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PRACTICAL NO-1

SDLC PHASES

SDLC, Software Development Life Cycle is a process used by software industry to design,

develop and test high quality softwares. The SDLC aims to produce a high quality software that

meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within times and cost estimates.

SDLC is a process followed for a software proect, within a software organi!ation. "t consists of 

a detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain, replace and alter or enhance specific

software. The life cycle defines a methodology for improving the quality of software and the

overall development process.

The following figure is a graphical representation of the various stages of a typical SDLC.

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# typical Software Development life cycle consists of the following stages$

Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis

%equirement analysis is the most important and fundamental stage in SDLC. "t is performed bythe senior members of the team with inputs from the customer, the sales department, mar&et

surveys and domain experts in the industry. This information is then used to plan the basic

 proect approach and to conduct product feasibility study in the economical, operational, and

technical areas.

Stage : De!ining Requirements

'nce the requirement analysis is done the next step is to clearly define and document the product requirements and get them approved from the customer or the mar&et analysts. This is

done through .S%S. . Software %equirement Specification document which consists of all the

 product requirements to be designed and developed during the proect life cycle.

Stage ": Designing t#e $r%du&t arite&ture

S%S is the reference for product architects to come out with the best architecture for the product

to be developed. (ased on the requirements specified in S%S, usually more than one designapproach for the product architecture is proposed and documented in a DDS ) Design Document

Specification.

Stage ': (uilding %r De)el%$ing t#e Pr%du&t

"n this stage of SDLC the actual development starts and the product is built. The programming

code is generated as per DDS during this stage. "f the design is performed in a detailed and

organi!ed manner, code generation can be accomplished without much hassle.

Developers have to follow the coding guidelines defined by their organi!ation and programming

tools li&e compilers, interpreters, debuggers etc are used to generate the code. Different high

level programming languages such as C, C**, +ascal, ava, and +-+ are used for coding. The

 programming language is chosen with respect to the type of software being developed.

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Stage *: Testing t#e Pr%du&t

This stage is usually a subset of all the stages as in the modern SDLC models, the testing

activities are mostly involved in all the stages of SDLC. -owever this stage refers to the testing

only stage of the product where products defects are reported, trac&ed, fixed and retested, until

the product reaches the quality standards defined in the S%S.

Software testing comprises of alidation and erification.

S%!t+are ,alidati%n

alidation is process of examining whether or not the software satisfies the user requirements. "t

is carried out at the end of the SDLC. "f the software matches requirements for which it wasmade, it is validated.

S%!t+are ,eri!i&ati%n

erification is the process of confirming if the software is meeting the business requirements,

and is developed adhering to the proper specifications and methodologies.

Testing can either be done manually or using an automated testing tool$

• anual ) This testing is performed without ta&ing help of automated testing tools. The

software tester prepares test cases for different sections and levels of the code, executes

the tests and reports the result to the manager.

• Aut%mated This testing is a testing procedure done with aid of automated testing tools.

The limitations with manual testing can be overcome using automated test tools.

(la&.-/%0 testing

"t is carried out to test functionality of the program. "t is also called /(ehavioral0 testing. The

tester in this case, has a set of input values and respective desired results.

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#ite-/%0 testing

"t is conducted to test program and its implementation, in order to improve code efficiency or 

structure. "t is also &nown as /Structural0 testing.

Testing Le)els  Software is tested on various levels )

2nit Testing

1hile coding, the programmer performs some tests on that unit of program to &now if it is error 

free.

Integrati%n Testing

2ven if the units of software are wor&ing fine individually, there is a need to find out if the units

if integrated together would also wor& without errors.

System Testing

The software is compiled as product and then it is tested as a whole. This can be accomplished

using one or more of the following tests$

A&&e$tan&e Testing

1hen the software is ready to hand over to the customer it has to go through last phase of testing

where it is tested for user)interaction and response.

Al$#a testing ) The team of developer themselves perform alpha testing by using the system as

if it is being used in wor& environment.

(eta testing ) #fter the software is tested internally, it is handed over to the users to use it under 

their production environment only for testing purpose.

Regressi%n Testing

1henever a software product is updated with new code, feature or functionality, it is tested

thoroughly to detect if there is any negative impact of the added code.

