Phylum Phylum PoriferaPorifera

The Sponges The Sponges

Porifera VocabularyPorifera Vocabulary

1.Sponge 7.spicule

2.Sessile 8.filter feeding

3.Choanocyte 9.amoebocyte

4.Ostium 10.gemmule

5.Osculum 11.regeneration

6.Spongin 12.hermaphrodite

The Wonderful World of Sponges

Wonderful Sponges Video oTemperature difference @ 300 feet Water became darker & cooler oNO competition oDon’t need as much sunlight oCan grow very large because there is no competition & no need for sun o1 cubic centimeter of sponge can filter 20 L of water (nutrients) per day oEat by filtering “marine snow” ….. Waste and other tiny nutrients oGrow long because they stretch out into the current to try to filter the nutrients

TaxonomyTaxonomy

• Domain – EukaryaEukarya • Kingdom – AnimaliaAnimalia

•Subkingdom – ParazoaParazoa (lacks tissues)•Phylum – PoriferaPorifera (pores)

Class – Calcarea Calcarea

HexactinellidaHexactinellida

DemospongiaeDemospongiae

SclerospongiaeSclerospongiae

•Taxonomy of Porifera

General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

oSimplestSimplest of all animals

oLowest level of organized animal life

oMost are marinemarine

General Characteristics - General Characteristics - contcont

oPorifera Porifera means pore-bearing (latin)

*Aquatic- in water *Marine :saltwater=ocean=high salinity*Freshwater=creeks, lakes = low salinity

*salinity-amount of salt

SymmetrySymmetryo Sponges are ASYMMETRICAL (most)Sponges are ASYMMETRICAL (most)o Some can be radially symmetricalSome can be radially symmetrical

Feeding MethodFeeding Method

oSponges are Filter feedersFilter feeders

oThey feed on plankton (microscopic organisms @ base of food chain)

Water FlowWater Flow Through the Through the

SpongeSponge

WATER INWATER IN

WATER OUTWATER OUT

OsculuOsculumm

Filtering in Sponges

Color the notebook page just as it designated on your worksheet.Use this to color code your

worksheet.

Questions1. Sponges are in what kingdom and

phylum? Kingdom____________________

Phylum__________________Classes____ ___ ___ ___

2. Are sponges unicellular or multicellular?3. Are sponges prokaryotes or eukaryotes?4. What does “Porifera” mean?

MovementMovement

o Sessile Sessile as adults (attach to rocks)

o Free-swimming larval stage called DipleurulaDipleurula

Body Cavity/Germ LayersBody Cavity/Germ Layers

o Sponges are acoelomate.acoelomate.o Sponges are not made of tissues.o They consist of Cells Cells only.o The cells are arranged in 2 layers:

Outer epidermisepidermis Inner endodermendoderm

o Jelly-like material between cell layers called mesenchyme or mesenchyme or mesohylmesohyl

Sponge Body StructureSponge Body Structure

o Inside body cavity of sponge is hollowhollow

o Called the SpongocoelSpongocoel

o OsculumOsculum – large opening at the top where excess water leaves

Questions Cont.

5.Name the two body layers of sponges.

6. What type of symmetry do the MAJORITY of sponges have?

7. Why are adult sponges said to be sessile animals?

Specialized Cells - Specialized Cells - ChoanocytesChoanocytes

• ChoanocytesChoanocytes (collar cells) line inside of body cavity (spongocoel)

• Have flagellaflagella that spins to pull in water & food

Draw this

Collar

SpecializeSpecializedd Cells Cells

• CollarCollar traps planktonplankton (food) from water

o Amoebocytes:Amoebocytes:•Pick up foodPick up food from

choanocytes•Finish digestiondigestion•MoveMove through the

mesenchyme & take food to other cells

Specialized Cells - Specialized Cells - AmoebocytesAmoebocytes

Questions Cont.

8. What are the 3 jobs of the amoebocyte?

9. What part of a collar cell helps pull in water?

Skeletal Structure of the Skeletal Structure of the SpongeSponge

•Skeleton made of network of protein fibers called SponginSpongin

• SpiculesSpicules are hard spear or star-shaped structures

Questions Cont.

