Phoneticis and Phonology

7/31/2019 Phoneticis and Phonology

1/51

PHONETICS AND

PHONOLOGY


2/51


3/51

Glenda Pinoargote Parra,

M.A. Ed.La Libertad, Prov. SantaElena

Ecuador, S.A.Marzo, 2010

GoldsmithsUniversity of

London


4/51

Welcome.!


5/51

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

1.1 THE DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH 1.2 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PRONUNCIATION 1.3 LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS 1.4 FRICATIVES AND AFFRICATES 1.5 NASALS AND OTHER CONSONANTS 1.6 THE SYLLABLE 1.7 VOWEL SOUNDS 1.8 CONSONANTS 1.9 STRESS IN WORDS 1.10 RHYTHM AND INTONATION

1.11 TEACHING PRONUNCIATION


6/51

How much do youalready know?

Ready Quiz?

Go to the nextpage.


7/51

Linguist Linguistics - Language languages - polyglot

Linguistics is often called the science of language. Aperson whose field is linguistics is called a linguist. Alinguist may or may not speak more than one language. Heis called a ______ because he possesses certain specializedknowledge about language.

A linguist is a person whose field is ____

A person who speaks several languages is a polyglot. Hemay or not be a ______.

A polyglot is a person who speaks several _____.

A person who studies the science of language is called a___________

A person who speaks several languages is called ____

A __________ may or may not be a polyglot. He studiesthe science of language, which is called ______.


8/51

Check your answers.

Linguist

Linguistics

Linguist

Languages

Linguist

Polyglot

Linguist

Linguistics

How did you

Do?


9/51

1.1 INTRODUCTION


10/51

You probably want to know what thepurpose of this course is, and whatyou can expect to learn from it.


11/51

PURPOSE OF THE COURSE

To explain how English ispronounced in the accent normallychosen as standard for people

learning the English spoken inEngland.

NOT REALLY..


12/51

WHAT?

GENERAL THEORY ABOUT SPEECHSOUNDS AND HOW THEY ARE USEDIN LANGUAGE: PHONETICS AND

PHONOLOGY


13/51

WHY?

IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTANDTHE PRINCIPLES REGULATING THESOUNDS IN SPOKEN ENGLISH.


14/51

Objectives

Learn the parts of the mouthrelevant for speech

Transcribe English into IPA

Translate IPA into English

Use IPA chart to:

Describe and classify consonantsDescribe and classify vowels


15/51

Phonetics

Phonetics is the study of speechsounds


16/51

Areas of phonetics

Articulatory phonetics The study ofhow speech sounds are produced bythe brain and mouth.

Acoustic phonetics The study of thephysics of speech sounds.

Auditory phonetics The study of howsounds are perceived by the earand brain.


17/51

THE IPA

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETICALPHABET

WE OFTEN USE SPECIAL SYMBOLS

TO REPRESENT SPEECH SOUNDS.ENOUGH


18/51

Why do we need the IPA?

We need a system for recordingspeech sounds accurately. Why not

just use English spelling?


19/51

English spelling

English spelling is very inconsistent:

VERY CONFUSING. THEREFORE, ITIS IMPORTANT TO LEARN TO THINKOF ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION INTERMS OF PHONEMES RATHER THANLETTERS OF THE ALPHABET


20/51

English Spelling

Same sound [i], different letters:see, sea, scene, receive, thief,amoeba, machine


21/51

English spelling

A. Same letters, different sounds:sign [s], pleasure [], resign [z]charter [], character [k]

father [a], all [], about [], apple[], any [], age [e]


22/51

English spelling

B. One sound, multiple letters:lock [k], that [], book [], boast[o], shop [], apple [p], special []


23/51

C. One letter, multiple soundsexit [gz], use [ju]


24/51

English spelling

D. Silent letters

know, doubt, though, island,rhubarb, moose


25/51

TERMINOLOGY

LINGUISTICS

PHONOLOGY

PHONETICS

PHONEME

SPEECH

INTONATION

STRESS

ACCENT

DIALECT

MINIMAL PAIRS


26/51

HOW MANY SOUNDS ARETHERE IN ENGLISH?

THE SPELLING SYSTEM OF ENGLISHIS IRREGULAR AND DOESNTREPRESENT SOUNDS IN A

COMPLETELY CONSISTENT WAY.

CATHY KATHY

SHOCK SOCK

PUT PUTT


27/51

PHONETIC ALPHABET

A SYSTEM OF WRITING WHICH CANBE APPLIED TO ANY HUMANLANGUAGE, EVEN ONE THAT IS

COMPLETELY UNKNOWN TO THEINVESTIGATOR


28/51

PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION: Eachsound is represent by one symboland each symbol represents only one

sound.

There are several systems.

We will use the INTERNATIONAL

PHONETIC ALPHABET. (1920s DanielJones and his colleagues at LondonUniversity.


29/51

The International Phonetic Alphabet

The International PhoneticsAssociation designed an alphabet inwhich each letter indicates one

unique sound. It is designed to beable to transcribe the speech soundsof any human language.
http://ipa_chart_%28c%292005.pdf/http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.htmlhttp://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.htmlhttp://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.htmlhttp://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.htmlhttp://ipa_chart_%28c%292005.pdf/


30/51

MODEL PRONUNCIATION

GOAL: TO DEVELOP THELEARNERS

PRONUNCIATIONSUFFICIENTLY TO PERMIT

EFFECTIVECOMMUNICATION WITHNATIVE SPEAKERS.


