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Physical Geology
Chapter 3 Review
• Latitude - The distance north or south of the earth's equator. 0 degrees latitude is the equator, the "belt" that goes around the "waist" of the earth. 90 degrees north is the North Pole and 90 degrees south is the South Pole.
• Lines of latitude (parallels) are blue (north) and red (south) in the drawing.
• 1 degree of latitude equals 1/360th of the earth’s circumference
• That is 111 km
• A degree is divided into 60 minutes
• A minute is divided into 60 seconds
• Washington, D.C., is located at 38 degrees, 53 minutes, 23 seconds North Latitude
• Longitude - Angular distance on the earth's surface, measured east or west from the prime meridian at Greenwich, England.
• Lines of longitude (meridians) are blue (east) and red (west) in the drawing.
• Degrees of longitude are different sizes
• 111 km at the equator, 55 km at 60 N/S, smaller at poles
• 180 degrees E/W is the International Dateline
• Longitude of Washington, D.C., is 77 degrees, 00 minutes, 33 seconds West Longitude
• Give the latitude and longitude of the red, orange, green and pink dots! As you may recall, the latitude lines are shown for every 10 degrees, starting at the equator; the longitude lines are shown for every 15 degrees, starting at the prime meridian. And don't forget, both latitude and longitude are expressed as a certain number of degrees plus a direction - N, S, E or W!
• A great circle is any circle that divides the earth into halves. It is the shortest route between two locations on the face of the earth.
• Used in navigation
Time zones
• Local time measures position of sun in relation to a given position
• Solar noon = sun directly overhead
• 360 degrees of longitude divided into 24 time zones (15 degrees each)
• Zones group population centers so lines vary in places
Time Zones
Finding Direction and Location
• Magnetic compass takes advantage of Earth’s magnetism
• Geomagnetic pole different than the geographic pole
Adjust your compass!
Global Positioning System
• Uses 24 satellites
• Transmit radio signals to the surface
• Any three satellites triangulate position
• Position includes longitude, latitude, and altitude
• Accurate to 10-15 meters OR a few cm
Map Projections
• Cartography/Cartographers
• A flat map that represents the 3-D rounded surface of the earth
• Cylindrical, azimuthal, conic
Projections
Cylindrical
• Surface of globe is projected onto paper cylinder
• Most accurate at point of contact (equator)
• More distortion to N and S
• Still has rigid gridwork for finding locations
Conical
• Most accurate where cone touches globe
• Polyconic uses strips from many conics
• Most accurate form in both size and shape
Azimuthal
• In contact at one point so distorted in all directions from point
• Great circle looks like a straight line
• Great for navigation
Reading a Map
• Name
• Adjacent
• Declination
• Date
• Scale
• Location
• Road Class
Legend
• Symbols used on the map
• Scale
• Direction
Types of Maps
• Topographic
• Geologic
• Soil
• Highway
• Political
• Isograms
Political
PoliticalPolitical
Topographic
Soils
Geologic
Topographic
• Connect equal values
• Can be for temperature, precipitation, magnetism, etc.
• Connect equal values
• Can be for temperature, precipitation, magnetism, etc.
Isogram
Road map or
Highway map