Phytodiversity in the submergence area of the … · Phytodiversity in the submergence area of t he Srinagar hydroelectric power project in Garhwal Himalaya Bahuguna Y.M., Sharma

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 1, No 7, 2011

© Copyright 2011 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on March, 2011 Published on April 2011 1448

Phytodiversity in the submergence area of the Srinagar hydroelectric power project in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India

Yateesh Mohan Bahuguna, Jyotsana Sharma and Sumeet Gairola Department of Botany, HNB Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal

246 174, Uttarakhand India [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to assess the Phytodiversity in the submergence zone of the medium scale Srinagar Hydroelectric project, which is being constructed on river Alaknanda near Srinagar town of district Pauri Garhwal in Uttarakhand state of India. We recorded a total of 133 species belonging to 65 families and 113 genera. Of the 54 families, 26 were represented by single species, 12 by two species, 6 by three species and 10 with more than 3 species. Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae were the dominant families with 9 species each, followed by Amaranthaceae (7), Lamiaceae (7), Malvaceae (7), Asteraceae (6) and Solanaceae (6). These plant species were used by the local villagers for variety of uses ranging from food, religious uses, perfume, medicinal, fodder, dye, household articles, agricultural implements, beverage, fuel, ornamental, narcotic, insecticide, etc.

Keywords: Alaknanda, river valley project, habitat loss, phytodiversity, Garhwal.

1. Introduction

Biodiversity is essential for human survival and economic well being and for the ecosystem function and stability (Singh, 2002). Although biodiversity is essential to humankind, brings innumerable benefits, and has other important values, humans have had strong negative impacts on biodiversity. Various ecosystem functions and services may be negatively affected by the loss of biodiversity (Schulze and Mooney, 1994). Extinction is a principle of evolution and well over 99% of the species that have ever lived have become extinct. Nevertheless, we seem at present to be living in a period of mass extinction, the 6 th of its kind, in which human activity such as that which causes habitat fragmentation seems to be the driving force (Weinbauer and Rassoulzadegan, 2007). Political and scientific concerns have been raised as we are experiencing an increase in species extinction rates caused by anthropogenic activity (Ehrlich and Wilson, 1991).

Habitat destruction, over exploitation, pollution and species introduction are the major causes of biodiversity loss (UNEP, 2001). The primary threat to biodiversity is habitat loss and fragmentation. Fragmentation replaces large areas of native forest by other ecosystems leaving isolated forest patches, with deleterious consequences for most of the native forest biota (Murica, 1995). Other major cause of habitat destruction in the river valleys is construction of large hydroelectric projects, which have several benefits such as power, irrigation, tourism and industrial development, etc. But from biodiversity point of view, such projects are unethical as they impede the biological web of the environment, as a large hydel project leads to a complete alteration of a terrestrial habitat into an aquatic ecosystem (Gaur, 2007). Modifications in normal flow of river systems result in several complexities to people, forests, fauna, flora, microorganisms and land use pattern (Sharma, 2006).

Phytodiversity in the submergence area of the Srinagar hydroelectric power project in Garhwal Himalaya

Bahuguna Y.M., Sharma J., Gairola S.

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.7, 2011

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The river Alaknanda is the major tributary of the Ganga river basin, which also includes other rivers such as Bhagirathi, Pindar and Dhauliganga. The river Alaknanda originates in the glacial region (Alkapuri glacier) of Himalaya in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand and enters district Pauri Garhwal. The river also serves as a boundary between districts Chamoli and Pauri Garhwal in the upper reaches and between districts Tehri Garhwal and Pauri Garhwal, while it flows downwards. At present two Hydroelectric projects i.e. Srinagar (330 MW) and Vishnuprayag (400 MW) are under construction on river Alaknanda while five more projects on this river have been identified in the district Chamoli. These projects are Bowala Nandprayag (132 MW), TapovanVishnugad (360 MW), LataTapovan (105 MW), VishnugadPipalkoti (1000 MW) and Karanprayag (252).

