Physical science: Unit one

Physical science: Unit onemotionWarm up 08/12/2013Bell ringer 08/13/20131. In order to determine the speed of an object, what measurements must be made? In order to determine the velocity of an object, what measurements must be made? A. distance, time, and direction B. distance and mass C. time, distance, and volume D. distance and time2. If a squirrel runs 30 meters to the left and then turns around and runs 60 meters to the right, what is the squirrels total distance? What is the squirrels total displacement? Distance vs. displacementDistance is how far something has traveled.Displacement is how far out of place something is; it is the objects overall change in position.

Distance & DisplacementWhat is the displacement of the cross-country team if they begin at the school, run 10 miles and finish back at the school?

What is the distance and the displacement of the race car drivers in the Indy 500?

Work It out: PracticeA whale swims due east for a distance of 6.9km, turns around and goes due west for 1.8km, and finally turns around again and heads 3.7km due east. What is the total distance traveled by the whale? What is the displacement of the whale?An RV travels 45 km east and stays the night at a KOA. The next day it travels for 3 hours to the north, traveling 110 km. What is the displacement over the two days for the RV?

Speed & velocity Speed=distance/timeRemember triangle methodVelocity-the rate at which an object changes its position.*It is speed (distance/time) with a direction. Speed & velocityIf a car travels 400m in 20 seconds how fast is it going?

If you move 50 meters in 10 seconds, what is your speed?

You arrive in my class 45 seconds after leaving math which is 90 meters away. How fast did you travel?

Speed & velocityPolar bears are extremely good swimmers. If a polar bear is swimming with an average of 2.6 m/s, how far will it have traveled after 120 seconds?Tree sloths are the slowest moving mammals. On average, their velocity is 0.743 m/s. How long does it take a tree sloth moving at this velocity to travel 22.3 m?A plane travels 500 miles east and lands in Arizona. Then the plane travels another 500 miles east and lands in California. The entire trip was completed in 5 hours. What is the average velocity of the plane?

What makes a good graphMotion of an object over a period of time can be shown on a distance-time graph.TIME is plotted along the HORIZONTAL axis, which is the x-axis.DISTANCE is plotted along the LONGITUDINAL axis, which is the y-axis.

Distance-time graph

*the steeper the slope the faster the speed*horizontal=zero slope=zero speedGraphingYou may work with a partner. Keep voice levels down, if you get too loud, you will return to your seats and work alone.On your graph paperLabel the x axis (HORIZONTAL) as Time (seconds) and the Y axis (LONGITUDINAL) as Distance (meters).Label X axis, start labeling time at zero and increase intervals by 5 seconds each (5, 10, 1550)On the Y axis, start labeling distance at zero and increase intervals by 2 meters each (2, 4, 640)You will use the same time data for all the linesplot the data..you should have three difference lines.Color Code the distance 1 in one color. Distance 2 in another, and distance 3 in another color.

Graphing dataDistance Kherington Traveled (m)Kheringtons Time (s)Distance Dane Traveled (m)Danes time (s)Distance Miller Traveled (m)Millers Time (s)2545154108103106151215415820162062010252025925123020301030143520351335164032401440184536451645205040501950Analyze datawrite on back of graph paper1. Who had the fastest speed and explain why you think so?

2. Which of the three had a constant speed?

3. What happened to Dane during the time intervals of 25 to 35 seconds?

4. Calculate the average speed of each. *Average speed is total distance (add up all the distances in a persons column) divided by total time (add up all the times in a persons column).Example: Kheringtons distance and time2+4+6+8+10+12+14+16+18+20=110 5+10+15+20+25=75 110/75=1.46

5. Make a summary statement about what the slope of the line tells you about the speed. Bell ringer 08/14/2013A helicopter is moving past some clouds at a velocity of 5 km/hr north relative to the clouds. The clouds are moving past the ground at a velocity of 3.5 km/hr north. How fast is the helicopter going past the ground?A 2.5 km/hrB 3.5 km/hrC 5 km/hrD 8.5 km/hrIf a shark is swimming with an average of 6.4 m/s, how far will it have traveled after 360 seconds?

reviewSpeed

Velocity

AccelerationThe rate that you can change your speed/velocity is acceleration.

