Pilot Survey for Disseminating SME's Technologies for

Cebu City

Pilot Survey for Disseminating SME's

Technologies for Applicability of

Dewatering Equipment for Septage

Management of Cebu City

Summary Report

January, 2016

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

AMCON, INC.

1

1. BACKGROUND

Insufficient sewage treatment and disposal causes water quality to decline in urban areas, which

negatively impacts human health, the economy, and the environment in the Philippines. The

coverage rate of the public sewerage network in the Philippines is as low as 10%, and about 80% of

households are thought to be using septic tanks. Septage, which is the sludge that accumulates in the

septic tanks, is not extracted regularly and causes serious pollution to public water bodies and

groundwater. As a result, approximately 10,000 people die from diarrhea annually and 18 people are

affected by water-borne disease each day in the Philippines.

Although Local Governmental Units (LGUs) and Water Districts (WDs) are responsible for

establishing treatment systems for domestic sewage and septage according to the Clean Water Act of

2004, this has been barely achieved at the moment and Cebu City, the second largest city in the

Philippines, is no exception. In response to this situation, Department of Public Works and

Highways (DPWH) developed National Sewerage and Septage Management Program (NSSMP)

which selected 17 Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) that need urgent investments in their septage and

sewerage management programs. Not only Cebu City, but also cities around Cebu such as Mandaue

City and Lapu-Lapu City are included among these 17 priority cities.

Before the project starts, in Cebu City progress has been made towards the establishment of septage

management. The establishment of septage management mechanisms and constructions of a septage

treatment plant have been identified as top priority issues by the Solid Waste Management Board

and a proposed city septage management ordinance was being discussed in the city assembly.

However, due to a lack of technical and financial capability, septage management in Cebu City had

not been effectively dealt with at that time.

On the other hand, Cebu City and Yokohama City signed the Memorandum of Understanding on

Technical Cooperation for Sustainable Urban Development and agreed on cooperation in various

fields to put this into practice. As part of this city partnership, Cebu City recognized that maintaining

a hygienic environment in public water bodies, water quality conservation, and septage management

are pressing environmental issues to be addressed. In this situation, Yokohama city considered that

the dewatering equipment of AMCON, INC., which is headquartered in the city, would be

contributing to tackle this problem.

Based on Cebu City’s recognition of its environmental challenges and Yokohama City’s

recommendation to introduce dewatering equipment for septage management, AMCON, INC. has

conducted a pilot run of the dewatering facility under the “Feasibility Survey and Pilot Project for

Disseminating SME's Technologies to Developing Countries under the Governmental Commission

on the Projects for ODA Overseas Economic Cooperation in FY 2012” supported by the Ministry of

Foreign Affairs of Japan. The pilot study has confirmed the technical effectiveness and feasibility of

this and laid the foundation for the further exploration for a longer term.

2

2. OUTLINE OF THE PILOT SURVEY FOR DISSEMINATING SME’S

TECHNOLOGIES

(1) Purpose

In this Survey, the technical feasibility of AMCON’s dewatering equipment was evaluated over a

longer period and larger scale. In addition to this, institutional, administrative, and financial

arrangements are also required for more proper septage management in Cebu City. Considering

these aspects, the following items were studied in this Survey:

The applicability of dewatering equipment for septage treatment

Institutional frameworks and financial and organizational arrangements

Capacity development for proper septage management

Septage treatment plant model development

(2) Activities

■ Construction and operation of a septage treatment plant

Build a pilot septage treatment plant utilizing the existing unused sewerage treatment

plant.

Prove the usability of the pilot septage treatment plant and effectiveness of the

compost made from sludge cake by continuous operation of the plant.

Provide instruction on operation and maintenance methods, and develop operation

and maintenance manuals for the plant by reflecting on the results and lessons learned

from the operation during the survey.

Study the maintenance of septage collection trucks in the city by working with private

septage collection companies.

■ Enhancement for septage management mechanisms

Develop septic tanks inventories in several selected areas in the City and support the

implementation of regular septic tank cleaning at residences and offices based on the

inventories.

Conduct training sessions in Japan for capacity development for the members of Cebu

City.

Propose and instruct the treatment charge collection system.

■ Information dissemination and awareness-raising activities

Based on the lessons learned from the survey activities above, seminars are held for

government agencies, surrounding municipalities, and the private sector.

3

(3) Information on the Products and Technologies to Be Provided

Volute is a type of proposed dewatering equipment for septage treatment in this project. This

technology has various unique features and can offer many technological advantages, including

providing a clog free solution for the dewatering process which other common technologies such as

belt press and screw press types cannot provide. This is possible through the patented Volute

Dewatering Press, which has unique cylinders structure as shown in the diagram below. With this

unique structure, Volute can also provide various economic benefits such as lower electricity and

water consumption than other dewatering devices, and environmental benefits such as less solid

content leaking to the filtrate water. In addition to this, Volute has other advantages for instance

sludge treatment without the use of a thickening tank, low burden for maintenance, correspondence

from high sludge concentration to low sludge concentration, energy-saving (saving about 20% from

other equipment), unattended operation, compact size, and lower costs.

These innovative features have made AMCON’s Volute dewatering press widely accepted in

various countries (2,689 Volute machines have been introduced in 63 countries as of December,

2015). In Japan, joint research conducted between AMCON and the Japan Sewage Works Agency

verified its applicability to direct sludge dewatering from oxidation ditch tanks and entire unattended

operation, and therefore it is recommended as suitable equipment for small-scale sewage treatment

plants. At present, 1,100 machines have been introduced in municipalities in Japan. The feasibility

study and pilot project conducted by the joint venture of AMCON and EXRI in 2013 also showed its

effectiveness when it comes to the septage collected in Cebu City.

Considering the amount of septage generated in Cebu City of 80m3/day (maximum), Volute

4

ES-303 was selected for this survey. Volute ES-303’s capacity is 10m3/hr and considered to be able

to handle 80m3/day. It is compact with a size of 3,605mm (L), 1,590mm (W), and 1,555mm (H) as

shown below.

(4) Counterpart Organization

Cebu City Government

(5) Target Area and Beneficiaries

Cebu City and its citizens.