People living in the region still depend on the agriculture that provides major support to the population and with the rise in population, individual landholding has been significantly shrunk over the years (Rana et al., 2007). Average cultivated land per farmer in the central Himalaya is 0.5 hectares, but production is supplemented from the adjacent forest ecosystem (Tewari et al., 2003). In addition to the expansion of urban areas, road building activities and in recent times the hydroelectric projects have further marginalized the individual landholding in Uttarakhand (Rana et al., 2007). These projects are certainly going to engulf the already marginalized productive agricultural fields, thus implying more hardship to the local population in times to come (Bhatt, 1997). Besides that large portion of the river valleys having unique Phytodiversity also gets submerged in these power projects. Under the view of the aforesaid facts, in the present study we have tried to assess the Phytodiversity in the submergence zone of the Srinagar hydroelectric power project, one the many dams under construction on the river Alaknanda.

2 Materials and Method

2.1 Study Area

The State of Uttarakhand is situated in the northern part of India and shares an international boundary with China in the north and Nepal in the east. It has an area of 53,483 km 2 and lies between latitude 28° 43’ and 31° 28’ N and longitude 77° 34’ and 81° 03’ E. The State has a temperate climate except in the plain areas where the climate is tropical. The average annual rainfall of the state is 1,550 mm and temperatures range from subzero to 43°C (FSI, 2009). Of the total geographical area of the state, about 19% is under permanent snow cover, glaciers and steep slopes where tree growth is not possible due to climatic and physical limitations (FSI, 2009). The recorded forest area of the State is 34,691 km 2 , which constitutes 64.79% of its geographical area (FSI, 2009).

The present study was conducted in the submergence zone of the medium scale Srinagar Hydroelectric project, which is being constructed on river Alaknanda near Srinagar town of district Pauri Garhwal in Uttarakhand state of India. The submergence area of the Srinagar Hydroelectric project starts from an elevation of about 500m asl at the dam site near Koteswar and extends up to an elevation of 600m asl near village Narkota. The Pauri Garhwal is situated in the central part of Garhwal Himalaya, between 29°20’ 30°15’ N latitude and 78°10’ 79°20’ E longitude, covering about 5,329 km 2 , out of which 61.72% (3,289 km 2 ) of the total Geographical area is forested. This dam is being constructed near Koteshwar and lies in the vicinity of the North Almora Thrust (Rana et al., 2007). It is located




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about 6 km upstream of Srinagar town of district Pauri Garhwal on the right bank of river Alaknanda. The total area affected by the construction of dam is 1905.41 ha of which 475 ha is acquired for various project appurtenances.

Figure 1: Abandoned houses in Dungripanth village to be submerged in the lake created by the Srinagar hydroelectric project (Photo by: Dr. Sumeet Gairola).

Figure 2: Dense forest patch in Dungripanth village to be submerged in the lake created by the Srinagar hydroelectric project (Photo by: Dr. Jyotsana Sharma).

Out of total area of 1905.41 ha affected by the construction of dam, agricultural land, culturable wasteland, forest and land not available for agriculture are 626.98 ha (32.91%), 879.40 ha (46.15%), 54.81 ha (2.88%), 344.22 ha (18.06%) respectively. Most of the portions




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of this land fall under submergence area and some is being used for other purposes of the project viz., project colony works, quarry, etc. Total 24 villages are affected by the construction of this dam (Figure 1). Fifteen villages are in district Tehri Garhwal (Dhari, Barkot, Ghorsali, Margaon, Gandasu, Madhi, Mangsu, Gugli, Maindu, Nagyana, Naithana, Naur, Sankron, Supana, Thapli) and 9 are in district Pauri Garhwal (Dungripanth, Kaliasaur, Kotchula, Koteshwar, Panthlagga, Pharasu, Sem, Shiraurbagar, Swit). About 66 ha of Reserve forest and about 273 ha of Civil Soyam forest land will be lost as a part of reservoir submergence and land acquisition for the other project appurtenances (Figure 2). Thus, the total forest area affected by the project is 339 ha. The reservoir will submerge an important temple at village Kaliasaur famously known as Dhari Devi temple. About 2 km of Rishikesh Badrinath highway (NH 58) will be submerged. The project has proposed the construction of 73 m barrage that will provide 69 m water head for power generation (Rana et al., 2007).

