Physical Science Study Guide – Final Exam and EOC Assessment

Physical Science Study Guide – Final Exam

and EOC Assessment

Energy, Force, and Motion

1. What energy transformation occurs when a match is lit?

• Chemical energy in the match is transformed by friction into thermal and light energy of the flame


2. Give 1 example of each: Transfer of heat through conduction, convection, and radiation.

• Conduction – a lizard sits on a warm rock (lizard and rock are touching)• Convection – warm air currents

flow in from the equator (warm air is a fluid that warms the air it moves into)• Radiation – The sun produces

heat that warms the surface of the earth


3. A hot (100°C) bolt with a mass of 71 grams is placed in 150 grams of cool (20°C) water. The temperature of the water increases to 24°C. The specific heat of water is 4.186 J/g°C. Approximately how many joules of heat does the water absorb?

Q = m= 150 g c = 4.186 J/g°CΔT = 4 °C

Q = (m)(c)(ΔT)Q = (150 g)(4.186 J/g°C)(4 °C)Q = 2512 J


4. Place the following substances in order from least kinetic energy to greatest kinetic energy: molecules of water in a swimming pool, molecules of water in an ice cube, molecules of water in steam rising from a boiling pot

• Ice cube (solid), swimming pool (liquid), steam (gas)


5. What is the velocity of an eastbound object that travels 706 m in 120 s?

v = ____ East

d = 706 m

t = 120 s

v = 5.9 m/s East


6. A cheetah starts running and reaches a velocity of 27 m/s in 3 seconds. What is the cheetah’s acceleration during this time?

a =

vf = 27 m/s

vi = 0 m/st = 3 s

a = 9 m/s2


7. Explain how a car’s seatbelt is related to the concept of inertia.• A car that is moving stops due to an outside force (the brakes) but passengers bodies will

remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force (the seat belt). • without a seatbelt - If the car stops slowly, the passengers body weight is enough of a force

to stop the motion of the passenger along with the car. If a car stops very quickly (the driver slams on the brakes or hits something), the passengers weight is not enough to stop their body and they will continue to move forward (toward/out of the windshield)

• because – An object in motion (or at rest) will remain in motion (or at rest) until acted upon by an outside force (Newton’s 1st law/The law of inertia)


8. How much force is required for a 100 kg object to accelerate at a rate of 3 m/s2?

F =

m = 100 kg

a = 3 m/s2

F = ma

F = (100 kg)( 3 m/s2)

F = 300 N


9. If a box exerts a force of 68 N downward upon a table, describe the magnitude and direction that the table exerts on the box.

• The table exerts an upward force of 68 N

• Because – every action has an equal and opposite reaction (Newton’s 3rd law)


10. What is the mass of a meteor falling toward earth with a force of 78000 N?

• F = 78000 N F = ma so, • m = • a = 10 m/s2 (the acceleration due to gravity) m = 7800 kg


11. The force of gravity on Mars is 0.38 times the gravity on Earth. The mass of an object on Earth is 71 kg. What are the mass and weight of that object on Mars?

• Gravity on Earth = 9.8 m/s2

• Gravity on Mars = 9.8 x 0.38 = 3.724• Mass = 71 kg

• w=mg• w = (71 kg)(3.724)• w = 264.4 N


12. How much work is done if a force of 60 N is used to push a box 6 m?

• W = Fd

• W = ?• F = 60 N• d = 6 m

• W = 60(6)• W = 360 J


13. How much force is needed to loft a box that weighs 240 N if you are using a block and tackle pulley system with 4 rope segments?

• 60 N• 240 Newtons divided by 4 rope

segments

14. What is being transferred as any type of wave propagates?

• energy

15. Explain how the frequency and wavelength of radio waves is different from the frequency and wavelength of gamma rays

• Radio waves have a long wavelength and low frequency• Gamma rays have a short

wavelength and high frequency

16. Describe one thing that electromagnetic waves can do that sound waves cannot.

• Travel though a vacuum (empty space)

17. Draw a simple diagram to show each of the following wave phenomena: reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference.

refraction diffraction

18. Place the following mediums in order from fastest to slowest for the time it would take for a sound wave to pass through the medium: water, copper wire, air

• Copper wire, water, air

19. Why does a police siren sound more high pitched as the car is moving toward you, and lower pitched as the car drives away from you.

• The Doppler effect – causes the received frequency of a source (how it is perceived when it gets to its destination) to differ from the sent frequency if there is motion that is increasing or decreasing the distance between the source and the receiver.

20. Give 1 example each of static electricity being transferred through induction and conduction.

• induction - a lightning bolt• conduction – you rub a balloon

against your hair causing the hair to stand up

21. In direct current, electrons flow in one single direction through a circuit. How is alternating current different from direct current?

• in alternating current, electrons move back and forth as they flow

22. In a circuit, with a resistance of 400 Ω and a current of 0.01 A, what is the voltage?

• I = 0.01 A• V = ?

• R = 400 Ω V = 4 v

23. Compare and contrast series circuits with parallel circuits.

• series circuits carry charge through only one pathway. If you remove one light bulb from a series circuit, all other light will go out because the circuit is broken• parallel circuits carry charge

through multiple pathways. If you remove a bulb from a parallel circuit, the other bulbs will remain lit

24. Draw a simple electromagnet. Explain how the electromagnet creates a magnetic field.

• In an electromagnet, a copper wire is coiled around an iron core and attached to the negative and positive end of a battery. The electric charge temporarily magnetizes the iron core

25. Describe how a simple electric motor is made.

• An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductor

26. Explain how a permanent magnet is made from magnetic raw materials.

• Magnetic raw materials can be made into permanent magnets by placing the magnetic raw material in a strong magnetic field

27. Describe the location and the charge of each subatomic particle: protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom.

