Ephedra, with about 65 species),
Gnetaceae (consisting of Gnetum, with 28 species,
and Welwitschiaceae (consisting of the sole species
Welwitschia mirabilis)
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Referensi
Biggs, A., Hagins, W.C., Holliday, W.G., Kapicka, C.L., Lundgren, L., MacKenzie, A.N., Rogers, W.D., Sewer, M.B., Zike, D. 2008. Biology Glencoe Science. Columbus: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Campbell, N.A., Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., Jackson, R.B. 2009. Biologi Ninth Edition. Boston: Benjamin Cummings.
Simpson, Michael George. 2006. Plant Systematics. Canada: Elsevier Academic Press Publications.
Singh, Gurcharan. 2010. Plants Systematics. India: Science Publisher.
Solomon, E.P., Berg, L.R., Martin, D.W. 2008. Biology 8th Edition. Belmont: Thomson Brooks.
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