(6) Duration

About 25 months from January 2014 to January 2016

5

(7) Progress Schedule

A Socio Environmental Survey

B Construction of Pilot Septage Treatment Plant

C Test Operation and Unveiling

D Operation and Maintenance

E Septage Management System

F Information Dissemination

Final Report Submission ▲

Varidation of outcome

Final Report

E7 Recommendation for sustainable septage management planning

F1 Seminar for national and local governments

E4 Septic tank inventory development

E5 Japan study tour

Sep

tag

e M

an

ag

em

en

t S

yste

m

Su

rvey a

nd

In

form

ati

on

Dis

sem

inati

on

E1 Current status of septage management in Cebu City

E2 Coordination with concerned agencies on project component

E3 Discussion Meeting with Cebu city

E6 Financial analysis and institutional arrangement

Op

era

tio

n o

f P

ilo

t S

ep

tag

e T

reatm

en

t P

lan

t

B1 Survey of existing condition

B2 Facility planning and design

B3 Coordination with concerned agencies

D2 Monitoring

D3 Composting of sludge cake

C2 Unveiling and operation start

D1 Operation and Maintenance Manual

A4 Endline survey

9 10

B4 Construction management

C1 Test operation

So

cio

En

vir

on

men

tal

Co

nsid

era

tio

n

A1 Coordination with concerned agencies

A2

3 4 59 10 11 12 1 2

Activities

2014 2014 2015

Baseline survey and monitoring planning

A3 Monitoring

2-3 2-4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 2-1 2-2

11 126 7 8

Activities in the Philippines Activities in Japan

6

(8) Manning Schedule

PHL JPN

0.13

3.70 0.30

0.30

0.26

3.23 0.30

1.03

1.40 0.70

2.03 0.00

0.77 0.20

0.23 0.00

2.27 0.15

3.30 0.55

0.17 0.05

8.65 0.6

10.17 1.7

21.07

Activities in the Philippines

Activities in Japan

TOTAL

0.20

0.20

0.20 0.20

0.20 0.170.20 0.27 0.33 0.27 0.20

0.05 0.17

0.23

0.40 0.47

0.20 0.23 0.23 0.330

0.20 0.03 0.07 0.40

0.13

0.17

2015

1 2 3

Organization

0.270.30 0.20 0.07 0.33 0.30

4

Role Name

5 6 7 8 9

1-1 1-2

2014

12 1 3

2-21-3 2-3 2-4

10 11 122

1-4 2-1

4 5 6 7 8 910 11

0.13

0.20 0.27 0.20 0.13 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.13

0.17

0.30 0.30 0.23

0.13

0.050.30

0.10 0.10

0.25

0.20 0.23

0.13

0.20 0.27 0.20 0.40 0.27 0.07 0.30 0.30 0.33 0.13 0.03 0.400.30 0.20

0.13

0.30

0.20

0.200

0.23

0.133 0.233

0.03 0.03 0.13

EXRI Total

Total

0.33 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.50 0.33

0.20 0.03 0.20

0.20

Head Kazuo KANEKO AMCON

Project Manager Seiji KIKUCHI AMCON

Market Research Yuichi HIROSE AMCON

Equipment Maintenance AMCON

Project Manager Yusuke SUZUKI AMCON

Yukinobu SANO

Design and Installment Yosuke HAMADA AMCON 0.33

Chief Advisor Junya KIKUHARA EXRI 0.23 0.13 0.17 0.20

Septage Management

AdvisorRyo HIRAGA EXRI

Policy Advisor Masato OHNO EXRI

0.20

Coorinator Toru SHIMAKAGE EXRI

Capacity DevelopmentMakoto

YAMASHITAEXRI

AMCON Total

Technical Advisor Taiji TSURUTANI EXRI 0.10

Septage Management

AdvisorNao TAKEUCHI EXRI

0.23 0.20

7

(9) Implementation System

This project was implemented under the cooperation of both Japan and the Philippines. On

Japanese side AMCON, INC. led the project with technical and administrative support provided by

EX Research Institute Ltd. At the beginning of this project, the Department of Public Services (DPS)

of Cebu City Government was responsible for septage management issues, and therefore the

Japanese side worked together with DPS.

However, in July 2014, Cebu City passed the Septage Management Ordinance and the Cebu City

Environmental and Natural Resources Office (CCENRO) was established as a department that deals

with septage management. Engr. Randy A Navarro, the former DPS vice head was appointed as head

of CCENRO. In addition, the Cebu City Septage Management Board (CCSMB) was created and

Atty. Jeneses Ponce was appointed as its chairman. Since then, this project has been mainly

implemented with CCSMB and CCENRO. In June 2014, the pilot septage treatment plant was built

and began operating. Mr. Chavalie Arigo was appointed manager of the pilot septage treatment plant,

and therefore direct capacity development for the operation of the plant was mainly conducted for

this manager and the operators who work under him. Cebu City Health Department was also

involved in the implementation of the septic tank inventory development.

Further, communications was maintained and information was collected from the Environmental

Management Bureau regarding EIA and other environmental permission, as well as with Metro Cebu

Water District (MCWD) regarding septage management issues. The implementation structure is

shown below.

AMCON Inc.

EX Research Institute Ltd.

【Chief Advisor】Junya Kikuhara

【Team members】Masato OhnoRyo HiragaTaiji TsurutaniToru ShimakageMakoto YamashitaNao Takeuchi

【Sales】Sales manager : Toru Shimakage

【Administrative Support】

Toru ShimakageAyami Imai

Technical support etc.

Japan

【Team members】

Yusuke Suzuki, Yosuke Hamada, Yuichi HiroseYukinobu Sano

【 Project Manager 】Kazuo Kaneko

【 Sub Project Manager 】Seiji Kikuchi

Cebu City

Cebu cityHon. Mayor Michael L. Rama

Other Stakeholders

• Metro Cebu Water District

CCENRO

Head: Engr. Randy A. Navarro

EIA and Other Permissions

• Environmental Management Bureau (EMB)

CCSMB

Chairman: Atty. Jeneses B. Ponce

CCHD

Head: Dr. Daisy VillaPilot Septage

Treatment PlantMr. Chavalie Arigo

Other Organizations

8

3. ACHIEVEMENT OF THE SURVEY

(1) Outputs and Outcomes of the Survey

1) Construction and Operation of a Septage Treatment Plant

a) Construction of the Pilot Septage Treatment Plant

Construction was carried out and completed over the schedule below of a pilot septage treatment

plant, including the installation of septage intake tanks and sludge dewatering equipment, at the

existing sewerage treatment plant within Cebu City.