10. What two substances give the sponge support?

11. What cells move around in the mesenchyme delivering food and oxygen to other cells?

3 main sponge structuressketch each one on your notesAsconoids (ascon)

-Simplest of the sponges- 4 inches or 10 cm-look like a slender sack or tube

Syconoids (sycon)-Slightly larger, thicker, and more complex-Holes make rows on a smooth surface-Shaped like tubes. -Sponge wall appears folded

Leuconoids (leucon)-Largest of all the sponges-In 5 minutes they filter their own weight in water-Very common body type-More than one osculum is often present

Sponge Reproduction Sponge Reproduction (Asexual)(Asexual)

oSponges can regenerateregenerate (regrow) lost body parts through mitotic cell division (asexual)o Fragmentation

o Sponges also reproduce asexually asexually by budding.by budding.

Sponge Reproduction Sponge Reproduction (Sexual)(Sexual)oSponges are

hermaphrodites hermaphrodites (produce both eggs & sperm in same organism)

oSponges reproduce Sexually Sexually by releasing releasing eggs or sperm eggs or sperm into the water from the from the OsculumOsculum

o Cross-fertilize Cross-fertilize each other’s eggs

Sponge releasing

eggs & sperm

Sexual Reproduction - Sponges

Adaptations for SurvivalAdaptations for Survival

o When conditions are harsh the sponge produces GemmulesGemmules.

oThese are buds that contain food, food, amoebocytesamoebocytes, and a protective protective covering covering of spicules

oWhen conditions become conditions become favorable favorable they will grow into a new sponge.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

• Kingdom – AnimaliaAnimalia•Subkingdom – ParazoaParazoa (lacks tissues)

•Phylum – PoriferaPorifera (pores)Class – Calcarea

Hexactinellida Demospongiae

Sclerospongiae

•Taxonomy of Porifera

•Class Calcarea • Calcareous sponges • Pastel colors as well as

tan and black • Spicules made of

calcium carbonate• Spicules form rays and

circles• Can be all 3 body types• Found in marine and

freshwater

•Class Hexactinellida

• Glass sponges• Spicules are made of silica• Have 6 points and look like

stars• First group to develop• All are marine• Syconoid or leuconoid body

type

Hexactinellida are special because …

• Their spicules have electronic “receivers” that respond extremely fast to stimuli – Effects are generated across the organism

• Their tissues are primarily comprised of a primitive liquid, or cytoplasm, known as syncitia

• While other sponges may alter their structure, hexactinellids are incapable of contracting and constricting their bodies

•Class Demospongiae

• Horn sponges / bath sponges• Largest class (90% of sponges)• Spicules are made of spongin,

silica or mixture of both • Many diverse orders, including

all large sponges • Includes all commercial species • Mostly marine• Leuconoid body form

•Class Sclerospongiae

• Coralline sponges• Internal skeleton of siliceous

spicules and spongin plus an outer encasement of calcium carbonate

• The layered skeletons look similar to reef corals – (hence the common name)

• All marine • Few modern species

Why is there question about the validity of Class Sclerospongiae?

    The class Sclerospongiae has been subjected to change as new scientific innovations and theories have developed.  Many scientists, including those who conferred with us, dispute over the controversial existence of the Sclerospongiae class.  New research suggests that particular integral components of this class promote the fact that its members may be distributed among the classes of the Demospongiae and Calcarea. 

AAGemmuleGemmule

Branching Tube Branching Tube SpongeSponge

Stove Pipe Stove Pipe SpongeSponge

Vase Vase SpongesSponges

Barrel SpongesBarrel Sponges

Ball Ball SpongesSponges

Rope Rope SpongesSponges

Economic Importance• Sponges can be

harvested in large amounts to be used as a “sponge sponge ”!

• There are environmental concerns over this and synthetic sponges are also made.

Questions• 12.Identify and

differentiate the 3 main sponge structures.

• 13. How do sponges reproduce asexually?

• 14. How do sponges reproduce sexually?

15. What does it mean to be a hermaphrodite?

16. What is the function of gemmules?