2.2 Climate

The study area shows varied climatic and edhaphic conditions. The climate of the area is strongly influenced by the SouthWest and NorthEast monsoons and exhibits considerable variations visavis to different topographic features. The climate of the area is of subtropical monsoonic type. There are three distinct seasons: hot summer, rainy season and mild winter. The May and June are the hottest period of the year. The days are hot but the nights are moderately cool and pleasant. In summer maximum temperature reaches up to 40 °C. The hot weather starts at the end of March and continues till monsoon. This zone shows high annual precipitation, the rainfall occurs mainly during the months of JulySeptember and maximum rainfall (60 % to 70 % of the total rainfall) usually occurs in August. The winter season starts from October and continues till the end of February, and is characterized by the lower temperature and humidity. The frost is of common occurrence during December and January, the coldest months of the season. In winters the minimum temperature falls down to 47 °C. In this period rain occurs sometime with hail and storms. With the beginning of March frost and fog disappear but dew is observed well up to April.

2.3 Data collection

Extensive field surveys were conducted in the submergence zone of the Srinagar hydroelectric power project from May 2009 to April 2010 in different seasons (rainy, winter and summer) to assess the plant diversity. The specimens of each species were collected and identified with the help of flora (Gaur, 1999) and existing Herbarium of Botany Department HNB Garhwal University (GUH). Taxonomical categories – genera and species within the family are treated alphabetically. Additional information about vernacular names and utility values were also collected from primary and secondary sources for each plant species.

3. Results and Discussion

The knowledge of the floristic composition of a plant community is a prerequisite to understand the overall structure and function of any ecosystem. Vegetation is the most precious gift, nature has provided to us, as it is meeting all kinds of essential requirements of the humans in the form of food, fodder, fuel, medicine, timber, resins, and oil, etc. The vegetational cover of the area varied remarkably due to physiognomic conditions and altitudinal ranges associated with respective microclimate and ecological factors. The natural forest vegetation of the project area ranged from dense forest to grassy slopes and scrubs. The




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results of the study are placed in the Table 1. The present study records a total of 133 species belonging to 54 families and 113 genera (Figure 3). Of the 54 families, 26 were represented by single species, 12 by two species, 6 by three species and 10 with more than 3 species. Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae were the dominant families with 9 species each, followed by Amaranthaceae (7), Lamiaceae (7), Malvaceae (7), Asteraceae (6), Solanaceae (6), Caesalpiniaceae (5), Scrophulariaceae (5), Rosaceae (4), Anacardiaceae (3), Convolvulaceae (3), Moraceae (3), Rutaceae (3), Tiliaceae (3), Verbenaceae (3), Acanthaceae (2), Asclepiadaceae (2), Chenopodiaceae (2), Cucurbitaceae (2), Cyperaceae (2), Dioscoreaceae (2), Liliaceae (2), Meliaceae (2), Nyctaginaceae (2), Poaceae (2), Rhamnaceae (2) and Ulmaceae (2). Maximum numbers of species (3) were recorded for Cassia, Desmodium, Ficus and Ipomoea, followed by Amaranthus, Bauhinia, Celtis, Chenopodium, Corchorus, Dioscorea, Euphorbia, Leucas, Phyllanthus, Sida, Solanum and Verbascum with 2 species each.

Table 1: Inventory and other information about plant species identified in the submergence area of the Srinagar hydroelectric power project.