Speeding up is a positive acceleration

Slowing down is a negative accelerationAcceleration = Final velocity Initial velocity Time

Average Acceleration = (Final Acceleration Initial Acceleration)Time

AccelerationA lizard accelerates from 2 m/s to 10 m/s in 4 seconds. What is the lizards average acceleration? A runner covers the last straight stretch of a race in 4 s. During that time, he speeds up from 5 m/s to 9 m/s. What is the runners acceleration in this part of the race? A car advertisement states that a certain car can accelerate from rest to 70 km/h in 7 seconds. Find the cars average acceleration.

LabThings to know before labHypothesis is an idea or explanation that you then test through study and experimentation.

Independent variable is the variable that is varied or manipulated. (HINT: What are you changing????)

Dependent variable is the response that is measured.

If a response requires you to put your units (cm, m, km,.) and you do not put them, IT IS WRONG!!!!

Amendments to LABPage 3, under ACCELERATION MINI-LAB, UNDER INVESTIGATION MARK OUT measure out another meter from end of ramp, and mark out every 50cm using a piece of tape on the ground.Page 3, under ACCELERATION MINI-LAB #4, mark out have all three timers, YOU WILL ONLY HAVE ONE TIMER.Page 3, under ACCELERATION MINI-LAB #5, mark out and100cm, you will only go to 50cm.Page 4, under Questions /Conclusion #3, mark out 100cm and write 50cm.Lab TimeClear everything off of your desk, except textbooksNeed only pencil and a piece of paperBags go under the desks or at the back of the room, OUT OF THE WAYWorking groups of 4 to 5, NO MORE

Review for quiz In order to determine the speed of an object, what measurements must be made? In order to determine the velocity of an object, what measurements must be made? A. distance, time, and direction B. distance and mass C. time, distance, and volume D. distance and timeIf a squirrel runs 30 meters to the left and then turns around and runs 60 meters to the right, what is the squirrels total distance? What is the squirrels total displacement?

REVIEW FOR QUIZWhat is a reference point?Explain the difference between displacement and distance.What formula does the triangle method coincide with?Polar bears are extremely good swimmers. If a polar bear is swimming with an average of 2.6 m/s, how far will it have traveled after 120 seconds?If you move 50 meters in 10 seconds, what is your speed?

Review for quizDescribe a distance-time graph

How do we determine acceleration?

Bristan accelerates from 5 m/s to 10 m/s in 5 seconds. What is her average acceleration?

BELL RINGER 08/15/2013If a projectile goes from 100 m/s to 1230m/s in 180 seconds what is its acceleration? What is its change in velocity?

A car is traveling at 50 m/s and suddenly slows to 15m/s in 5 seconds. What is the acceleration?

BELL RINGER 08/16/2013What is the definition of displacement?

Give one example of a reference point in the classroom? At your house?SRI Testing1. Log in as you normally would2. Turn off the sound on the computer3. Click on Desk tools from the Desktop4. Click on READ 180 Student Icon5. Click on the SRI icon on the lower left hand side of the screen6. LOG IN WITH YOUR ID it is USERNAME AND PASSWORD7. Choose 1, 2, or 3 kinds of books you would like to read, then click NEXT8. Complete the Pre-Test9. After completing the Pre-Test, continue with the Assessment10. After you have finished, a screen will appear let me know, I will come over once I see that screen and tell you, you can LOG OFF. 8/16/2013 AgendaFinish lab if you have not finishedWRITE ON YOUR OWN PAPER, WRITE QUESTION AND ANSWER for Self-Check Section ReviewsSection 1 Self Check 1-7, page 46Section 2 Self Check 1-7 page 51 ACCELERATION , SPEED, and VELOCITY problems, for #2 after in seconds... put 5 seconds Bell Ringer: Monday, 8/19/2013If Steve throws the football 60 meters in 10 seconds, what is the speed of the football?

-Take out a sheet of paper for notes

What is force?Force is a push or pull. It is described by its strength and the direction in which it acts.

Force is measured in Newton's (N).

Force is represented by an arrow. The arrow points in the direction of the force and the length of the arrow tells you the strength of the force.

ForcesThe combination of all forces acting upon an object is called the net force.