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Stage 3: De$l%yment in t#e ar.et and aintenan&e

'nce the product is tested and ready to be deployed it is released formally in the appropriate

mar&et. Sometime product deployment happens in stages as per the organi!ations. business

strategy. The product may first be released in a limited segment and tested in the real business

environment 34#T) 4ser acceptance testing5.

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PRACTICAL NO-

#at is Pingd%m4

+ingdom is a service that trac&s the uptime, downtime, and performance of website (ased in

Sweden, +ingdom monitors websites from multiple locations globally so that it can distinguish

genuine downtime from routing and access problems.

Sam 6urmi is the C2' and founder of the company.

+ingdom has critici!e google7s claims of downtime for google apps on the grounds that 8oogle

does not measure periods of downtime less than 9: minutes in length. 8oogle responded to these

criticisms by pointing out that +ingdom7s criticism was based on a hypothetical scenario, and not

on real data

'n 9; une

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+ingdom is a global performance monitoring solution for your websites and web applications.

1e help you give your customers the best possible web experience by offering a +owerful 1eb

+erformance >onitoring Solution ? +ingdom isn0t ust uptime monitoring. @ou can get access to

uptime monitoring and these advanced capabilities$

4+T">2 >'6"T'%"68

Test and verify your websites availability every minute automatically ? over A: global polling

locations

%2#L 4S2% >'6"T'%"68

8ain valuable insight into the performance of your website from actual visitors to deliver a better experience

T%#6S#CT"'6 >'6"T'%"68

2nsure important interactions li&e signup, search, or downloadable files on your website aren0t

slow or bro&en.

+#82 S+22D >'6"T'%"68

Test the load time of your website to find bottlenec&s that affect your customers end)user)

experience.

  %2L"#(L2

#ll issues are verified by a second opinion to filter out false alerts by double)chec&ing downtime.

H%+ it +%r.s

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#ll tests are done with real web browsers, so the results match the end)user experience exactly.

1e use a bunch of instances of 8oogle0s Chrome web browser to load websites, record

 performance data, and so on. Tests are done from dedicated +ingdom servers.

6eature O)er)ie+

• E0amine all $arts %! a +e/ $age ? iew file si!es, load times, and other details about

every single element of a web page 3-T>L, avaScript and CSS files, images, etc.5. @ou

can sort and filter this list in different ways to identify performance bottlenec&s.

• Per!%rman&e %)er)ie+ ? 1e automatically put together plenty of performance)related

statistics for you based on the test result

• Per!%rman&e grade and ti$s ? See how your website conforms to performance best

 practices from 8oogle +age Speed 3similar to @ahoo0s @slow5. @ou can get some great

tips on how to speed up your website this way.

• Tra&e y%ur $er!%rman&e #ist%ry ? 1e save each test for you so you can review it later 

and also see how things change over time 3with pretty chartsB5.

• Test !r%m multi$le l%&ati%ns ? See how fast a website loads in 2urope, the 4nited

States, etc.

• S#are y%ur results ? 1e0ve made it easy for you to perform a test and share it with your 

friends, wor& colleagues or web host.

Tests performed by +ingdom$

17 62LL PA8E TEST

'n entering the url of the website to be tested, it displays the following attributes ? 

9. +erformance grade

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Symbols and colours specification$

/7 PER6ORANCE 8RADE

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&7PA8E ANAL5SIS

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TA(LE REPRESENTIN8 DI66ERENT SER,ERS 6RO SAE 2RL-

7 DNS HEALTH

A/%ut t#e DNS e&. test

The D6S Chec& in +ingdom Tools will chec& your D6S health and help you find errors, and

verify that you domain name has been set up correctly.

The D6S chec& will automatically find out which D6S servers are used by the domain name you

specify, then perform a number of tests on them to ma&e sure that the domain name is properly

set up and that those D6S servers are responding in a consistent and correct manner.

There is also a D6S troubleshooting guide to help you interpret the potential errors and status

messages for your D6S chec&.

1e hope you will find this test helpful. "f you got any questions regarding the test you can read

about it here, about the test.

ery briefly about the D6S

12

http://dnscheck.pingdom.com/troubleshooting.phphttp://dnscheck.pingdom.com/about.phphttp://dnscheck.pingdom.com/troubleshooting.phphttp://dnscheck.pingdom.com/about.php

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The Domain 6ame System 3abbreviated D6S5 is simply put li&e the phone boo& of the "nternet.