Family/Species Vernacular names Utility Values Acanthaceae Adhatoda zeylanica Baisingu ED, ME, BF Barleria strigosaWilld. ME, BF Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Latjiri, Lichkuri ME, BE Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume Safed phulia ME Alternanthera pungens Humb. Bonpl. & Kunth. Amaranthus spinosus L. KanteluMarsu ED, ME, FO Amaranthus viridis L. JangliChaulai ED Celosia argentea L. Gadrya ED, AP Gomphrena celosioides Martius, Beitr. Amarantac. Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria Scopoli Gadtungla, Kalmina DY, BF Mangifera indica L. Aam FR, HA, ME, BF Rhus parviflora Roxb. Tungla, Saunla FR, NA, FU, ED, ME, BF Apocynaceae Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze. Safedbel, Duthibel ME, HA, BF Asclepiadaceae Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryander Aak, Madar RI, ME Cryptolepis buchananii Roemer & Schultes Dudhibel, Teelabakhri bel RO, ME, FO Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Gundrya, Semandulw ME Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clark) Kunjaa RI, ME, HA Eclipta prostrate (L.) Bhangru, Bhangri ME Parthenium hysterophorus L. Gajar ghas, Jhilmil OW Tridax procumbens L. Kumra, Kanphuli ED, ME Xanthium indicum Koenig in Roxb. Gokhuriya, Kurou Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum (L.) Tantia DY, ME Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba L. Semal ED, HA, ME, FI Caesalpiniaceae Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn. Malu FO, HA, FI, FU Bauhinia variegata L. Guiral FI, ED, AI, HA, ME Cassia fistula L. Amaltas ME, FU Cassia occidentalis L. Taror, Chakunda ME Cassia tora L. Chakunda, Panvar ME




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Cannabinaceae Cannabis sativa L. Bhang, Bhangla RO, CL, ME Celastraceae Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Kaunya, Malkagni OL, ME, BF Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album L. Bathua, Bathu ED Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Cleomaceae Cleome viscosa L. Jakhya ED, ME Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L. Kanjula, Kansura ME Convolvulaceae Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet, Hort. Neelibel OR, ME Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth, Cat. Kaladana, Neelkalmi ME Ipomoea pestigridis L. Ghiabati ME Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Kaduri, Kandaroi ME Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Janglichachinda FR, ME Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L. Motha PE, ME Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R. & G. Forester) Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera L. Genthi, Ratalu ED, ME Dioscorea hispida Dennstaedt in Schlussel Euphorbiaceae Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.Arg. Janglijamalghota ME Euphorbia hirta L. Dudhi ME Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Hazardana ME Jatropha curcas L. Pahariarand, Safedarand OL, ME Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.Arg. Ruin DY, ME, FU, BF Phyllanthus amarus Schumacher & Thonning Jarmala ME Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forester. Bhiuavate ME Ricinus communis L. Arand, Andi OL, ME Sapium insigne (Royle) Benth. ex Trimen. Khinna FP, HA Fabaceae Abrus precatorius L. Ratti, Ratigiri ME Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sisham HA, FO, ME Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Salpalnu ME Desmodium lexiflorum DC. FO Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) DC. Indigofera hirsuta L. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Karanjua OL Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. Siralu FI, FO, ED, BF Zornia gibbosa Spanoghe in Linnaea Dwipat ME Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merrill Kandai, Kangu FR, FO, ME, BF Fumariaceae Fumaria indica (Haussknecht) Pugsley in J. Linn. Pitpapra, Khairua ME Lamiaceae Ajuga bracteosa Wallich ex Benth. Neelkanthi ME Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Goplya, Gobara, Kalabangra ME, BF Colebrookia oppositifolia J.E. Smith, Exot. Binda, Bindu ME, BF Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Sprengel Gumba, Bishkhapru ME, RI Leucas lanata Benth. Biskapra, Gumma ME, ED Nepeta graciliflora Benth. Uprya ghas BF Pogostemon benghalense (Burm.f.) Kuntze KalaBasingu, Lujrya ME, BF Liliaceae Asparagus adscendens Buch.Ham. ex Roxb. Jhirni, Satawari ED, ME