31/51

GOOD SPEECH: A WAY OFSPEAKING WHICH IS CLEARLYINTELLIBLE TO ALL ORDINARY

PEOPLE

BAD SPEECH: A WAY OF TALKING

WHICH IS DIFFICULT FOR MOSTPEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND.


32/51

INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH

WHAT IS USED IN COMMON BY THEMILLIONS OF PEOPLE AROUND THEWORLD WHO USE ENGLISH AS A

FOREIGN LANGUAGE.


33/51

ADVANTAGE OF IPA

IT IS ACCOMPANIED BY A WELLDEFINED METHOD OF DESCRIBINGSOUNDS IN TERMS OF THE WAY IN

WHICH THEY ARE PRONOUNCED.UNDERSTANDING THIS IS A PRE-REQUISITE FOR TRANSCRIBING.


34/51

PHONEMES

Though the phonetic alphabet isuniversal (we can write down thespeech sounds actually uttered in

any language), the phonemicalphabet varies from language tolanguage.


35/51

PHONEMES

English has no memorized nasalvowels, but English speakers domake nasalized vowels when vowels

and nasal consonants come togetherin speech. The changes betweenmemory and pronuciation are what

we will be discovering in this sectionof the course


36/51

Finding Phonemes

How do we find out what's insomeone's mind?

How do we figure out how peoplestore the sounds of words in theirmemories?


37/51

One trick that we can use is to look forminimal pairs of words. A minimal pair is

a pair of words that have differentmeanings and which differ in only onesound. Since the difference between thetwo sounds is meaningful, the wordsmust be stored differently in memory.Since the words differ in only one sound,this difference must be stored in memory.

Thus the difference in sounds issignificant, and so the two sounds mustboth be phonemes.


38/51

Here is an example from English:

[sp] and [zp]

These two words are different words ofEnglish. But they differ only in their initialsound. Therefore, the [s]/[z] difference issignificant for English speakers. Thereforeboth [s] and [z] are stored in thememory. Thus, [s] and [z] are part of theEnglish mental alphabet. We notate

elements in the memory by putting themin-between slashes / /. In this case /s/and /z/ are part of an English speaker'salphabet for memorizing words


39/51

Another example from English:

[rm] and [rn] and [r]

These three words are all distinctwords of English. Therefore, thespeech sounds (in the mouth) [m],[n] and [] are all significant to themind. And therefore, English includesthe phonemes /m/, /n/ and //.


40/51

Sometimes it isn't possible to findminimal pairs for all words. Butspeakers can also tell when a

contrast would yield a distinctpossible word, even if this is not anactual word.


41/51

The phonetic context (or frame)[b_t] can be used to find minimalpairs for many English vowels:

[bit] ("beat") /i/

[bt] ("bit") //

[bet] ("bait") /e/ [bt] ("bet") //

[bt] ("bat") //

[but] ("boot") /u/

[bot] ("boat") /o/

[bt] ("bought") // (You may have [] here.)

[bt] ("but") //

THE PRODUCTION OF VOCAL


42/51

THE PRODUCTION OF VOCALSOUNDS

The production of speech soundsdepends upon three factors:

A source or energy

A vibrating body

A resonator


43/51

Vocal sound has much in commonwith musical sound. Both dependupon a source or energy, a vibrating

body, and a resonator for theirproduction


44/51

SOUND

A SERIES OF VIBRATIONS MOVING THROUGHAIR, WATER OR SOME OTHER MATERIAL

TO CREATE VIBRATION A SOUND SOURCE ISNEEDED.

TYPES:

A GUITAR

SOUND SOURCE STRINGS

WOODEN BOX - AMPLIFIES THESOUNDS BY PICKING UP THEVIBRATIONS AND RESONATING .


45/51

SPEECH SOUNDS

VOCAL CORDS (STRINGS)

SITUATED IN THE LARYNX (VOICE BOX)

WHEN AIR IS FORCED OUT OF THE

LUNGS, IT CAUSES THE VOCAL CORDS TOVIBRATE. THE MOUTH IS THEREASONING CHAMBER (BODY OF GUITAR)

MOUTH AND NOSE CAVITY ABOVELARYINX


46/51

VOCAL TRACT

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GUITAR ANDVOCAL TRACT: WE CAN MAKEDIFFERENT SOUND BY CHANGING

THE SHAPE OF THE VOCAL TRACT,BY MOVING THE TONGUE, LIPS, AND

EVEN THE LARYNX


47/51

When a violin is played, a bow ismoved across the strings and causesthem to vibrate. The vibration of

strings causes disturbances in the airwhich are modified, or resonated,within the body of the violin.


48/51

Match:

1. Source orenergy

2. Vibrating body

3. resonator

a.The (moving)bow

b.Violin body

c.Violin string


49/51

resonator, vibrations, energy

To produce sound, ____________

must be applied to a body which canvibrate.

These vibrations are modified by a_____.

The modified ____________ are thentransmited via a MEDIUM (such asair), in the form of SOUND WAVES,the ear.


50/51

THE VOCAL TRACT

The interaction of these three factors(a source or energy, a vibratingbody, and a resonator) generates

SOUND WAVES, which aretransmitted through a medium(SUCH AS AIR) to the ear of the

receiver.Speech sounds are produced in the

human vocal tract.


51/51

Documents

Phoneticis and Phonology