Electrons are located in the electron cloud outside of the nucleus

Protons + chargeNeutrons 0 chargeElectrons - charge

28. Magnesium has an atomic number 12 and an atomic mass of 24. What do these numbers tell you about a magnesium atom?

Mg has 12 protons and 12 neutrons

29. In terms of subatomic particles, what is the difference between Carbon-12 and Carbon-14?

• C-14 has 2 more neutrons than C-12

30. Two different elements have 6 protons, and 17 protons respectively. What are the names of these two elements?

• Carbon (6 protons)• Chlorine (17 protons)

31. How is the movement of electrons different in compounds that form with covalent bonds from the compounds that from with ionic bonds?

• In ionic compounds – 1 elements gives up electrons and another atom takes those electrons• In covalent compunds – atoms

share electrons

32. Which of these types of radiation is LEAST dangerous to living cells: alpha particles, beta particles, gamma waves?

• Gamma Rays

33. The half-life of bismuth is 5 days. How much of a 100 gram sample will remain after 20 days?

• 6.25 grams

34. Explain the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Give an example of each.

• Nuclear fission – split atoms• Used in nuclear reactors for

producing electricity

• Nuclear fusion – combine atoms• Occurs in the sun

35. Based on its position on the periodic table, which of the following elements is a nonmetal?: potassium (K), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), or bromine (Br)

• Bromine

36. An ionic bond typically forms between certain types of elements. From the representative elements, which groups will form positive ions and which will from negative ions?

• Groups 1, 2, and 3 will donate electrons• Groups 15, 16, 17 will accept

electrons

37. Find sulfur (S) on the periodic table. Describe: the number of valence electron the atom has; the type and charge of a sulfur ion; the name of the group of elements that includes sulfur, and whether it is a metal, a nonmetal, or a metalloid.

• 6 valence electrons• Anion -2 charge• Oxygen Group• nonmetal

38. Draw a simple diagram to show the motion of the water molecules described in question #4

(. Place the following substances in order from least kinetic energy to greatest kinetic energy: molecules of water in a swimming pool, molecules of water in an ice cube, molecules of water in steam rising from a boiling pot)

39. The graph shows the pressure of an ideal gas as a function of its volume. According to the graph, how will the pressure of the gas change as the volume is increased from 100 mL to 150 mL?

• The pressure will decrease to 150 kPa

40. A group of physical science students made some observations about a metal sample during lab: Shiny reddish-brown color, Mass; 25.18 g, Volume; 2.81 cm3. What is the density of the sample?

• d = ?• m = 25.18 g• v = 2.81 cm3

• d = = 9 g/cm3

41. Compare and contrast elements with compounds.

• Elements are made up of one type of atom • Example: aluminum, oxygen, gold

• Compounds are made up of two or more elements with atoms that are chemically bonded• Example: NaCl , H2O, CO2

42. Give 2 examples of heterogeneous mixtures and 2 examples of homogeneous mixtures.

• Homogeneous – blood, kool aid• Heterogeneous – trail mix, ice

water

43. What is the formula for the ionic compound that will form from magnesium (Mg) and chlorine (Cl)?

• MgCl2

44. What are the IUPAC names for each of the compounds listed: PCl3, CH4, K2S, P4O6 ? Indicate whether they are ionic or covalent compounds.

• PCl3 Phosphorus trichloride (covalent)• CH4 Carbon tetrahydride

(covalent)• K2S dipotassium sulfide (ionic)• P4O6 tetraphosphorus

hexasulfide (covalent)

• 45. An iron nail weighing 5.10 g is allowed to react with oxygen, according to the reaction

4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3 A layer of iron(III) oxide forms on the nail, increasing the nail's mass. How much oxygen has reacted with the iron if the mass of the nail has increased to 5.89 g?

• The mass of the nail increased by 0.79 g so 0.79 g of oxygen reacted with the iron.

• Matter cannot be created or destroyed

46. Balance the chemical equation

N2 + H2 NH3

N2 + H2 NH3

N = 2 N = 1H = 2 H = 3

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

N = 2 N = 2H = 6 H = 6

47. What do you call a solution with the maximum amount of solvent dissolved?

• A saturated solution

48. A detergent solution is made by adding 10 g of borax powder to 1 L of water. In this situation, which is the solute and which is the solvent?

• Borax – solute• Water - solvent

49. The graph below shows the solubility curve for 4 common salts. Which salt is most soluble at 90 °C?

• KNO3

50. Explain how you could make a solution that will conduct electricity?

• Electrolyte solutions that conduct electricity are made by dissolving ionic compounds in water

51. A chemist is trying to dissolve a large crystal of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in water by stirring the solution, but the crystal dissolves very slowly. What can the chemist do to speed up the process?

• Break the magnesium sulfate into smaller pieces• Heat the solvent

52. Borax detergent is dissolved in water. The solution turns red litmus paper blue and feels slippery to the touch. Based on these observations, is Borax solution an acid or a base?

• Borax solution is a base• Bases have a pH greater than 7,

turn red litmus paper blue, and feel slippery

53. List 2 common household substances that are acidic, 2 that are basic, and 1 that is neutral.

• Acidic – lemon juice, vinegar• pH < 7

• Basic – bleach, laundry soap• pH > 7

• Neutral – water • pH = 7

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Physical Science Study Guide – Final Exam and EOC Assessment