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Gloriosa superba L. Kalihari, AgniShikha ME Linaceae Reinwardtia indica Dumortier. Phiunli ME, MI, BF Lythraceae Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Dhaula, Dhau DY, ME, BF Malvaceae Abutilon indicum (L.). Sweet Kanghe ME, FI Malva parviflora L. Soncheli ED, ME Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Suchi FI, ME Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav., Diss. FI, ME Sida acuta Burm. Karenti Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. Waalk. Bhiyli FI, ME Urena lobata L. Chatkura FI, ME Martyniaceae Martynia annua L. Bichhwa ME Meliaceae Melia azedarach L. Dainkan, Bakain ME, FO, HA, AI, BF Toona hexandra (Wallich ex Roxb.) Tun, Toon HA, DY, BF Menispermaceae Cissampelos pareira L. Pahre, Parha ME, PME Mimosaceae Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Siris FO, HA, ME, BF Moraceae Ficus palmata Forsk. Bedu FR, FO, ME Ficus racemosa L. Umra, Gular FR, FO, RI Ficus religiosa L. Peepal FO, CH, PC, ME Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Lam., Encycl. Sunara, Sainjna FR, ME, BF Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jamun, Phalenda DY, HA, FR, ME, BF Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa L. Pundera, Purnava ED, ME Mirabilis jalapa L. Gulabans Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Bhilmori ED, ME Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana L. Pili Kateli, Kandailu ME Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica L. Chitrak ME Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Dubla, Doob ME, RI Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees. Bans HA, AI, FO, ED, ME Polygonaceae Rumex hastatus D.Don. Almoru, Kilmori ME Rhamnaceae Rhamnus triqueter (Wallich) Lawson in Hook. Gaunta AI, FU, DY, BF Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., Encycl. Ber FR, HA, AI, BF Rosaceae Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke Bhiunkaphal, Kaphlya FR, ME Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Aaru FR, OL, ME, BF Pyrus pashia Buch.Ham. ex D.Don Melu FO, FR, ME, BF Rubus ellipticus Smith Hinssar, Hisalu FR, BE, BF Rubiaceae Haldinia cordifolia (Roxb.) Haldu HA, AI, FO, ME Rutaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa in Trans. Bel FR, FU, ME, RI, BF Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel. Gandela, Curryleaf tree ME, ED, BF, IN Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Timroo ME, HA, RI, FP, BF




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Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Kanphuti, Kakadni ME Scrophulariaceae Kickxia ramosissima (Wallich) Janchen Lindenbergia grandiflora (Buch.Ham. ex D.Don) Benth.

Vasanta ME

Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) van Steenis Mastyar ME Verbascum chinense (L.) Santapau GaderiTamakhu ME Vervascum thapsus L. Akulbir, Kakri Tamakhu ME, DY, FP Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. Dhatura ME Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani, Elench. BanTambakhu NA Physalis divaricata D.Don. Damphu, Damriya FR, ME Solanum nigrum L. Makoi, Kirmoi ME, FR, BE Solanum torvum Swartz Bhurat Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal in DC. Aswagandha ME Sterculiaceae Helicteres isora L. Marorphali, Bhendu FI, ME Tiliaceae Corchorus aestuans L. Titpatti ME Corchorus capsularis L. Narehha, Narcha ME Grewia optiva J.R. Drummond ex Burret Bhimal, Bhiunal RO, ME, FO, FR Ulmaceae Celtis australis L. Kharik FR, FO, DY, HA, ME Celtis tetrandra Roxb. FR, FO, HA Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. Kandali RO, ED, ME Verbenaceae Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl, Symb. Daiya, Bhirmoli FR, ME, BF Lantana camara L. Kurighas, Laltenya FU, HA, ME Vitex negundo L. Shiwali, Siwain IN, HA, ME, BF Vitaceae Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Bhimna, Bhiranya FR, ME Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris L. Gokhru ME Abbreviations: ED= Edible, RI= Religious Importance, OL= Oil, PE= Perfume, FI= Fibre, ME= Medicinal; FR= Fruits Edible; FO= Fodder, DY= Dye, HA= Household Articles, RO= Ropes, CL= Cloths, CH= Charcoal, AI= Agriculture Implements, PC= Packing Cases, OW= Obnoxious Weed, BF= Bee Forage, BE= Beverage, FP= Fish Poisoning, FU= Fuel, OR= Ornamental, NA= Narcotic, IN= Insecticide, AP= Aphrodisiac, = Not available.

Dispersed small settlements and terraced agricultural fields carved out of the hill slopes for raising crops, with numerous multipurpose tree species growing particularly on the boundaries of rain fed terraces were present in the study area, which is typical feature in the Garhwal Himalaya. After construction of dam these agricultural fields will also be submerged. Most of the plant species recorded in the present study were used by the local villagers for variety of uses ranging from food, religious uses, perfume, medicinal, fodder, dye, household articles, agricultural implements, beverage, fuel, ornamental, narcotic, insecticide, etc. Although construction of dams is associated with the economic development of the people of the region, but according to Gaur (2007) such a development shows almost total loss of biodiversity from a particular water reservoir site and from human point of view,




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Figure 3: Numbers of families, genera and species identified.