Construction start date Construction details

March 3, 2014 Treatment plant disassembly work, anti-seismic test

March 10, 2014 Construction of the septage intake tank

April 5, 2014 Dewatering equipment installation work, plumbing, and hard wiring

April 10, 2014 Start of a trial run for the dewatering equipment

June 16, 2014 Paving work

August 18, 2014 Construction work on the lagoon sluice section

Photo: Scenes from the installation of the dewatering equipment

b) Operation of the Pilot Septage Treatment Plant

From its subsequent operation, 34,000m3 of septage has been treated from its cumulative 3,400

hours of operation thus far. This amount of septage would have been discharged directly into the

environment without this project, therefore it could be said that this pilot survey contributed to

reducing pollution in Cebu City. The pictures below show the lagoon and treated water of the pilot

septage treatment plant in March and September 2015. The water in the lagoon and effluent is clear.

9

Photo: Lagoon and discharge from the pilot septage treatment plant

(Left: March 2015, Right: Septemeber 2015)

The table below shows the water quality monitoring results. The BOD values for the discharged

water remained below the effluent standard of 100mg/L of BOD, or else slightly above this, except

for the values from January 2015. The reason why the measured BOD and COD values in January

are much higher than the effluent standard is because human waste from the portable toilets at the

Sinulog Festival was dumped directly into the lagoon. Also, the change of the supervisor of the pilot

septage treatment plant in June and the CCENRO head in September affected the flocculation

management of the dewatering equipment and presumably affected the effluent BOD values in July

and September, which are slightly higher than the effluent standard.

2015

1 2 3 4* 7* 9/15* 9/18* 9/20*

Septage TS 3,830 2,332 3,160 12,500 27,060 14,800 42,600 40,400

SS 450 850 263 11,040 26,860 11,869 38,000 34,100

BOD 6,300 3,520 1,384 2,600 3,900 1,600 11,000 12,000

COD 20,899 29,810 10,598 4,000 6,400 4,700 9,400 10,000

Filtrate TS 5,524 3,030 3,486 140 340 4,800 1,500 1,800

SS 400 1 1 40 320 620 80 120

BOD 1,140 256 86 240 280 210 180 230

COD 2,432 385 120 68 50 120 81 81

Sludge

cake

W/C (%) 73.88 65.21 75.29 77 79.7 76.6 71.2 70.3

Discharge

water**

BOD 975 121 46 70 110 90 130 110

COD 1,176 202 73 53 79 79 89 80

*Monitoring values from April to September 2015 are analyzed in Japan. The COD values are lower

than BOD because the analysis method for COD is different in Japan.

** The premise of the pilot septage treatment plant is classified to Class SC according to

Administrative Order No. 35 1990. The effluent standard of COD is 200mg/L and BOD is 100mg/L.

10

The graph below shows the transition in the BOD removal rate of both the dewatering equipment

and the lagoon. The BOD removal rate of the dewatering equipment hovered around 85 to 98%,

while the BOD removal rate of the lagoon fluctuated and fell to less than 20% on occasions. This

indicates that the dewatering equipment is effective in directly treating septage, though it takes time

for the water quality of the lagoon to recover once it has been polluted. The fact that non-septage

material was dumped in the lagoon during its pilot operation is believed to have affected the results

in terms of the instability of the BOD removal rate for the lagoon as shown in the pictures below.

Therefore, improvement measures were proposed that include thorough gate management, such as

prohibiting the intermixing of raw night soil and industrial effluent, as well as enhancing aeration of

the lagoon and constructing an artificial wetland.

Considering the fact that the effluent BOD level have hovered around the standard value of

100mg/L, this made it clear that if lagoon improvements, flocculation control, and gate management

could be properly performed, then the effluent standards could be attained.

2014.12 2015.01 2015.02 2015.03 2015.04 2015.05 2015.07 2015.09 2015.09 2015.09

BOD (Septage) 8,620 6,300 3,520 1,384 1,080 3,180 1,076 1,600 11,000 12,000

BOD (Filtrate) 1,004 1,140 256 86 119 312 119 210 180 230

BOD (Discharge point) 207 975 121 46 98 107 59 90 130 110

Volute BOD removal rate 88% 82% 93% 94% 89% 90% 89% 87% 98% 98%

Lagoon BOD removal rate 79% 14% 53% 47% 18% 66% 50% 57% 28% 52%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

mg/

L

BOD and BOD removal rate

BOD (Septage) BOD (Filtrate) BOD (Discharge point) Volute BOD removal rate Lagoon BOD removal rate

Fig: BOD and BOD removal rate of the dewatering equipment and lagoon

11

Sep 22, 2014 Oct 21, 2014 (After ketchup was dumped)

Jan 16, 2015

Feb 2, 2015 (After night soil

was dumped) Feb 28, 2015 Mar 05, 2015

Apr 13, 2015 Jul 20, 2015 (After STP manager is changed)

Sep 14, 2015

12

Fig: Proposed lagoon improvement plan -1

13

Fig: Proposed lagoon improvement plan -2

14

Other than the fluctuations in the water quality in the lagoon, several other issues arose during the

pilot operation. The first is an issue with the cleaning water for the dewatering equipment. Since tap

water’s pressure was not sufficient enough a well was dug to supply water, but since this water

contains salt it caused the machinery to rust. Thereafter, a deep well was dug out, but the water from

this deep well also contains salt, and so the aforementioned issue has not been resolved.

Photo: Dewatering press become rusty and after providing protection (Aug, 2014)

Photo: Deep well and its water (July, 2015)

The second issue involves the perpetual clogging of the sludge feed pump. A pump with different

specifications to what was initially planned was supplied, and solids that were larger than expected

were found within the septage. As a result of these, the pump from the vacuum truck to the septage

intake tank became clogged. A screen for the septage intake tank designed to remove these solids

was proposed to Cebu City as a way to handle this, but the specifications of the tank that was

installed differed from the proposed specifications. Therefore, it was recommended to Cebu City that

a screen made by AMCON be installed and that two locally-sourced blowers be installed. As of

December 2015, the screen made by AMCON was installed and blowers are planned to be installed

by Cebu City.

