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Photonics in Broadband Accessand the Next Generation Network
Leo Spiekman
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
The Next Generation Network
● Architectural evolution in core and access
● One network for all information and services
● Everything transmitted as packets
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Internet Traffic Growth
Nearexponential increase in bandwidth use– Organic growth – increase in customer base– Shift in content, away from static pages, toward
multimedia embedded content and streaming video– Larger bandwidth
demand of content providers and other high end users
(P. Magill, AT&T Labs, LEOS Annual Mtg. 2007)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Traffic Type Is Changing
Packets (data) have overtaken circuits (voice)
1990 1995 2000 2005 20100
200
400
600
800
1000
VoiceDataTotal
Tra
ffic
(Gb/
s)
(R. Tkach, AlcatelLucent, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Economies of Unified Management
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Three Ways to Increase Capacity
● Increase bitrates● More wavelengths● More fibers
New technologies are introducedif and when they become costeffective
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
25.6 Tb/s Transmission
● 160 Channels
● Two Polarizations
● 2 x 42.7 Gb/s RZDQPSK
PC
INT
INT
INT
TX 1
TX 2
ODD
EVEN
C1..C79
L
CC/L C/L
Raman L
CC/L
80km SSMFDCFL
CC/L C/L Delay
3-dB Coupler
PC PBS
L
CC/L C/L
AWG
AWGL1..L79
C/L
C2..C80AWG
L2..L80
C/L
PCEDFAs
PC
PC
PCSpans (×3)
AWG
ControlClock/2Clock/2
Clock/2MZ
π/2MZ
MZMZ
π/2π/2MZMZ
42.7 Gb/s
42.7 Gb/s
50GHz/100GHz Interleavers Concatenated passband: 40 GHz
Wavelength (nm)
Rela
tive
Pow
er (d
B)
1520 1540 1560 1580 1600
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Wavelength (nm)
Rela
tive
Pow
er (d
B)
1520 1540 1560 1580 1600
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
(A. Gnauck, AlcatelLucent, OFC 2007)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
DWDM is Hard
● Linear Impairments– Chromatic Dispersion– Polarization Mode Dispersion
● Nonlinear Impairments– Self Phase Modulation– FourWave Mixing– Cross Phase Modulation
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
DWDM is Really Hard
Gets worse with higher bitrates and channel densities!
(J. Perino, Electronics Letters 1994)
(F. Forghieri, Photonics Technology Letters 1994)
Dispersion
FWM
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Network Layering Wildly Successful
● Ethernet: 1973● WWW: 1989● Google: 1998● DWDM transmission: 1987
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Network Convergence
LAN MAN WAN
Voice
Video
Data Ethernet/IP
SONET/SDH
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Line Speed Convergence
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Gb
/ s
Ethernet
SONET
Generations
OC192
OC48
OC12
OC3
OC768
OC3072?
10BASET
100BASET/100BASEFX
GbE
10GbE
100GbE
TbE?
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Why the Push for Ethernet?
● Rigorous standardization– Everyting that is not allowed is prohibited
● Vendor interoperability– Enables fierce competition
● Rapid evolution– Media, speeds
● Installed base preservation
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Convergence to Packets
● Core converges to IP or Ethernet● Increasingly, services independent from
transport layer● But: Ethernet was not designed for video
LAN MAN WAN
Voice
Video
DataEthernet/
IP
SONET/SDH
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Different Traffic has Different NeedsType of video● High speed
● Long distance (video download)
● QoS (streaming)
● Latency (interactive)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
DWDM is Hard
● Linear Impairments● NonLinear Impairments● Bottom three layers of OSI
model
... Also in the Next Generation Network
crossconnect add/drop
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
100 Gb/s is Next?● 100G Ethernet will come, driven by
applications (e.g., videoondemand)
● 100Gb/s transport will have several flavors
– Ethernet transport (IEEE) for local area and access networks
– OTN transport (ITUT) for widearea networks
(G. Raybon, AlcatelLucent, OFC 2008)
“We're upgrading our network to 40 Gbit/s, but we will go to100 Gbit/s as soon as possible and we hope to deploy
early next year," Fred Briggs, executive vice president for network operations
and technology at Verizon, Lightreading September 2007.