Figure 4: Dumping on the banks of the Alaknanda river at Srinagar Dam site (Photo by: Dr. Yateesh Mohan Bahuguna).

a large population in replaced, and the original land use pattern, socioeconomic systems, agrosocioforestry systems and traditional ecological practices lead to an end (Figure 4). Traditional crops of the area, forests, vegetation, fauna including microorganisms show sudden disappearance (Gaur, 2007).




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In general, loss of biodiversity cannot be compensated with the economic growth, and such projects aimed to overall development of populace, ever remain questionable as to their real value (Gaur, 2007). Moreover, since the 1990s, tropical reservoirs have been identified as being potentially significant greenhouse gas (GHG) producers (gross emissions), producing mainly carbon dioxide and methane (Saint Louis et al., 2000; Tremblay et al., 2004; Giles, 2006). The submergence of this biodiversity rich forest area would not only cause loss to the diversity but will also add to GHG emission in the atmosphere. The present suggests that submergence zone of the Srinagar hydroelectric power plant contains large Phytodiversity in small area, which will be lost during the submergence of this area.

5. References

1. Bhatt, C.P. (1997). “Future of large projects in the Himalaya”, PAHAR, Nainital, pp 46.

2. Ehrlich, P.R., Wilson, E.O. (1991). “Biodiversity studies: science and policy”, Science, Vol 253, pp 758762.

3. F.S.I. (2009). “State of Forest Report 2009”, Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, Dehradun, India, pp 159162.

4. Gaur, R.D. (1999). “Flora of the District Garhwal North West Himalaya (With Ethnobotanical Notes)” Trans Media, SrinagarGarhwal.

5. Gaur, R.D. (2007). “Biodiversity and river valley projects in Uttarakhand”, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences India, 77 (BIII), pp 253262.

6. Giles, J. (2006). “Methane quashes green credentials of hydropower”, Nature, 444, 524525.

7. Murica, C. (1995). “Edge effects in fragmented forests: Implications for Conservation”, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10, pp 5862.

8. Rana, N. (2007). “Socioeconomic and Environmental Implications of the Hydroelectric projects in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India”, Journal of Mountain Science, 4(4), pp 344353.

9. Saint Louis, V.L., Kelly, C.A., Duchemin, E., Rudd, J.W.M., Rosenberg, D.M. (2000). “Reservoir surfaces as sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere: A global estimate”, BioScience, 50, pp 7667765.

10. Schulze, E.D., Mooney, H.A. (1994). “Biodiversity and ecosystem function”, Springer, New York, pp 25.

11. Sharma, V. (2006). “State of water resources in the country”, In: Nautiyal, R., Nautiyal, P. (eds), “Compendium: Environmental Audit of Hydroelectric Projects for Sustainable Development’, SrinagarGarhwal: Printmedia, pp 1421.

12. Singh, J.S. (2002). “The biodiversity crisis: a multifaceted review”, Current Science, 82, pp 638647.




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13. Tewari, J.C., Tripathi, D., Pratap, N., Singh S.P. (2003). “A study of the structure, energy fluxes and emerging trends in traditional Central Himalayan Agroforestry systems”, Forest Trees and Livelihoods, 13, pp 1738.

14. Tremblay, A., Lambert, M., Gagnon, L. (2004). “Do hydroelectric reservoirs emit greenhouse gases?”, Environmental Management, 33, pp S509S517.

15. U.N.E.P. (2001). “India: State of the Environment 2001”, United Nations Environment Programme.

16. Weinbauer, M.G., Rassoulzadegan, F. (2007). “Extinction of microbes: evidence and potential consequences”, Endangered Species Research, 3, pp 205215.

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Phytodiversity in the submergence area of the … · Phytodiversity in the submergence area of t he Srinagar hydroelectric power project in Garhwal Himalaya Bahuguna Y.M., Sharma