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The paper refers to several issues raised during discussions, at the conclusion of the research, namely, low energy gamma radiation and human physiology. A part of the issues under consideration relate to philosophy and history. Archival, historical and philosophical materials are considered in correlation of human nuclear potential, human energy component, and interaction with the surrounding world by means of human radioactivity. Periods of time considered are the times of protoscience up to the beginning of the 21st century.
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Krichkov А., Shnaybel О.
Philosophy of Science Multiplied by Squared Velocity of Light.
Е=SPh × с2
The paper refers to several issues raised during discussions, at the
conclusion of the research, namely, low energy gamma radiation and
human physiology. A part of the issues under consideration relate to
philosophy and history. Archival, historical and philosophical materials are
considered in correlation of human nuclear potential, human energy
component, and interaction with the surrounding world by means of
human radioactivity. Periods of time considered are the times of
protoscience up to the beginning of the 21st century.
Key words: gamma radiation, ageing, radioactivity, biophysics,
astrophysics, nuclear physics.
One of the founders of quantum mechanics, Nobel prizewinner,
German theoretical physicist Heisenberg W. wrote in his work “On the
Nature of Elementary Particles”: “Then I will proceed to the philosophical
problems which emerge in connection with the idea of elementary
character of a particle. They can object that in this issue I should focus on
physics, rather than on philosophy. However, the philosophical side of the
issue cannot be just dismissed. In fact, I am sure that certain erroneous (I
am afraid to say, todays as well) lines in the development of theory of
particles are related to the illusory hopes of some physicist for the
possibility to completely avoid the philosophical approach. By rejecting
serious philosophy physicists put questions in a wrong way. This will not
be a big embellishment to say that good physics suffers from bad
philosophy time and again” [1].
“While the main aim of science is obtaining the truth, philosophy of
science is a sphere of application of human intellect, one of the most
important for the humankind, within which the issue is being discussed
“how the truth can be obtained?” [2].
This paper will present discussions, experiments, observations that
were not included into the list of main publications on such topics as
human gamma radiation and influence of radionuclides on human
physiology.
5
Part One
At the turn of the twentieth and the twenty first centuries, within
professional activity, nonstandard biophysical investigations was
conducted. The main objective of the investigations were low energy
nuclear reactions which occur in a human body, conditions in which the
reactions take place, and influence of the reactions observed on human
physiology. The research was conducted on the basis of the substance
“Star Dust” (SSH&H).
A question arose in the discussions, whether there is a notional load
in the name. The explanation was as follows: a substance is something that
exists independently, on its own. …Something stable and constant,
underlying a phenomenon, indivisible, single and comprehendible [3]. The
name ‘stardust’ in English means not only star dust but also something that
causes a sensation of a miracle and a magic. The notion of star dust in
itself is a democratic and, at the same time, a fundamental name. The place
of birth of star dust is space, as a result of physical and evolutional
processes particles of star dust are found on the Earth, in every human, and
in the whole world that surrounds us.
Nobel prizewinner in physics Fowler W.A., who received the prize
for the experimental research on the nuclear reactions which explain
formation of chemical elements of the Universe, wrote as follows in his
work: “All heavy elements from carbon to uranium were formed in the
stars..., our bodies are mostly comprised of the heavy elements. Apart from
hydrogen, we consist of 65% of oxygen, 18% of carbon, smaller amount of
nitrogen, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, potassium
and traces of heavier elements. Therefore, it can be said that you, your
neighbor, myself, everyone and all of us are in fact small parts of star
dust!” [4].
Accordingly, there is the following interpretation behind the very
name of the preparation: something stable, indivisible, single, belonging to
space, granting a human with miracles and magic.
Further conducted research on application of the preparation
provided an encouraging result for increasing life expectancy of animals.
For human – extension of the active period of life without age-related and
6
pathologic changes in physiology. Age-related changes were observed in
human, at minimum, not only in biochemical blood parameters, but at
visual, cosmetology level. The encouraging results were so encouraging
that a question was immediately opened in the discussions: what is more
important for a long and active life, an anti-ageing tablet or a human
himself?
A science that studies reasons for human ageing and methods to
counteract ageing is historically named gerontology. A talented
physiologist and gerontologist Frolkis V.V. [5] gave a terse judgement
concerning an anti-ageing tablet: “Gerontology is not a religion, and it will
never be able to purify a human from his sins, that accumulated throughout
his life, with tablets, mixtures and tinctures.” [6]. A liberal author’s
translation of the Four Tantras, the classical treatise of Tibetan medicine,
reads as follows: “If a person has exhausted the box of his good deeds and
thereby fell seriously ill, then by calling for the best healer the person will
be able to overcome the disease, but he won’t be able to extend a life for
himself”.
