Planning 1 Final Report (Land)

8/13/2019 Planning 1 Final Report (Land)

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LAND

As Heritage

For many thousands of years, our predecessors have gathered the bounty of the grasslands,waterways, and forests without causing significant damage.

Their early encampments left no lasting scars and were soon overgrown. Even the first settlementsand clearings fitted to the slopes and water edges were of little ecologic consequence.

As populations increased, however, the effects of people’s working have become more and more evident.

Effects of people’s working:

1. Blazed trails have become roadways.2. Scattered farms have been consolidated to push back the marsh and woodland, sometimes to

extinction.3. The early villages on the banks of a stream have swallowed the stream and usurped the banks of

the nearby river.4. Village and town limits have been extended relentlessly outward to be interconnected withadditional roads and with railways and, often canals.

Well-suited developments intelligently planned can produce an integration of designed forms andmodified landscape superior to the original.

The best of the indigenous features can be preserved and incorporated. Or they may be conservedfor limited uses and to maintain the native setting.

The natural attractions may thus be enjoyed and appreciated daily to enrich the living experience.

Each state, country, or municipality has as one of its chief responsibilities a plan for theconservation and best use of the lands within its jurisdiction.

The uses imposed are unsuited, where they are awkward in plan or clumsy in execution, the resultis distressing to both the eye and the intellect.

The problems of encroaching civilization, the imperiled land, and the increasing need for its carehave together become our heritage.

As Resource

Land and the waters that lap its edges flow across its surface seep into its upper soil strata, andmove within its deep aquifers are our ultimate resources. Mismanaged, they may be lost to usforever, and our national wealth and well-being proportionately diminished.

Before dividing our remaining land reserves look at them in their wholeness to see what functions

they now perform as farmland, forest, and open space. It is a matter of priorities, of seeing that each broad area of land is devoted to its most reasonable

uses and that all land areas together are formed into logical systems.





Land Rights

Land can be readily used or sold as a valued commodity. A factor of use or sale is, of course, the ability todefine and prove rights of ownership by clear title to the property.

There is need for a systematic and orderly means of recording land descriptions and titles.

Filipino citizens like you are entitled to acquire and own lands or real estate in the Philippines,

whether private or public.

On public lands ownership, the Constitution allows qualified Filipino citizens to acquire a maximum

of 12 hectares of alienable lands of the public domain and 500 hectares through lease. Alienable

lands of the public domain refer only to those agricultural lands which remain part of the

government owned property and have not been disposed through sale or grant.

Right to acquire and own includes the rights to possess, to use, to enjoy the fruits, to dispose or

sell and to recover.

Private lands are those presently owned by individuals, either Filipinos or foreigners, or

corporations or association 60% of the capital of which is owned by citizens of the Philippines.

These also include those lands of the public domain which have been acquired from the

government by purchase or grant by qualified Filipino individuals as well as those which have been

in the possession of the occupant and his predecessors-in-interest since time immemorial.

Land Surveying

Land surveying is the science of accurately determining the three-dimensional position of points and the

distances and angles between them on the surface of the Earth. These points are used to establish land

maps and boundaries for land owners or governments.

Roads typically follow the surveyed section lines even though this means going up and down hills insteadof around them. Farmers tend to lay out their fields parallel to the boundaries of their land even though thismay mean cultivating up and down the slope rather than along the contours.

Land Use

In the good examples, we may perceive these simple precepts of sound land management:

Learn to read the landscape, to comprehend the grandeur of its geologic framework, to understandthe vital workings and interdependence of the land and water systems, to discern in each form andfeature the unique expression of nature’s creative process.

Let the land’s nature determine its use. And so address each measure of the landscape as toevoke, through our planning, use, and treatment, its highest qualities and potential.



1. By means of site reconnaissance and soil surveys the most productive land can be designated forlawns, gardens, or crop production or be preserved in its natural state.

2. Areas of thin soil, poor or excessive drainage, or underlying rock are prime candidates forprojected development. Homes, roadways, and cities belong on areas of low productivity.

The natural ground forms are best accepted as givens. To adapt to them is to harmonize with theforces and conditions by which they have evolved.