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
100 Gb/s Standardization Activity
IEEE-Higher Speed Study Group (HSSG) – Ethernet transport for local area and access networks– Presentations found at http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/hssg/index.html
Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF)– Common Electrical Interface (CEI) enable high speed signaling for
backplanes and chip to chip communications International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications
Standardization Sector (ITU-T)– Define standards for Optical Transport Network (OTN)
IEEE
IEEE
IEEE
ITU-T
OIFOIF
(G. Raybon, AlcatelLucent, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
100 Gb/s per channel
10 x
10
Gb/
s
MUX
10 x 10Gb/s Modulators(electrical optical)
100 Gb/s(10 λ ’s)
100GEMAC
(P. Winzer, AlcatelLucent, OFC 2008)
100G parallel transport(= inverse multiplexing)
10 x
10
Gb/
s
100 Gb/s(or 2 x 50)
MUX
100Gb/s Modulator(electrical optical)
Laser
100 Gb/s (1 λ )
100GEMAC
100G serial transport
Choice depends on lowest cost per bit:• Targeted system capacity (spectral efficiency)• Targeted system reach• Wavelength management and networking aspects (ROADMs, etc.)
10 ps / bit
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
100 Gb/s per wavelength
1 bit/symbol 2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol and up107 … 131 Gbaud
(OOK, DPSK, DB/PSBT, …)54 … 66 Gbaud
(DQPSK, pol-muxed OOK, …)27 … 33 Gbaud
(pol-muxed (D)QPSK, 16-QAM, …)
(G. Raybon, AlcatelLucent, OFC 2008)
RZ-DQPSK 64-QAM
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Towards 1 Tb/s
MLFL1SCbased
pulsecompressor
40 Gb/s
2 ps1553 nm
OTDM receiver640 Gb/s
OTDM transmitter640 Gb/s
× 4 × 16
640 Gb/s
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
1 Tb/s = a lot of optical bandwidth
1530 1536 1542 1548 1554 1560 156640
30
20
10
0
Wavelength [nm]
Rel
ativ
e P
ower
[dB
]
clock40 GHz
holdingbeamCW
data640 Gb/s
BPF transferfunction
5.12nm
SOA out
SOA in
(E. Tangdiongga, Technical Univ. Eindhoven, ECOC 2007)
COBRA
1 Tb/s modulated= 16 nm of BW
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
NGN in JapanNGN: Next Generation Network.
Everything over IP
NTT East taking orders as of March 31, 2008
NWGN: New Generation Network.New paradigm in R&D
“Development of core network control and management technologies to support Petabit/sclass largescale new generation networks, unify path/packet networks, and lead international standardization activities”
(http://nag.nict.go.jp/index_e.html)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
NGN in the US
All IP based, butOC192 over DWDM in core
(P. Poll, Qwest, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
NGN in EuropeBritish Telecom: 21st Century Network
Convergence to everything over IPMPLS in Core
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
NGN in EuropeThe Netherlands: AllIP
Core network based on Ethernet
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
IP over MPLS
LSR
Label Switching Routers(LSR)
Label Edge Routers (LER)
IP Packet
IP Packet
L1
L2
Label Switching Path(LSP)
MultiProtocol Label Switching
(G. Cincotti, Roma Tre University, OFC 2006)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Future: Optical Packet Switching
AWG
:
160 Gb/s payloadLabel Extractor
1
2N
Outputs packets
Wavelength converter
Input packets
1st label Nth label
Labels Processor Control signal cw λ 2N
cw λ 2 cw λ 1
Fast Label Recognition Fast AllOptical Switching
(N. Calabretta, Technical Univ. Eindhoven, OFC 2008)
Packets at output
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Why AllOptical?
– Less complexity
– Lower power consumption
Same reason ROADMs / OXCs offer express lanesin circuit switched networks:
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Fast AllOptical Switching
● SOA Switching Elements– High Extinction Ratio– Nanosecond Switching
SOA
SOA
SOA
SOA
SOA
ISM14 Integrated Switch
SOA
SOA
SOA
SOA
ISM22 Integrated Switch
SOA
SOA
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Fast AllOptical Label Recognition
ACP
CCPOC1
Single-ChipMultiportEncoder / Decoder
(G. Cincotti, Roma Tre University, OFC 2006)
switch controller
LSR node controller
optical packetswitch
label swapping controller
E/D labelswitch
label remover
buffering
E/D
E/D
Time (100ns/div)
Label Payload
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Optical Packet Switching Field Trial
Keihanna
NaraOsaka
Kyoto
JGN2 testbed network(http://www.jgn.nict.go.jp)
EN #1
EN #2
Keihanna
OPS system
Nara
Field SMF 16km
RDF(11.5km)
RDF(11.5km)
EH #3
EH #4
EH #1
EH #2
EN #3
EN #4
Japan
Field SMF 16km
1x2 Switch
1x2 Switch
2x1 Coupler
2x1 Coupler
160Gbps WDMOptical Packet with label “A”
Label “B”
(N. Wada, NiCT, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Access Networks: PON or PtP?