Obviously, quality and duration of human life depends on both
physiological and philosophical, ethical and moral aspects. A clear
interrelation is detected between morality, thoughts and deeds of a human,
and quality and duration of his own life. That was the resume of the
discussion on the question concerning a human and a tablet.
Further discussions questioned the term “energy”. Unfair
terminology or speculative statements can be heard or read from literary
sources and mass media. The research team has the following opinion. The
literary sources say about “glowing” of a human in the gamma quantum
spectrum, where the word “glowing” is used in quotation marks. Light
visible to a human eye and gamma radiation have the same nature, this is
an electromagnetic wave. That is why when describing human gamma
radiation in popular scientific style the word “glowing” can be used in
quotation marks. However, power and length of the light wave are visible
for highly sensitive instruments only. All the investigations were
performed by nuclear spectrometry and radiometric survey method.
Further investigation of the preparation allowed for the encouraging
and diversified results: counteracting carcinogenic factors by urethane
7
group, expressed geroprotective effect, reduction of average body
temperature by 0.1 – 0.2ºС, both in animals and in human. Slowing down a
malignant neoplastic process, in some cases complete desorption of
tumors. Leveling of hormonal blood profile. In addition, average and
maximum life expectancy of animals was increased. Administration of the
preparation did not have influence on survivability, proliferation limit,
morphology, chromosome aberration frequency and length of telomeres in
human cells.
The investigations did not reveal an active component in the
preparation itself. For the same reason, due to absence of active
component, the preparation was registered as a dietary supplement. In
compliance with the legislative rules, a medicinal preparation must contain
an active component.
Administration of the preparation was described as safe, reliable and
highly effective, whereas the multiple positive effects on the physiology
were not explained. There was no explanation of the mechanism of
influence on physiology.
Part Two
Since the chemical and biological investigations conducted at the
level of molecular structure of a substance did not provide explanations of
the preparation’s mechanism of action, it was decided to conduct physical
research by radiometry and nuclear spectrometry methods. These methods
make it possible to obtain results on the level of nuclear interactions and
transformations.
With the first measurements where radioactivity indicators were
used, it was noticed that when the preparation is administered, the
indicators located 5 – 10 centimeters from human body recorded increased
gamma radiation. The energy emission that was observed was of
extremely low power, but to be on a safe side the subject preparation was
handed over for an expertise to National Research Nuclear University
(MEPhI). The expertise proved that “Star Dust” (SSH&H) conforms to
radiation safety criteria and norms for human applications.
Further research in Federal State Institution Federal Medical and
Biological Center named after A.I. Burnazyan (former State Scientific
Center, Institute of Biophysics), made it possible to exclude not only
8
radioactive properties of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H), but also its
ability to acquire externally influenced fissile and radioactive properties.
The subject preparation had no chemical elements and possible
radionuclides that could influence energy changes in a human, in the
gamma quantum spectrum. The preparation demonstrated its activity in the
only case, upon interaction with the internal medium of a human body.
Following the instruction of Eddington A.S., who teaches us: “Never
rely completely on the observation results until you have at least one
theory to explain them” [7], the research team deepened and extended
experiments in the sphere of medical physics, biophysics and radiology
devoted to human radioactivity and its influence on human physiology. In
addition, equally important issues that the researchers faced were as
follows: whether human radioactivity is an incidental phenomenon in a
human life or not, and whether a person interacts with surrounding world
by means of his own radioactivity or not.
As at the beginning of the 21st century it was known from existing
science, that a human cannot influence radioactivity and radioactive
disintegration in natural conditions. “In natural earth conditions we can
observe very few phenomena which are determined directly by the
mechanism of intranuclear processes. Natural radioactivity is one of them,
but it is just hot ash, the remains of the nuclear flame that surged four
billion years ago” [8].
However, the investigations showed such phenomenon as a short-
term influence on the increase in human radioactivity upon administration
of the preparation. Thereby, the preparation itself did not possess any
radioactive properties. When speaking of an increase in human
radioactivity, it is important to be aware of extremely low physical values
that are concerned. If the measured parameters were converted into values
used for dosimetric control, delta of changes that occur in a human would
range within 0.09 μSv/h – 0.24 μSv/h, i.e. within the values of natural
radiation background.
The observation shows that the short-term increase in human
radioactivity is safe for his health and life.
Director of CERN, who turned CERN into a leading scientific center
in 1961-1965, American physicist Weisskopf V.V. wrote: “In the twentieth
Niels Bohr expressed ideas with the main point that biological phenomena
might have some new fundamental laws hidden inside them. They do not
9
believe that nowadays. But can we be absolutely sure that there is not
something fundamental, yet unexplained, underlying our life?” [9].
“In the form of a conditional note the statement of Bohr N. looks as
follows: “Atomic structure × Integrity of an organism ~ Life” [10].