15

Photo: Septage receiving tank temporarily placed to remove solids in septage and removed solids

Fig: Drawing of the proposed septage receiving tank

The third issue is related to the operation and maintenance structure for the pilot septage treatment

plant. In July 2014 CCENRO was established and the head was appointed, followed by the

appointment of the plant supervisor. Also, the budget for the personnel costs for the six equipment

operators for FY2015 was secured. However, the plant supervisor was replaced in July 2015 and the

CCENRO head resigned in October 2015. Furthermore, many of the operators are short-term

employees, so the most of the initial members were replaced. The transference of work in relation to

these replacements was not handled adequately, resulting in a state of affairs in which many issues

were arising for the plant’s operation. Also, a form for recording the operating status was included

16

within the first edition manual, but they tend to fall behind on these records. In this way, right before

the end of the pilot survey a problem for the facility operating structure arose.

In response to this, intensive training sessions were held for the newly appointed personnel,

including new CCENRO head, the new plant supervisor, and new equipment operators in November

and December 2015. In addition to this, the final edition of the operation manual was prepared and

handed over to CCENRO. The final operation manual includes daily, weekly, and monthly operation

management check sheets for two years for flocculation control, lagoon water checks, and odor

checks that were recognized as challenges during the project period.

17

Fig: The Final-edition Operation & Maintenance Manual (Excerpt)

c) Composting of Sludge Cake

Initially, it was planned to use farm managed by Cebu City to compost sludge cake. However, they

are no longer able to accept this sludge cake due to the insufficient lot size and the fact that the

roadway there is frequently cut off due to flooding. Therefore, Cebu City suggested two proposed

sites for composting, but given the weak facilities at both sites and the lack of access roads to allow

the trucks transporting the sludge cake, we were unable to secure a composting site for the sludge

cake.

Therefore, a constituent analysis was performed on the sludge cake, with the results indicating that

they were 1.2% nitrogen, 0.93% phosphorous, and 8.2% potassium, meaning their net NPK is

10.33%. According to the composting test conducted by Japan Sewage Works Agency, it is known

that net nitrogen reduction rate through composting is around 65%. Based on that, net NPK value

after composting would be 3.8% that can attain the Philippines compost net NPK standard. While

the feasibility of composting this could not be proven in this pilot study, if this can be properly

composted then it could reach the level where it can be used as fertilizer.

18

2) Enhancement of Septage Management Mechanisms

a) Study on the Current Status of Septage Management in Cebu City

A study on the current status of septage management was carried out by visiting roughly 1,600

households in Cebu City. The study on the current status of septage management revealed that

roughly 10% of the residents in urban barangays within Cebu City do not have septic tanks, and that

even of those with septic tanks are less than 50% of them have had it de-sludged within the past five

years. Based on this study, it was estimated that the amount of septage that can be collected within

Cebu City’s urban barangays is 150m3/day. This can be handled via the current planned facility

capacity of 200m3/day.

Fig: Results of the study on the current status of septage management (excerpt)

b) Septic Tank Inventory Development

A pilot septic tank study was carried out in Barangay Zapatera, which is one of the urban barangays

in Cebu City. This study revealed that Cebu City has detailed health information inventories for each

individual household in every Barangay. It came to light that these were collected from a health

study on all of the children in the city conducted by CCHD (Operation Timban) and the health

surveys for renewing business permits. Therefore, it is decided to add the septic tank related simple

19

four questions such as: (1) whether or not there are septic tanks, (2) the year they were installed, (3)

the type of septic tank, and (4) whether they can be accessed by vacuum trucks. We proposed a

system for collecting base data on septic tank inventories that included a division of roles between

CCHD and CCENRO of Cebu City.

Photo: Health information for individual households maintained by each barangay

CHD

Family Profile Survey Form

Barangay office

Barangay Health Workers interview families (annually)

Area Sanitation Inspectors computerize data submitted by

barangay officesES DB

Barangay Health Workersconsolidate environmental sanitation information in the format (1 in 3 yrs)

5 Health Area office

Chief Sanitation Inspector consolidate data from 5 health areas and share

baseline data with CCENROES DB

CCENRO

Septic Tank Inventory

CCENRO Staffs make septic tank inventory from Environmental Sanitation survey result

Manifest

Septic Permit

CCENRO Staffs•Updates desludging status of

properties and identify the case of desludging failure•Add new septic tanks based on

septic permit•Detect illegal dumping • Identify properties without

proper septic tanks• Issue improvement direction

for those who are not compliant•Update inventory 1 in 3 yrs

Monthly Record from

private haulers

Fig: Proposed system on how to organize septic tank inventory data

20

Afterwards, a simple Excel form for organizing these inventories was prepared, and instruction was

given to CCENRO staff members on how to organize the inventory data. So far, data on 23

barangays has been organized.

Fig: A scene from the instruction on organizing the inventories given to Cebu City staff members

Registered day Type of septic tank Accessibility

Barangay name Proper septic tank Yes

ID Name Address Tel. No. Sitio No. of Users Type of Septic Tank Construction year Last time de-sludged Access Cess pool No

1 Sylvia Cataluña 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City 0932-412-5182 Mabapo 7 Proper septic tank 1995 2005 Yes No facility N/D

2 Ma. Loridina Cataluña 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City 0932-412-5182 Mabapo 3 Proper septic tank 2010 Never de-sludged No N/D N/A

3 Antonio Sumayang 819-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City N/D Mabapo 5 Proper septic tank 1990 Never de-sludged No

4 Jane Villarojo 819-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City N/D Mabapo 5 Proper septic tank 2010 2014 No

5 Abelina Vil larojo 819-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City 0922-353-2816 Mabapo 5 Proper septic tank 1995 2014 No

6 Ma. Cecelia Valdepeña 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City N/D Mabapo N/D Proper septic tank 1990 2002 Yes

7 Jerome Aida 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City 0943-833-5689 Mabapo 6 Proper septic tank 1995 2001 Yes