November 14th, 2006 page 9 All rights reserved © 2006 France Telecom
Passive Optical Network (PON) has 3 main advantages ⇒ Less capex in optics & equipment⇒ Less opex in provisioning⇒ Wholesale offer available
Fiber
Optical LineTermination(DSLAM like
OpticalNetwork
Termination
GPON a maturing technology ready for rollout
OpticalSplitter
OpticalNetwork
Termination
PON
Point to multipoint
Point to Point
Fiber
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
PON is High Density in CO
10 Linecards x 4 PON ports x 128 ONTs = 5120 ONTs per shelf
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
PON Roadmap
Unde
r
Deve
lopme
nt
2000 20011998 20032002 2004
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
BPONBPON1,2G/622M20 km
Year
Bitrate(bit/s)
Standard FSAN, ITUT G.983.1FSAN, ITUT G.983.1
APONAPON 622/155M20 kmTDM
PON
20051997 ...
2,5G GPONGPON
2006
EPONEPON1/1 G, 20kmIEEE 802.3ahIEEE 802.3ah
StandardStandard FSAN, ITUT G.983.1amd1, G.983.3...10FSAN, ITUT G.983.1amd1, G.983.3...10
ITUT G.984.1..4ITUT G.984.1..4
APON ...ATMPONBPON...BroadbandPONEPON...EthernetPONGPON...GigabitPONCWDM...Coarse WDMDWDM...Dense WDM
2,5/2,5G, 60km
Standards approved and public
Next Gen OANNext Gen OAN(C,D)WDMPON ???(C,D)WDMPON ???
Long Reach OAN ???Long Reach OAN ???
(A. Srivastava, OneTerabit, 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
State of the Art: GPON
Voice
Video
Data GPON Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
1 x NPassive Optical Splitter
ONT 1
ONT 2
ONT 3
ONT N
…
GPON Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
Central OfficeOutside Plant Customer
Premises
1490 nm → ← 1310 nm
Single Fiber
(D. Piehler, Alphion, 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
GPON with Reach Extender
PON OLT
• Increased reach
TDM down14801500 nm
TDMA up12601360 nm
1:32
20 km
ONT 1
ONT 32
ONT 2
Nearterm (tactical): avoid current practice of “remoting” the OLT to go beyond practical 20 km limit
(will require an OEO or optical ampbased reach extender)
* D. Payne and R. Davey, “The future of fibre access systems?,” BT Technol. J., 20, 104114, 2002.
Longterm (strategic): may permit consolidation of central offices (local exchanges)*
(P. Iannone, AT&T, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
GPON with Reach Extender
PON OLT
• Increased reach
TDM down14801500 nm
TDMA up12601360 nm
1:128
60 km
ONT 1
ONT 128
ONT 2
Nearterm (tactical): avoid current practice of “remoting” the OLT to go beyond practical 20 km limit
Reach Extender
(will require an OEO or optical ampbased reach extender)
* D. Payne and R. Davey, “The future of fibre access systems?,” BT Technol. J., 20, 104114, 2002.