"t helps us, the users, &eep trac& of website names li&e pingdom.com or google.com, rather than

having to remember the "+)address that the computer needs to start any form of communication

The D6S lets you surf the "nternet with your web browser using 4%Ls, which are far more

handy and easy to remember than "+)addresses, but it also helps our emails find their way to the

 proper recipients.

So in short, the D6S is absolutely essential for everyone using the "nternet.

"7PIN8 AND TRACERO2TE

 

-ow does it wor&sE

+ingdom Tools ) +ing test and Traceroute are distributed versions of the popular networ& tools,

available directly from your browser. 1ith these tools you7ll get an outside view of your networ& 

response time and networ& topology, which allows you to trac& down possible errors more easily.

• (oth +ing and Traceroute wor& by sending out ping pac&ets and waiting for replies.

• 1hen a router replies, a green or yellow bar is displayed with the response time.

• %eplies faster than : milliseconds are displayed with a green bar.

• %eplies slower than : milliseconds are displayed with a yellow bar.

• "f getting a reply ta&es more than one second, the row will be mar&ed in red.

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+ing information

Sent9re&ei)ed:

Total number of pac&ets sent and received.

Pa&.et l%ss ;inimum response time in milliseconds.

a0 res$7 time:

>aximum response time in milliseconds.

A)erage res$7 time:

#verage response time in milliseconds.

Traceroute information

H%$s:

Total number of hops to target host.

a0 res$7 time:

>aximum response time of all hops in milliseconds.

A)erage res$7 time:

#verage response time of all hops in milliseconds.

CONCLUSION

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#nytime you access a website, there is a lot on the way that can go wrong. 6ow you &now the

seven most common reasons. This report shows that the most common problem by far is simply

not being able to reach the server at all, which is often a networ&)related problem. D6S)related

issues also need to be ta&en into account, as well as server load issues. These three factors

together account for more than ;:F of all website problems.

PRACTICAL NO-"

Intr%du&ti%n t% t#e COCOO %delThe most fundamental calculation in the C'C'>' model is the use of the 2ffort 2quation to

estimate the number of +erson)>onths required to develop a proect. >ost of the other 

C'C'>' results, including the estimates for %equirements and >aintenance, are derived from

this quantity. C'C'>' 3Constructive Cost 2stimation >odel5 was proposed by (oehm G9H;9I.

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#ccording to (oehm, software cost estimation should be done through three stages$ (asic

C'C'>', "ntermediate C'C'>', and Complete C'C'>'.

(asi& COCOO %del

The basic C'C'>' model gives an approximate estimate of the proect parameters. The basic

C'C'>' estimation model is given by the following expressions$

E!!%rt = a1

> ?LOC<a

P

Tde) = /1

0 E!!%rt</

%nt#s

1here

J KL'C is the estimated si!e of the software product expressed in Kilo Lines of Code,

J a9, a

<, b

9, b

<are constants for each category of software products,

J Tdev is the estimated time to develop the software, expressed in months,

J 2ffort is the total effort required to develop the software product, expressed in person

months 3+>s5.

The effort estimation is expressed in units of person!months "PM#

Estimati%n %! de)el%$ment e!!%rt

or the three classes of software products, the formulas for estimating the effort based on the

code si!e are shown below$

'rganic $ E!!%rt = 7' KLOC <17@*

P

Semi)detached $ E!!%rt = "7@ KLOC <171

P

2mbedded $ E!!%rt = "73 KLOC <

17@

P

Estimati%n %! de)el%$ment time

or the three classes of software products, the formulas for estimating the development time

 based on the effort are given below$

'rganic $ Tde) = 7* Effort <@7"

%nt#s

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Semi)detached $ Tde) = 7* Effort <@7"*

%nt#s

2mbedded $ Tde) = 7* Effort <@7"

%nt#s

Pr%gram !%r COCOO m%del

MincludeNstdio.hO

MincludeNfstream.hO

MincludeNconio.hOMincludeNmath.hO

void main35

Pfloat e,d,pQ

int &loc,nQ

clrscr35Q printf3Renter the value of &loc$)R5Q

scanf3RFdR,&loc5Q

 printf3Renter $) n 9 for organic n < for semi)detached n for embeddedR5Q

scanf3RFdR,n5Q

switch35

Pcase 9$

P

 eU

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 printf3Rentered wrong valueR5Q

X

getch35QX

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