8 Marites Abad 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City N/D Mabapo 4 Proper septic tank N/D N/D N/D

9 Ronie Basiros 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City 0922-461-8202 Mabapo N/D N/D 1995 2006 N/D

10 Fely Jimenez 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City N/D Mabapo 1 No facil ity N/A N/A N/A

11 Michael Garbona 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City N/D Mabapo 3 Proper septic tank 1990 2005 Yes

12 William Bedrora 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City 0923-192-1130 Mabapo 3 Proper septic tank 1998 2004 Yes

13 Sempuero Dosdos 851-L Mabapo St. Mambaling Cebu City 0943-208-7747 Mabapo 3 N/D 1988 2012 Yes

14 Tina Liaguno Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City N/D Teves Compound 2 Proper septic tank 1999 2001 Yes

15 Josephina Liaguno Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City N/D Teves Compound 6 Proper septic tank 1991 2013 Yes

16 Tia Rama Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City 0923-820-5816 Teves Compound 5 Proper septic tank 1992 2005 Yes

17 Niña Marie Mordano Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City 417-8193 Teves Compound 6 N/D 1990 2001 Yes

18 Salving Grasya Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City N/D Teves Compound 5 Proper septic tank 2015 N/D Yes

19 Dante Yuson Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City N/D Teves Compound 6 No facil ity N/D N/D N/D

20 Enrique Montecillo Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City N/D Teves Compound 4 Proper septic tank 2012 N/D No

21 Rosalinda Tiu Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City 262-6603 Teves Compound 8 Proper septic tank 2009 Never de-sludged Yes

22 Lorna Zozobrado Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City 266-2602 Teves Compound 5 Proper septic tank 1980 2009 Yes

23 Raymona e. Zozobrado Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City 266-2602 Teves Compound 6 Proper septic tank 2010 Never de-sludged Yes

24 Ricky Alcantara Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City 0932-327-8427 Teves Compound 5 Proper septic tank 2014 Never de-sludged Yes

25 Lourdes Mescala Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City N/D Teves Compound 3 Proper septic tank 2015 Never de-sludged Yes

26 Stella Smith Teves Compound Mambaling Cebu City 0920-853-1500 Teves Compound 3 Proper septic tank 2009 2013 Yes

27 Southern Stan Aluminum Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City 265-0600 Bayabas 7 N/D 1986 Never de-sludged Yes

28 Dante S. Carenas Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City N/D Bayabas 5 Proper septic tank N/D N/D N/D

29 Amelita Diez Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City N/D Bayabas 5 Cess pool 1996 N/D Yes

30 Rusty Ocañada Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City 0905-857-8512 Bayabas 3 Proper septic tank 1994 2001 Yes

31 Serbasio Arcello Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City N/D Bayabas 3 Proper septic tank 1992 2003 Yes

32 Leonardo Solis Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City 0933-304-7047 Bayabas 4 Proper septic tank N/D N/D Yes

33 Ian Resuento Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City N/D Bayabas 6 Proper septic tank 2013 Never de-sludged Yes

34 Agnes D. Ocañada Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City 0906-365-6517 Bayabas 5 Proper septic tank 1989 2009 Yes

35 Melia Ocañada Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City N/D Bayabas 6 Proper septic tank 2005 N/D N/D

36 Boy Mosni Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City N/D Bayabas 10 Proper septic tank 1990 2015 N/D

37 Emilla Bansada Sitio Bayabas Mambaling Cebu City N/D Bayabas N/D No facil ity N/A N/A N/A

Inventory Format of Septic Tank Information (Example)

Fig: Inventory in which data has been inputted -1

(the blacked out section contains personal information)

21

Registered day Type of septic tank Accessibility









































Inventory in which data has been inputted -2

Cebu City formulated septage management regulations via a system of collecting fees from private

haulers using a manifest as records for septic hauling. But since the residents carry out de-sludging

on a voluntary basis, and the amount of septage hauled fell by half owing to the fees charged to the

private haulers, we proposed a systematic method for collecting septage that is based on the septic

tank inventories to Cebu City.

22

Fig: Method for identifying septic tanks to be de-sludged using septic tank inventories and preparing

lists

Septic Tank to be De-sludgedRegistered day Type of septic tank Accessibility









































Target septic tanks for hauling in Brgy xxx: properties with less than 10 users

Less than 10

Only proper septic tank

More than 5 years ago

yes

Target septic tanks for hauling in Brgy xxx: properties with more than 10 users

More than 10


Between 3-5 years ago

yes

->Make a list of septic tanks for de-sludging

Septic Tank to be ReconstructedRegistered day Type of septic tank Accessibility










































yes

Septic tanks that should be reconstructed in Brgyxxx: properties Cess pool &

No facilityyes

->Make a list of septic tanks for reconstruction

More than 25 years ago

23

Fig: Tender system for private haulers based on the list of septic tanks to be de-sludged

Fig: Method for managing private haulers based on the list of septic tanks to be de-sludged

c) Study Tour Program on Septage Management in Japan

Training was carried out in Japan in November 2014 in order for the counterparts to obtain useful

knowledge and expertise regarding the issues posing challenges for the creation of a septage

management system in Cebu City. The participants were Janeses B. Ponce, the Chairman of CCSMB,

How to Schedule De-sludging

CCHD

Operation Timbang DB

OBO

Septic Permit

Information

CCENRO

Business Permit

Sanitation DB

P/H 1Tender of

septic hauling services in Bgry xxx

List of properties with septic tanks to be de-sludged

P/H 2

P/H 3

P/H 4

•Develop septic tank inventory•Make a list of

properties with septic tank to be de-sludged

How to Schedule De-sludging and Control Septic Waste Haulers

CCENROP/H 1

Properties w/ ST to be de-sludged

Properties w/o ST to be de-sludged

Private haulers decide the schedule of septic hauling by contacting property

owners

septic hauling

schedule plan in

Brgy. xxx

• Contract with private hauler who bid at the cheapest price• Approve septic hauling schedule plan of the private hauler. • Monitor hauling activities

Barangay xxx

24

Randy A. Navarro, the head of CCENRO, Daisy Villa, the head of CCHD, and Chavalie Arigo, the

Plant Supervisor of the pilot septage treatment plant. The sites that they visited and toured and the

contents of the lectures they heard are below.