Longterm (strategic): may permit consolidation of central offices (local exchanges)*
(P. Iannone, AT&T, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Strategic Use of Reach Extender
CentralOffice
Red lines represent subset of individual PONs within each CO serving area
CO Serving Area(20 km radius)
Idealized geographic distribution of central offices (CO)
Longreach PONs enable CO consolidation
CO
Elementary PON (20 km reach)
(P. Iannone, AT&T, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Strategic Use of Reach Extender
New CentralOffice
• This strategy benefits from WDM or TDM muxing between OLT and PON extender
Lots of technology options ( , DWDM, higher rate TDM, λ conversion, etc)
case for alloptical extender box may be more compelling for multi wavelengths
Longreach PONs enable CO consolidation (60 – 100 km reach)
New CO Serving Area(60 km radius)
Idealized geographic distribution of central offices
CWDM
OpEx• Saves on:
Powering
Real estate
• Eliminate majority of central offices
• Powered extender box on feeder
• Possibly increase split per PON
Bidirectional reach extender
(P. Iannone, AT&T, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Power and Space Savings
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Future: PON Capacity Increase
WDMAWDMA WavelengthDivision
MultipleAccess
TDMATDMATimeDivisionMultipleAccess
OOCDMACDMA CodeDivisionMultiple
Access
t
Inte
nsity
Cha
nnel
1C
hann
el 2
… …C
hann
el N
T t
Wav
elen
gth Channel 1
Channel 2……
Channel N
Tt
Am
plitu
d
Channel 1
T
Channel 2
Channel N
(N. Kataoka, NiCT, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
WDMPON
(P. Iannone, AT&T, 2008)
60 km
1.3 µm Tx
ONT1.5 µm RxCO OLT Tx
CO OLT Rx
Rx1350 nm
1290 nm
Rx1310 nm
Rx1330 nm
Rx
DFBLD1550 nm
1490 nm
DFBLD1510 nm
DFBLD1530 nm
DFBLD
C W
D M
C W
D M
C W
D M
C W
D M
2:2
2:2
2:2
2:2
1:16
1:16
..
.
.
.
.
1.3/1.5 µ m Mux
60 km
1.3 µm Tx
ONT1.5 µm Rx
1.3 µm Tx
ONT1.5 µm RxCO OLT Tx
CO OLT Rx
Rx1350 nm
1290 nm
Rx1310 nm
Rx1330 nm
Rx
DFBLD1550 nm
1490 nm
DFBLD1510 nm
DFBLD1530 nm
DFBLD
C W
D M
C W
D M
C W
D M
C W
D M
2:22:2
2:22:2
2:22:2
2:22:2
1:161:16
1:161:16
......
.
.
.
1.3/1.5
1.3µ mHybrid Amp
Remote Node
1.5µ mHybrid Amp
1490 nm down1310 nm up
1510 nm down1290 nm up
1530 nm down1330 nm up
1550 nm down1350 nm up
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
OCDMAPON
OCDM Tx 1
OCDM Tx 2
OCDM Tx 3
OCDM Tx 4
8NetworkAnalyzer
10GbE
PC3
PC4
HDVCamera
HDVCamera
PPG
10.3125GH zλ :1551nmDCF
Otemachi50km
InstalledSMF
50kmInstalled
SMF
OCDM Rx 1
OCDM Rx 8
OCDM Rx 2
Koganei
13579111315
1:8splitter
ONU1
ONU2
ONU8
λ :1551nm
Uplink
(xii) (xi) (x) (ix) (viii) (vii)
20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div]
λ :1551nm
λ :1551nmDPSK signal
Central station (Koganei)Multiport
Decoder
MultiportEncoder
OCDM Tx 1
OCDM Tx 2
OCDM Tx 3
OCDM Tx 4
8
1
3
579111315
NetworkAnalyzer
10GbE
PC3
PC4
HDVCamera
HDVCamera
PPG
10.3125GH z λ :1551nmDCF
Otemachi50km
InstalledSMF
50kmInstalled
SMF
PCVOA OCDM Rx 1
OCDM Rx 8
OCDM Rx 2
Koganei
ONU1
ONU2
ONU8
λ :1551nm
λ :1551nm
λ :1551nm
1:8splitter
Central station (Koganei)20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div] 20 [ps/div]
Downlink(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)DPSK signal
TokyoKoganei
OtemachiKoganei
(N. Kataoka, NiCT, OFC 2008)
Alphion Corp. Proprietary & Confidential
Summary
● Convergence to packet networks● Standardization is essential● IP in the core already here● Future: Optical packet switching???● Access networks are running on GPON● Extended reach GPON is coming● Future: WDMPON? OCDMAPON?
Thanks: David Piehler, Alphion Corp., USA A. Gnauck, G. Raybon, P. Winzer, AlcatelLucent, USA E. Tangdiongga, N. Calabretta, TU Eindhoven, Netherlands G. Cincotti, Roma Tre University, Italy N. Wada, NiCT, Japan P. Iannone, K. Reichmann, AT&T Labs Research, USA A. Srivastava, OneTerabit, USA