UNBalanced forces

Unbalanced forces acting on an object result in a net force and cause a change in the objects motion or direction.BALANCED FORCES

Equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions are called balanced forces. There is no net force and therefore the objects motion nor direction are changed.Vector Diagrams Problems to Try on Your OwnBell Ringer: Tuesday, 08/20/2013Two tugboats are moving a barge. One tugboat pulls to the right with a force of 3000N and the other pulls to the left with a force of 12000N. Draw the vector diagram and give the net force. Four people are pulling on a box with the forces shown below. If there are no other forces on the box, in what direction will it move?A toward Diane B toward BillC toward the bottom D toward the right side

An airplane has a weight of 150,000N and a lift of 45,000N. An airplane has a thrusting force of 200,000N and a drag force of 25,000N.An airplane has a weight of 100,000N and a lift of 175,000N.An airplane has a thrusting force of 100,000N and a drag force of 200,000N.An airplane has a weight of 75,000N and a lift of 205,000N.An airplane has a thrusting force of 80,000N and a drag force of 175,000N.An airplane has a weight of 25,000N and a lift of 65,000N. An airplane has a thrusting force of 65,000N and a drag 60,000N. An airplane has a weight of 52,000N and a lift of 61,000N. An airplane has a thrusting force of 154,000N and drag of 452,000N. -Remember you must state draw the vector diagram-Give the combined force (net force of the airplane-State whether the forces are balanced or unbalanced-State what will happen to the airplane.Newtons first law of motionA.K.A. The law of inertiaAn object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion, unless it is acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

The more mass an object has, then the greater the inertia.

Everyday examples of newtons first law.car suddenly stops and you strain against the seat belt when riding a horse, the horse suddenly stops and you fly over its head the difficulty of pushing a dead car

Newtons second law of motionAcceleration depends on the objects mass and on the net force acting on the object.

Acceleration is measured in meters per second squared. (m/s2)

Acceleration (m/s2) = net force (N) mass (kg)

So, what could we do to increase or decrease our acceleration?

Everyday examples of newtons second lawhitting a baseball, the harder the hit, the faster the ball goesThe positioning of football players - massive players on the line with lighter (faster to accelerate) players in the backfield a loaded versus an unloaded truckNewtons third law of motionIf one object exerts a force on another object, then the second object exerts a force of equal strength in an opposite direction on the first object.

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Everyday examples of newtons third law

Everyday examples of newtons third lawtwo cars hit head onastronauts in spacepool or billiards Newtons lawsIt takes less force to move a DVD than a DVD player. A soccer ball will not move until a player kicks it. More force=more acceleration. If air is let out of a balloon quickly, air pushes down & balloon goes up. It takes less force to push a bike than a motorcycle. Feet push down on the floor and the floor pushes up as you walk across. 12 lb bowling ball goes faster down the lane than a 15 lb bowling ball. Push a large box & a small box with the same force, the small box will go faster. Newtons lawsIt takes less force to move a DVD than a DVD player. Newtons 2nd LawA soccer ball will not move until a player kicks it. Newtons 1st LawMore force=more acceleration. Newtons 2nd LawIf air is let out of a balloon quickly, air pushes down & balloon goes up. Newtons 3rd LawIt takes less force to push a bike than a motorcycle. Newtons 3rd LawFeet push down on the floor and the floor pushes up as you walk across. Newtons 1st Law12 lb bowling ball goes faster down the lane than a 15 lb bowling ball. Newtons 2nd LawPush a large box & a small box with the same force, the small box will go faster. Newtons 2nd Law

NewtoNs 3 FlapsSupplies needed: piece of white paper, scissors, markers/crayons, or a pencil1. Fold paper hamburger style2. Cut three flaps3. Outermost flaps should be labeled (Newtons 1st of Motion, Newtons Second Law of Motion, Newtons 3rd Law of Motion)4. Inward flap should contain the scientific or technical definition.5. Innermost flap should contain a short or easy definition.6. The back should contain 2 everyday examples (can be drawn or explained.

Friction and gravityThe force that two surfaces exert on one another when they rub against each other is called friction.

The strength of the force of friction depends upon two things: how hard the surfaces push together and the types of surfaces involved.

Smoother surfaces tend to have less friction. While rougher surfaces tend to have more friction.

FRICTIONFriction acts in a direction opposite of the direction of the objects motion.