Sites visited / toured Contents

Yokohama City History of waste and Johkasou sludge management

administration in Yokohama City

Courtesy call on the Yokohama City International Technical

Cooperation Division

Japan Education Center

of Environmental

Sanitation

History of night soil treatment in Japan

Japan’s Johkasou sludge management system

Sludge collection, hauling, and treatment

Fee collection system

Trends surrounding inventory organization, legally-mandated

tests, and de-sludging in Japan

Ebina Municipal

Beautification Center

Johkasou sludge management system through broadly-based

administrative associations

Onsite tours of de-sludging operations

Cleaning Facility

Association of Kouza

Visit to a night soil treatment facility

Night soil treatment arrangement through broadly-based

administrative associations

Johkasou sludge and night soil collection and hauling status

Fee collection system

AMCON equipment

purchasers in Sodegaura

City

Daily tasks related to operation

Daily tasks related to maintenance

d) Financial Analysis and Recommendation

Through this pilot project it was learned that improvements must be made for both hard and soft

dimensions, including improving the treatment facilities and enhancing the septage management

structure. Conditions have been set for each of three stages: (1) Present conditions, (2) Short-term

feasible improvements, and (3) Comprehensive improvements and financial analyses have been

performed according to these three conditions. Improvements details that should be carried out in the

future have been organized together through the setting of the conditions as shown below.

Item (1) Present conditions (2) Feasible

improvements

(3) Comprehensive

improvements

Population 650,000

No. of households 131,174

Collection area Urban barangays in Cebu City

Operating hours 1,800 hours/year 1,800 hours/year 7,000 hours/year

Septage intake

volume

60m3/day 60m3/day 200m3/day

Amount of sludge

cake generated

720t/year 720t/year 2,800t/year

25

Water supply MCWD MCWD MCWD

Collection plan No No Yes

Lagoon

improvements

No Yes Yes

Compost facility No Yes Yes

Intake tank No Yes Yes

No. of sludge cake

trucks

1 2 2

OPEX (pesos/year) 7,700,000 11,000,000*1 58,000,000*2

CAPEX (pesos) 23,000,000*3 23,000,000

*1: Includes maintenance costs such as for lagoon improvements, compost facilities, intake tanks,

trucks, and more.

*2: In addition to the above, includes administrative costs such as septage collection costs, septic

tank inventory management, and more.

*3: Includes lagoon improvements, compost facility construction, intake tank construction, and

sludge cake transport vehicle purchases in with CAPEX.

Based on this, a comparison was performed on a case in which fees are collected from private

haulers and a case where these are added to water charges.

Collection options (1)

Present conditions

(2)

Short-term

improvements

(3)

Comprehensive

improvements

Collected from private haulers

(OPEX ÷septage intake volume) 425.15 pesos/m3 587.19 pesos/m3 N/A

Collected from water charges

(OPEX ÷ No. of households) 58.34 pesos/year 80.58 pesos/year 439.55 pesos/year

The option of collecting fees from private haulers imposes higher financial burden to private

haulers and therefore it is highly possible to lead de-sludging fee to hike. At present the de-sludging

fee citizens pay is 2,500 – 3,000 pesos for one time de-sludging. Assuming the de-sludging volume

is 3m3 for average households, private haulers would have to pay 1,300 pesos with (1) and about

1,800 pesos with (2) out of 2,500 -3,000 pesos. This would significantly impact their financial

situation, and lead to circumstances where substantial rate hikes in the de-sludging fees are

unavoidable. What is more, with options (1) and (2) systematic collection would not be carried out,

the amount of septage de-sludged would remain as low as less than 50% because the residents

de-sludge their septic tanks at voluntary base and therefore annual revenue will decline.

Conversely, in the case where the fees are added to the water charges, even with “(3)

Comprehensive improvements” the price per household only goes up to 440 pesos/year (36

pesos/month). Assuming that the average household’s water consumption is 24m3, this can be

handled by water charge increases of 1.5 pesos/m3.

26

3) Information Dissemination and Awareness-Raising Activities

On June 24, 2014, central government officials, Cebu City officials, administrative officials

concerned with septage management from surrounding municipalities and HUCs, other people

involved in the septage industry on the private sector side, and more were invited for the holding of

an unveiling ceremony for the pilot septage treatment facility. At the event, speeches were given by

the Mayor of Cebu City and the Assistant Director of the JICA Philippines Office. Close to 100

people participated in the unveiling ceremony, with awareness-raising activities carried out for the

participants that were designed to improve their understanding of the characteristics of the

dewatering equipment and their operating mechanisms.

Photo: Scenes of awareness-raising activities at the unveiling ceremony

Further, on December 10, 2015 a facility turnover ceremony together with a seminar to present the

results of this pilot survey were held. Participants included Cebu City officials, DPWH, MCWD, and

local media as well as a personnel member from the OECD Green Growth Study Team who

happened to be in Cebu for their own study. In the seminar, presentations on AMCON’s dewatering

machine and the results of this pilot survey were carried out. In the presentation the effectiveness of

the septage treatment model using AMCON’s dewatering machine system was described together

with the achievements and challenges of this pilot project. In addition, collaboration between

MCWD and Cebu City in the septage management implementation was strongly emphasized based

on the financial analysis result of this survey.

Photo: Scenes of turnover ceremony and presentation in the seminar

27

The septage treatment plant model (shown below) studied in this survey was presented. This can

offer a solution for LGUs and WDs who look for inexpensive yet workable technology to treat

septage. As our result of survey it was estimated that CAPEX of this model septage treatment plant

with capacity of 200m3/day is 80 million pesos, which is less than about two thirds of CAPEX of

fully mechanized septage treatment plant. It was also calculated that the septage treatment and

disposal cost of this model plant is about 300 pesos/m3, which is about two thirds of average cost of

450 pesos/m3/day.

