-
8/14/2019 Plagiarism, Parapharasing & Summation
1/3
Plagiarism,
Is the "use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of
anotherauthor and the representation of them as one's own original
work.Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or
researchers is
considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud and offenders
aresubject to academic censure, up to and including expulsion.
In
journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic
ethics, andreporters caught plagiarizing typically face
disciplinary measuresranging from suspension to termination. Some
individuals caughtplagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts
claim that theyplagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include
quotations or give theappropriate citation. While plagiarism in
scholarship and journalism hasa centuries-old history, the
development of the Internet, where articlesappear as electronic
text, has made the physical act of copying the
work of others much easier, simply by copying and pasting text
fromone web page to another.
Plagiarism is not copyright infringement. While both terms may
applyto a particular act, they are different transgressions.
Copyrightinfringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright
holder, whenmaterial protected by copyright is used without
consent. On the otherhand, plagiarism is concerned with the
unearned increment to theplagiarizing author's reputation that is
achieved through false claims ofauthorship.
In the academic world, plagiarism by students is a very serious
offensethat can result in punishments such as a failing grade on
the particularassignment (typically at the high school level) or
for the course(typically at the college or university level). For
cases of repeatedplagiarism, or for cases in which a student
commits severe plagiarism(e.g., submitting a copied piece of
writing as original work), a studentmay be suspended or expelled.
Many students feel pressured tocomplete papers well and quickly,
and with the accessibility of newtechnology (the Internet) students
can plagiarize by copying and
pasting information from other sources. This is often easily
detected byteachers, for several reasons. First, students' choices
of sources arefrequently unoriginal; instructors may receive the
same passagecopied from a popular source from several students.
Second, it is ofteneasy to tell whether a student used their own
"voice." Third, studentsmay choose sources which are inappropriate,
off-topic, or containincorrect information. Fourth, lecturers may
insist that submitted workis first submitted to an online
plagiarism detector.
-
8/14/2019 Plagiarism, Parapharasing & Summation
2/3
In many universities, academic degrees or awards may be revoked
as apenalty for plagiarism.
There is little academic research into the frequency of
plagiarism inhigh schools. Much of the research investigated
plagiarism at the post-
secondary level. Of the forms of cheating (including
plagiarism,inventing data, and cheating during an exam), students
admit toplagiarism more than any other. However, this figure
decreasesconsiderably when students are asked about the frequency
of "serious"plagiarism (such as copying most of an assignment or
purchasing acomplete paper from a website). For professors and
researchers,plagiarism is punished by sanctions ranging from
suspension totermination, along with the loss of credibility and
integrity. Charges ofplagiarism against students and professors are
typically heard byinternal disciplinary committees, which students
and professors have
agreed to be bound by.
Paraphrase is restatement of a text or passage, using other
words.The term "paraphrase" derives via the Latin "paraphrasis"
from theGreek para phrasen, meaning "additional manner of
expression". Theact of paraphrasing is also called
"paraphrasis."
A paraphrase typically explains or clarifies the text that is
beingparaphrased. For example, "The signal was red" might be
paraphrasedas "The train was not allowed to proceed." When
accompanying the
original statement, a paraphrase is usually introduced with a
verbumdicendi a declaratory expression to signal the transition to
theparaphrase. For example, in "The signal was red, that is, the
train wasnot allowed to proceed," the "that is" signals the
paraphrase thatfollows.
A paraphrase does not need to accompany a direct quotation,
butwhen this is so, the paraphrase typically serves to put the
source'sstatement into perspective or to clarify the context in
which itappeared. A paraphrase is typically more detailed than a
summary.
One feature of a paraphrase is that it preserves the essential
meaningof the material being paraphrased. Thus, the (intentional or
otherwise)reinterpretation of a source to infer a meaning that is
not explicitlyevident in the source itself qualifies as "original
research," and not asparaphrase.
Summation
-
8/14/2019 Plagiarism, Parapharasing & Summation
3/3
Is the addition of a set of numbers; the result is their sum or
total. An
interim or present total of a summation process is termed the
running
total. The "numbers" to be summed may be natural numbers,
complex
numbers, matrices, or still more complicated objects. An
infinite sum is
a subtle procedure known as a series. Note that the term
summationhas a special meaning in the context of divergent series
related to
extrapolation.