TYPES of frictionStatic friction is friction that acts on objects that are not moving.

Sliding friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide over each other.

Types of frictionRolling friction is friction that occurs as an object rolls across a surface.

Fluid friction occurs when a solid object moves through a fluid such as water, oil and air.

Bell Ringer: Wednesday, 08/21/2013Bryer can travel 465 km in 10.5 hours what is his velocity?

Keegan kicks a ball with her foot and her toes are left stinging. What Newtons Law is this describing? Newtons second law F=maSo, acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object). The more mass, the harder it is to accelerate.The bigger the force, the more the object accelerates.

Newtons Graphic organic organizerIf you havent finished itfinish it todayIf you turned it in, you may get it back out and see if there is anything else you need to add. Bell Ringer: Thursday, 08/22/2013 Parsyn measures a small rubber ball and then makes three other balls of the same diameter from lead, foam, and wood. Which ball has the greatest inertia?A the rubber ball B the lead ball C the foam ball D the wood ball DO NOT FORGET YOU HAVE A QUIZ TODAY!!!

JIGSAW ACTIVITY After you have received a number from Ms.Hobbs, take a seat at the table number on your slip of paper (it is only for today). DO NOT WHINE DO NOT COMPLAIN!

Jigsaw: Expert GroupsWho is it about?What is about?When could it be taking place?Why is it important?How does it affect MASS and WEIGHT? Mass and weightIs it possible for an object to change its weight without changing its mass? Explain why or why not.What does it mean for something to orbit around the Earth? What keeps the space station in orbit anyway? Mass and weightWhat are those tricks, and how do they serve as evidence that the astronauts are actually on board the space station?If the Moons gravitational field strength is one-sixth Earths, figure out what you would weigh on the Moon. Do you think you would feel lighter or would you just appear lighter to someone observing?

Mass and weightWhat are some other demonstrations the astronauts could do to prove theyre really in space? When youre on a roller coaster, youll feel lighter at the top of the climb, just before you head down. Is this similar to the weightlessness that the astronauts experience? If so, how are they similar? Also, if so, does it have the same cause? If not, why not? For a given force, why do objects with less mass accelerate at a higher rate? Does this also apply to objects with lower weight, too? Why or why not? If you took a bowling ball to the Moon and dropped it onto the Moons surface, would it be harder or easier (or the same) to lift up the bowling ball? If you held it at arms length in front of you with two hands, would it be harder or easier (or the same) to swing the bowling ball left and right?

Mass and weight activityIn the groups at your table diagram the relative weight of an object as it moves away from Earth. Compare an objects (astronaut, for example) theoretical weight at the space stations orbital altitude with observable weight on board the actual station to derive and understand the conditions that create weightlessness on the space station.

Mass and weightHow would the weight of an object in space differ based on whether its moving in orbit or remaining still relative to the Earths surface?Since weight and mass are always observed together on Earth, what do you think made scientists wonder about whether there was a difference in the first place?When people try to lose weight, are they really trying to lose weight, or are they trying to lose mass? What do you think?Why do you think an objects observable weight increases near a black hole? What do you think happens to its mass?

Mass and weightBell ringer: Friday, 08/22/20131. The weight of a person on Earth is 6 times his or her weight on the Moon. What type of force is responsible for a persons weight?A inertial B electromagnetic C gravitational D mechanical 2. What is the formula for Newtons Second Law of Motion? A A=F/m B F=ma C F=mg D M=F/aTODAY: Friday, 08/23/2013Complete the following individually you may use your book or your notes:F=ma handout can write on! MASS and WEIGHT Worksheet can write on! ON YOUR OWN SHEET OF PAPER, WRITE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSPage 69, 1-3, Practice ProblemsPage 74, 1-5 Self Check Section ReviewPage 82, 1-8 Self Check Section ReviewPage 86, 1-3 Practice ProblemsPage 88, 1-7 Self Check Section Review Forces/Newtons Laws/Mass and Weight Handout can write on! SHOW ALL OF YOUR WORK IT IS DUE FOR A GRADE BY THE END OF THE PERIOD!! demoPlease get up and move to the back of the room by tables WITHOUT TALKING!Please place ALL of yourselves inside the circle WITHOUT TALKING!!DO NOT ASK QUESTIONS FOLLOW DIRECTIONS!