BP

Screening unit

Dewatering unit

Gravity aeration

Facultative Pond Maturation Pond Wetland

Co

arse

scre

en

(30

-40

mm

)

Fin

esc

ree

n(1

0 m

m)

BlowerPump

AMCON’s Volute Dewatering Machine

(BOD Removal Rate: 95%)

1.8

m

1.3

-1.5

mFiltrate BOD:

300mg/L

Septage BOD: 6,000 mg/L

7days(1,400m3, 700m2)

9days (1,800m3, 2700m2)

Composting / Landfill siteSludge cake

W/C: 70-75%

125m3

• Capacity: 200m3/day• Septage BOD: 6,000mg/L• Effluent BOD: 50mg/L• CAPEX: 80 million php• OPEX: 15 million php/year• Treatment and disposal cost per

1m3 of septage: 280php/m3

Effluent

SEPTAGE TREATMENT PLANT CEBU MODEL (Screening + Dewatering +Lagoon)

Filtrate BOD: 50mg/L

Sludge cake truck

Fig: Septage treatment plant model using AMCON’sVolute + facultative and maturation pond

In addition to this, other septage treatment models using AMCON’s Volute dewatering equipment

combined with a sequence batch reactor (SBR) and aerated pond were developed as shown below. A

table comparing different factors according to these technological options was also prepared.

28

SEPTAGE TREATMENT PLANT CEBU MODEL (Screening + Dewatering +Activated Sludge)

BP

Screening unit

Dewatering unit

Activated sludge treatment unit

Co

arse

scre

en

(30

-40

mm

)

Fin

esc

ree

n(1

0 m

m)

BlowerPump





W/C: 70-75%


Sludge cake truck

B

P P P P


ASD EQT SBR CCT EHT

ASD: Activated Sludge DigesterEQT: Equalization TankSBR: Sequential Batch ReactorCCT: Chlorine Dioxide Contact TankEHT: Effluent Holding Tank

Fig. Septage treatment plant model using AMCON’s Volute + combined with SBR

SEPTAGE TREATMENT PLANT CEBU MODEL (Screening + Dewatering +Aerated Pond)

BP

Screening unit

Dewatering unit

Aerated Pond

Co

arse

scre

en

(30

-40

mm

)

Fin

esc

ree

n(1

0 m

m)

BlowerPump



2-5

m




W/C: 70-75%

Effluent


Sludge cake truck

Aerator

Fig. Septage treatment plant model using AMCON’s Volute + aerated pond

Table. Comparisons of different Volute septage treatment plant models

Technological options Land Electricity CAPEX O&M

difficulty

OPEX

Waste stabilization pond Large Low Low Easy Low

Volute + Lagoon Relatively

large

Relatively

low

Relatively

low

Relatively

easy

Relatively

low

Volute + Aerated pond Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Volute + SBR Small High High Difficult High

29

(2) Self-reliant and Continual Activities to be Conducted by the Counterpart

Organization

1) Agreement among the Stakeholders concerning the Septage Management Leader

At this point in time, there has been different opinions between MCWD, MCDCB, and Cebu City

regarding who will serve as the septage management leader in Cebu. MCWD has an F/S that was

conducted via the Philippine Water Revolving Fund in 2008, and MCDCB recommends building a

septage treatment plant as part of the sewage sub-roadmap of the Mega Cebu Roadmap. Cebu City

played a leading role in guiding this survey, and a result of the financial analysis shows that

collecting the septage collection and treatment costs by adding them to the water charges is the most

sustainable option.

Moreover, the head of CCENRO who had previously received technical guidance, resigned and the

Plant Supervisor who took part in study program in Japan, was replaced. What is more, the operators

at the treatment plant are short-term employees. Owing to these factors, it can be said that a

personnel structure that could ensure the sustainable operation of the plant is not fully established. In

addition, despite the fact that Cebu City was urged to acquire CNC and obtain discharge permit that

were necessary for the project, the city failed to handle this. Further, since the treatment plant cannot

use water supplied from MCWD, a problem arose in which fresh water for cleaning the dewatering

equipment could not be secured. As things currently stand, Cebu City could not be said to have

adequate capabilities when it comes to the sustainable operation of this sort of pilot septage

treatment plant.

At the same time, data has steadily been collected for the development of the septic tank inventory

that was performed through this pilot survey and this can be used as invaluable initial data for

systematically promoting septage management in the future. Moreover, it was learned that the data

needed for the septic tank inventory can be collected efficiently over a short period of time by using

Cebu City health surveys.

In light of the above, it is recommended that MCDCB, MCWD, and Cebu City will work together

to make progress with planning and implementation for the sake of sustainable septage management.

But before doing this, they must first reach an agreement on who will take the lead with respect to

septic tank management regulations, septage collection and the management of private haulers,

treatment plant operation, and fee collection, as well as the sort of implementation structure and

budgetary allocations that will be used for this. Presumably, the most efficient and sustainable

approach would be to have Cebu City handle the regulatory areas, and have MCWD perform the

collection and hauling, build and operate the treatment plant, and collect the fees. These

aforementioned regulatory areas include administrative guidance related to septic tank de-sludging

and improving septic tanks that are not in legal compliance. In doing so, some of the collected fees

would conceivably be distributed to Cebu City to provide it with the budget for this.

30

Either way, a master plan and implementation plan for comprehensive septage management will be

needed when it comes to the independent operation of the treatment plant, systematic septage

collection, and the establishment of a fee collection structure to support these after the end of this

demonstration project. This must be based on coordination and agreement related to the division of

roles among the local stakeholders.

In the turnover ceremony and seminar held on December 10 2015 where MCWD also attended, the

importance of the collaboration between stakeholders mentioned above is strongly emphasized.

JICA survey team introduced the person in charge of septage management of MCWD to CCSMB

Chairman Atty. Ponce, and it is desirable that further communication between MCWD and Cebu

City will be held for the future implementation of septage management in Cebu.

2) Challenges for Each Septage Management Component

Aside from the agreement between stakeholders concerning the septage management leader,

specific challenges for each individual component that were recognized in this demonstration project

are listed below.

Septage

management

components

Challenges

Septic tank

management

Thus far, septic tank inventories have been organized for 15 barangays, but

these must be organized for the remaining barangays.

Coordination and agreement between stakeholders are needed regarding

the use of the collected data in the septage management plans.

Collection and

hauling structure

Understanding, coordination, and agreement between the stakeholders are

needed when it comes to septage collection and hauling plans, the

executing agency for the private hauler commissioning system, and its

management methods based on the septic tank inventories proposed

through this demonstration project.

Establishment of the

treatment plant

ECC (or CNC) based on the Philippines Environmental Impact

Assessment System and discharge permit should be obtained.

The septage intake tank must be suitably installed (installation of a screen

and in-tank blower).