Each state, country, or municipality has as one of its chief responsibilities a plan for theconservation and best use of the lands within its jurisdiction.

Adapt to the landforms:To diminish landscape disruptionTo reduce the costs of earthworkTo prevent the wasting of topsoil

To preclude the need for erosion control and replantingTo make use of existing drainage waysTo blend into the natural scene

Land Use in the Philippines

Land use: arable land: 19%permanent crops: 16.67%other: 64.33% (2005)

Definition: This entry contains the percentage shares of total land area for three different types of land

use: arable land - land cultivated for crops like wheat, maize, and rice that are replanted after eachharvest; permanent crops - land cultivated for crops like citrus, coffee, and rubber that are not replantedafter each harvest; includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes landunder trees grown for wood or timber; other - any land not arable or under permanent crops; includespermanent meadows and pastures, forests and woodlands, built-on areas, roads, barren land, etc.

Source: CIA World Factbook

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html






Land Use Implications

When land passes from one ownership to another, certain legal rights are transferred with the property.Unless otherwise specified in the deed or governing regulations, these include the right to use, cultivate,mine, perform earthwork, remove the soil or vegetation from the land, or build upon it.









EARTH FORMS





Earth Shaping



Excavation and Grading



Form Accentuation



Slope Retention

1. Mulch

Mulch

Shredded woody organic material, grass, or grain stalks applied to the soil surface to protect mineral soilfrom raindrop impact and overland flow. Mulch is used to cover soil, reducing rain impact and soil erosion.It is often used in conjunction with grass seeding to provide ground cover in critical areas. Mulch protectsthe soil and improves moisture retention underneath it, benefitting seeded grasses in hot areas but notalways in cool ones.



2. Planting

For gradual slopes, planting groundcovers is a cost effective solution. Natural vegetation normally stabilizes

slopes Planting provide better visual result and provide further strengthening effect to the slope by its deep

root.



3. Rubble



4. Gabions

Rock Gabions are wire cages formed into a box structure filled primarily filled with rock. When joined, they

can be assembled to create many shapes. Primarily used as wall structures to stabilize embankments, drop

structures and bridge abutments to dissipate water flows and various landscape features. Vegetating

gabions is encouraged to increase stability by root growth through the mesh.



5. Mortar bags

Sand-cement bags generally consist of a dry mix of sand and cement placed in burlap or other suitablebag. They are hand placed in contact with adjacent bags. They require firm support from the protectedbank. Usually a filter fabric is placed underneath this type of riprap. Adequate protection of the terminalsand toe is essential. The riprap has little flexibility and low tensile strength and is susceptible to damageparticularly on flatter slopes where the area of contact between the bags is less.



6. Rip rap

Riprap has been described as a layer or facing of rock, dumped or hand-placed to prevent erosion, scouror sloughing of a structure or embankment. Materials other than rock are also referred to as riprap; theseinclude rubble, broken concrete slabs and preformed concrete shapes



7. Cribbing

Interlocking planks of wood act as a sort of live retaining wall, but with less of an environmental impact.

Vegetation is planted between the planks. This does not work well on high banks with heavy wave action.



8. Piling

The stabilization of slopes by piling consists of placing passive linear inclusions, capable of withstanding

tensile forces, shear forces, and bending moments, into an existing or potential sliding surface. The piling is

generally installed with a uniform density either in a critical zone at the toe of an unstable slope throughout

the sliding or creeping mass, thereby creating a relatively uniform, composite, cohesive mass of reinforced

ground.



9. Dry Stone Wall

Dry stone walls require a minimum ratio of 0.50 and the incorporation of a batter into the face of the wall. It

is also recommended that each course and the wall base be sloped toward the backfill to provide additional

resistance to sliding.



10. Reinforced Concrete Retaining Wall

Retaining wall are structures usually provided at the toe of a slope to stabilize it from slide, overturn orcollapse. Concrete slope pavements are cast in place on a prepared slope to provide the necessary bank

protection. Concrete pavement revetments are also among the most expensive stream bank protectiondesigns.





12. Stone Facing Retaining wall





Documents

Planning 1 Final Report (Land)