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Phoenicians, Hebrews, Assyrians, and Kush (Nubians)
Objectives WHI.3 Objective:
The student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations, including the Phoenician, Hebrew, Kush, and Persian Civilization, by: Locating the civilization in
time and place Describing the development of
social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery
Explaining the development of religious traditions
Explaining the development of language and writing
Essential Questions: Why did Ancient Civilizations
develop in river valleys? Where were the earliest
civilizations located? When did these civilizations
exist? What were the social,
political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations
What religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations?
What forms of language and writing existed in early civilizations?
The Phoenicians (1100 – 842 B.C.E)
Lived along the .
Rise of the Phoenicians
Became powerful traders after Minoan’s decline Important trading centers
Byblos, Tyre, Sidon
City-states situated around Mediterranean Ruled by Kings and
powerful merchant families
Remarkable shipbuilders and seafarers First to sail beyond
Gibraltar Believed to sail to Britain,
possibly Americas and around Africa
Trade Purple dye Traded goods from other
lands: wine, weapons, precious metal, glass, and ivory
The Alphabet
Merchants needed a way to record transactions Developed a writing system
that used symbols to represent sounds Adopted by many cultures such
as the Greeks
Phonetic One sign used for one
sound
Alpha/beth = alphabet
Enormous contribution
End of the Phoenicians
Captured by Assyrians 842 B.C.E. City-states like
Carthage in North Africa survived
Later dominated by Babylonians, and then Persians
Conquerors recognized shipbuilding and seafaring skills
Ancient Trade Routes
Mediterranean connected to Asia through land routes Crossed Central Asia
through Afghanistan to get to India
Sea routes Arabian Sea connected
to Persian Gulf Used Monsoon winds to
cross Arabian Sea
Networks important, ensured exchange of products and information Carried goods, ideas,
religious beliefs, art, and ways of living
Phoenicians diffused alphabet and other important contributions
Search for the Promised Land
Phoenicians not the only civilization to live in area later called Palestine
The Hebrews settle in Canaan Ancient Palestine/
Phoenicia trading crossroads
Between the Jordan River and Mediterranean Believed land was
promised to them by God
From Ur to Egypt• Torah
– First five books of Hebrew Bible– Most sacred writings
– Christian “Old Testament”– Contains events that happened
and stories
• Abraham– God chose him to be father of
the Hebrew people– God commanded him to move
his people to Canaan– Around 2000 B.C.E. moved to
Canaan– Around 1650 B.C.E. moved to
Egypt
A New Religion
• Monotheistic– First monotheistic
civilization– Three aspects of Judaism:• Covenant, law, and prophets
• God: Yahweh– Had power over not only
Hebrews but all people everywhere– Omnipotent
– Just and good– Hebrews asked for
protection against enemies• God did because of the covenant between him and Abraham
• Hebrews migrated to Egypt because of famine and drought• Hebrews coexist with
Egyptians peacefully at first
• Later forced into slavery
• Hebrews fled Egypt between 1500- 1200 B.C.E.– Called the Exodus– Led by Moses
A New Covenant
• Mount Sinai– Moses climbed and prayed– God spoke to him, gave him
Ten Commandments• Became basis of religious laws in
Judaism• Based on idea God is just,
required high moral conduct
• Return to Canaan– Hebrews wandered for forty
years– Return to Canaan after Moses’
death– Changed from nomadic to
settled farmers and city dwellers– Learned technology from
Palestine
Kingdom of Israel
• After Canaan arrival– Organized into twelve tribes• Self-governing, independent
• Geography– Harsh features• Arid desert, Jordan River, Grassy Hills, dry hot Valleys
– Plentiful water sources
• Saul and David– Philistines threatened
Hebrews– One large tribe called Judah
(Judaism)– 1020- 922 B.C.E. Hebrews
united under three kings:• Saul, David, and Solomon
– New kingdom called Israel• 100 years of independence
and power• Jerusalem was capital
King Solomon
962 B.C.E.
Solomon succeeds his father David as King
Most powerful of Hebrew Kings• Height of Israelite power• Known for his wisdom
– Built trading empire
– Beautified capital of Jerusalem• Builds Temple of Solomon– Home for the
Ark of the Covenant– Built to glorify God– Not large but beautiful,
inside covered in gold
Kingdom Divides
• Solomon’s building projects a problem– Needs money = more
taxes– Men forced to work on
temple 1 of every 3 months
• Discontent and Split– After Solomon’s death,
Jews in the north split from those in south
– North= Israel, South= Judah• 200 years of confusion,
battles, and prosperity
• Babylonian Captivity– 725 B.C.E. Assyrians
attacked Israel– Judah resisted for 150
years• City fell to Nebuchadnezzar
586 B.C.E• Destroys Solomon’s
temple, enslaves Hebrews and deports them to Babylon
• 539 B.C.E. Cyrus the Great releases Hebrews– Return to Jerusalem and
rebuild city and Temple
Assyrians
Beginning 850 B.C.E. Assyrian amassed an empire
Came from the northern part of Mesopotamia Had to become
aggressive due to terrain disadvantage
Spread down through Palestine into Egypt
Assyrians
Led by King Sennacrib
Society glorified military strength advanced military
planning and technical skill
Used iron technology
Great efficiency at organizing conquered territories into an empire
Built beautiful capital at Nineveh Had a library of 25,000
clay tablets thanks to King Ashurbanipal
Fall of the Assyrians
Causes Empire spread itself
too thin Cruelty of Kings
Ninevah destroyed in 612 B.C.E. by the Chaldeans
Empire of Kush (Nubia)
Kush (Nubians)
Location Between the 1st
cataract and the separation of the White and Blue Nile
South of Egypt
Connection between Egypt and Nubia Egypt ruled Nubia
Diffused Egyptian culture Religion, customs, writing
Kush (Nubians)
Guardians of Egyptian values
Decline of Meroe Challenged by new
empires to the South between 250 B.C.E. and 150 C.E.
The Golden Age of Meroe Kushites moved south for
protection to Meroe Thrived on natural
resources and became wealthy Became center of iron
weapons and tools
Became a major trader with India and Arabia linked trade routes between
the Mediterranean and the Red Sea
Objectives WHI.3 Objective:
The student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient river valley civilizations, including the Phoenician, Hebrew, and Kush Civilization, by: Locating the civilization in
time and place Describing the development of
social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery
Explaining the development of religious traditions
Explaining the development of language and writing
Essential Questions: Why did Ancient Civilizations
develop in river valleys? Where were the earliest
civilizations located? When did these civilizations
exist? What were the social,
political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations
What religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations?
What forms of language and writing existed in early civilizations?