The compost facilities must be installed so as to ensure that there are

access roads for trucks that are of the appropriate size leading to it.

Lagoon improvements must be made in order to comply with effluent

standards.

Fresh water for cleaning the machinery must be ensured.

Treatment plant

operating structure

The gate must be managed so that only domestic septage is taken in.

A structure of personnel with a technical background must be established

for the operation of the septage treatment plant.

31

Septage

management

components

Challenges

Structure for

securing financial

resources

There must be coordination and agreement between stakeholders regarding

the fee collection structure for applying fees to water charges.

The division of roles between stakeholders must be determined for the

septage management components, and agreement on the budgetary

allocations must be reached on the basis of this.

On December 10, 2015 after the seminar, JICA, CCENRO, CCSMB, and AMCON discussed and

agreed that the necessary actions should be taken for the following issues and a Memorandum of

Understanding was to be signed soon.

Fresh water use for washing the equipment

Installation of the screen and blowers

Expansion or construction of an adequate composting facility

Lagoon improvements

Reviews of the water tariff and taxes in the form of budget resources

Collaboration with MCWD and MCDCB

4. FUTURE PROSPECTS

(1) Impact and Effect on the Concerned Development Issues through Business

Development of the Products and Technologies in the Surveyed Country

When this project’s contribution is considered from the perspective of resolving the problem of the

contamination of public water bodies and groundwater due to insufficient septage management, the

claim could be made that building the treatment plant has provided a place where the septage that

had previously been discharged into the environment can now be taken in. During the project period,

a cumulative total of 34,000m3 of septage was treated, which has prevented the contamination of

public water bodies and groundwater over the short-term.

(2) Lessons Learned and Recommendations through the Survey

This survey has mainly focused on verifying the applicability of AMCON’s Volute dewatering

equipment to treat septage through building and operating the pilot septage treatment plant, as well

as conducting capacity development for the enhancement of septage management mechanisms.

However, in order to establish a more sustainable septage management system in Cebu, the lessons

learned and recommendations can be made in line with the septage management components: 1)

technological components, 2) managerial components, and 3) financial components, as shown

below.

32

Proper septic tank Construction

Scheduled De-sludging

Septage Treatment FacilityComposting Facility

Detection of illegal dumping

And who covers all the cost?

Technological Component

Managerial Component

Financial Component

Fig. Septage Management Components

(Edited from source: A Rapid Assessment of Septage Management in Asia1)

1) Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Technological Aspects

The pilot septage treatment plant was built, operated, and treated 34,000 m3 of septage that was

generated in Cebu during the project period. Through our survey, the following points were

identified as lessons learned and recommendations for the sustainable operation of the plant in the

future and the establishment of a composting facility.

The BOD levels of the septage brought to the pilot septage treatment plant varies from 3,000 –

20,000mg/L, and sometimes contains large foreign matter that clogs the pumps. Therefore, it

is recommended that post & pre-treatment units be installed. The solution can be the lagoon

improvements proposed here and the installation of a septage receiving unit that has a screen

and a tank with blowers.

Use fresh water for washing dewatering equipment as soon as possible, otherwise it will

become damaged and become unusable within three years.

Accept only domestic septage. Industrial waste water should not be treated in the pilot septage

treatment plant, but by the onsite treatment system.

Properly carry out daily, weekly, and monthly monitoring according to the operation manual.

1 AECOM International Development, Inc. and the Department of Water and Sanitation in

Developing Countries (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology

(Eawag), 2010. A Rapid Assessment of Septage management in Asia: Policies and Practices in India,

Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam (Available at:

http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnads118.pdf) [Accessed on January 20, 2016]

33

When designing the composting facility, hire an experienced consultant who has expertise in

the composting process and necessary facilities.

2) Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Managerial Aspects

The septic tank inventory started being developed during the project and continuous efforts are

being made by CCENRO. This data can be the foundation for the future septage management

planning. Based on this achievement, the following points can be made as lessons learned and

recommendations for managerial issues.

The septic tank inventory developed in the project can be used as initial data for detecting

septic tanks to be re-built and de-sludged as well as areas that need new septic tanks built.

The septic tank inventory can make scheduled de-sludging possible.

The list of septic tanks to be de-sludged can be utilized for a system for commissioning private

haulers to perform the de-sludging work and preventing illegal dumping by regular reporting

from the private haulers.

An appropriate septage de-sludging planning and commissioning system for private haulers

would protect them from losing their market.

In the commissioning and permitting process for private haulers, the hauling equipment must

be upgraded to meet the sanitary standards.

Local Government Units are good at gathering on-the-ground data that can serve as the basis

for the septic tank inventory. Therefore, it is recommended that septage program implementers

cooperate with them for the development of the septic tank inventory.

3) Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Financial Aspects

The financial and cost analysis conducted in this survey showed several key points for the future

septage management in terms of who will bear the cost. The following points should be noted for

reviews of the fee collection system in the future.

Charging the septage treatment fee to private haulers imposes a higher financial burden on

private haulers. This is highly likely to lead to increases in the de-sludging fees that citizens

pay, which can disincentivize private haulers from carrying septage to the treatment plant, and

therefore illegal dumping could presumably occur.

Putting additional fees on water tariffs follows the PPP (Polluter Pays Principle) and is a more

efficient way to collect fees. However, this is unfair to those who do not have septic tanks, but

rather have water connections, because they cannot receive the service. Therefore communal

septic tanks must be constructed for those who lack them.

34

In light of all the lessons learned and recommendations above, cooperation and collaboration for

the implementation of the septage program between MCWD and Cebu City is necessary. Based on

the survey results, the following shows the recommendations for the roles and responsibilities to be

divided up between MCWD and Cebu City/other LGUs.

Fig. Recommended roles and responsibilities between MCWD and Cebu City

On the whole, when it comes to water administration in the Philippines, both LGUs and WDs exist

as implementers at the local level. Therefore, the importance of platforms in which various different

stakeholders, including LGUs, WDs, congressional officials, and NGOs can hold discussions was

recognized for the establishment of independent, sustainable septage management structures in the

Philippines.

35

ATTACHMENT-1: OUTLINE OF THE SURVEY

Documents

Pilot Survey for Disseminating SME's Technologies for