BELL RINGER: Monday, 08/26/2013 1. Create a circle map. Motion should be in the center circle and everything you know about motion should be in the outer circle.

AtomsEverywhereEverything

Atoms Elements Molecules Compounds

Kinetic Theory1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules, and ions.)2. These particles are in constant, random motion.3. These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their container. Phases of matterSolidsLiquids GasesMatter can change states through heating or cooling

PHASES OF MATTER.Draw on your own piece of paperSolidLiquidGas1.1.1.2.2.2.3.3.3.4.4.4.5.5.5.***3 columns, 6 rows Solids1. Solids have definite shape and definite volumeCrystalline solids a. Highly ordered arrangement of particlesb. Definite melting pointc. Ex: Table sugar, salts, metalsAmorphous solids a. Irregular arrangement of particlesb. No definite melting pointc. Ex: Plastics, glass

SOLIDS2. Particles are close together and may vibrate in place3. Very strong forces of attraction. The higher the melting point of a substance, the stronger the forces of attraction. 4. Solids do not diffuse measurably5. Crystalline solids do not flow. Amorphous solids may flow very slowly (VERY high viscosity)

Liquid1. Liquids have no definite shape they take the shape of their container. They have definite volume they cannot be compressed. 2. Particles are close together and move randomly.3. Strong forces of attraction4. Liquids diffuse slowly5. Viscosity ranges from low tohigh

Gas1. Gases have no definite shape they take the shape of their container. They have no definite volume they may be compressed. 2. Particles are far apart and move randomly. Gases have 1/1000 the density of liquids or solids 3. Very weak forces of attraction. 4. Gases diffuse rapidly5. Very low viscosity

Behaviors of gasesParticles in a REAL gashave their own volumeattract each otherGas behavior is most idealat low pressuresat high temperaturesin nonpolar atoms/molecules

Behaviors of gasesTemperatureAlways use absolute temperature (Kelvin) when working with gases.

FCK-45932212-27301000273373

K = C + 273Behavior of gasesPressure Barometer-measure atmospheric pressure

Mercury Barometer

Aneroid BarometerBehavior of gasesManometer-measures containedgas pressure

U-tube Manometer

Bourdon-tube gaugeBehaviors of gases: PressureKey units at sea level:101.325 kPa (kilopascal)1 atm 760 mm Hg760 torr 14.7 psi

kPa=N m2Behavior of gases: STP Standard Temperature & Pressure 0Cor 273 K 1 atm01.325 kPa

Behavior of gases: Boyles lawA gas occupies 100. mL at 150. kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.

Given: Work: V1 = 100. mLP1 = 150. kPaV2 = ?P2 = 200. kPa

(150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2V2 = 75.0 mL

P1V1T2 = P2V2T1Behavior of gases: boyles lawBehavior of gases: Charless law

VT

Behavior of gases: Charless lawThe volume and absolute temperature (K) of a gas are directly related at constant mass & pressureAs the temperature of the gas increases, so does its volume, and as its temperature decreases, so does its volume.

VT

Behavior of gases: charless lawA gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36C. Find its volume at 94C.

Given:Work:V1 = 473 cm3T1 = 36C = 309KV2 = ?T2 = 94C = 367K

P1V1T2 = P2V2T1

(473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)V2 = 562 cm3Behavior of gases: charless lawBehavior of gases: gay-lussacs law

PT

Behavior of gases: Gay-lussacs lawThe pressure and absolute temperature (K) of a gas are directly related at constant mass & volume.

PT

Behavior of gases: Gay-Lussacs lawA gas pressure is 765 torr at 23C. At what temperature will the pressure be 560. torr?

Given:Work: P1 = 765 torrT1 = 23C = 296KP2 = 560. torrT2 = ?

(765 torr)T2 = (560. torr)(309K)T2 = 226 K = -47C

P1V1T2 = P2V2T1Behavior of gases: gay-lussacs lawVolume

(mL)Temperature (K)V/T

(mL/K)

40.0273.20.146

44.0298.20.148

47.7323.20.148

51.3348.20.147

Temperature (K)Pressure

(torr)P/T

(torr/K)

248691.62.79

273760.02.78

298828.42.78

3731,041.22.79