Investigations were conducted with the assumption proposed by
Niels Bohr, that the intranuclear processes relate to human physiology, and
that, quite possibly, nuclear interactions and transformations also have
direct relationship to the phenomenon of birth to life. The investigations
were formed into a conceptual theoretical model and proved by practical
application of the preparation “Star Dust” (SSH&H). Since in this case the
theory was confirmed by practice, it would be correct to consider the
model applicable, real and demanding for further studies.
Part Three
In order to answer the question when a human becomes a source of
an electromagnetic wave, observations were made over pregnant women.
The method of radiometric survey was used. There existed an assumption
that a fetus located inside a mother becomes a source of electromagnetic
radiation in a certain period of its existence. The observable gestational
age was 12 to 39 weeks. A pregnant woman, even in a later gestational
age, was found to have no differences from a non-pregnant woman of the
same age and weight, in a control group.
Further investigations were conducted in a delivery room. A method
of nuclear spectrometry was used, statistics was analyzed relying on three
control groups: dosimetric, count rate gamma pulses per second, four
spectrograms per each delivery (mother before delivery, mother after
delivery, child at the first breath, child at postnatal supervision). In
addition, analysis of the radionuclide activity was performed in the five
groups (mother before delivery, mother after delivery, child at the first
breath, child at early postnatal supervision, child at later postnatal
supervision).
The results obtained were as follows.
Figure No. 1. Interactive event diagram (by gamma), excluding
external background.
10
Calibration values:
Green line is for the room background.
Measured values:
Blue color is for a mother.
Red color is for a child.
The vertical axis shows μSv/h.
The horizontal axis shows time.
Contractions. First breath. Supervision.
Figure No. 2. Diagram of events at count rate in gamma pulses per
second (count rate 500 pulse/sec).
The vertical axis shows the gamma pulse per second count rate.
The horizontal axis shows the events.
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290
295
300
305
310
315
320
схватки первый вдох родовой досмотр
мать
ребенок
помещение
Table No. 1. Average activity of radionuclides by gamma radiation,
as of the moment of delivery, the first breath and postnatal supervision.
Nuclide
Mother
before
delivery
(µCi)
Mother after
delivery
(µCi)
The first
breath (µCi)
Early postnatal
supervision of
the child (2
min. after
delivery).
(µCi)
Later
postnatal
supervision
of the child
(25 - 30
min. after
delivery).
(µCi) 235U 4.1 × 10-2 2.0 × 10-2 2.6 × 10-2 4.1 × 10-2 2.3 × 10-2 40K 4.3 × 10-1 1.1 1.2 1.9 3.6 × 10-1
238U 5.8 × 10-1 9.0 × 10-1 8.0 × 10-1 5.1 × 10-1 3.2 × 10-1 214Pb 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.8 214Bi 2.4 × 10-1 7.4 × 10-1 1.5 × 10-1 1.5 × 10-1 5.3 × 10-1
238U + dau 3.9 × 10-1 4.8 × 10-1 4.9 × 10-1 2.0 × 10-1 3.1 × 10-1 231Ра no no 1.4 × 10-1 no no 7Be no no 1.0 × 10-1 5.3 × 10-2 no
22Na no no 9.4 × 10-4 no no
Pu no no 4.1 × 10-2 4.2 × 10-2 no
22Na – activity is specified as non-stable.
12
The assumption that energy redistribution occurs at the moment of
delivery was not proved. Analysis of the four spectrograms per a delivery
(mother before delivery, mother after delivery, child at the first breath, and
child at the postnatal supervision) allowed for a conclusion that there is no
energy redistribution or energy transfer from mother to child. As of the
moment of the first breath of a child, recorded and measured activity of
radionuclides is observed, which is not peculiar for a mother during
contractions.
Analysis of the spectrograms allowed for the conclusion that energy
is transferred to a child with the help of a nuclear reaction. Thereby, this is
a single and simultaneous exposure throughout the energy spectrum from 0
to 2700 keV. The spectrogram of a child at the first breath differs from
mother’s spectrogram with a lesser number of events at the later postnatal
supervision only, an hour later a child’s spectrogram is similar to a
spectrogram of an adult.
The fact of emergence of new natural and cosmogenic radionuclides
as of the moment of the first breath and disappearance of the same within 5
to 20 minutes doubt accuracy of the experiment. On the other hand, the
steadiness of emergence of new natural and cosmogenic radionuclides and
quick disappearance of the same suggest that we are facing an unexplored
phenomenon.
The unexplored phenomenon is expressed as measured and recorded
energy by several cosmogenic and natural radionuclides that causes low
energy nuclear reaction in a child’s body.
It is known that energy cannot come out of nowhere and disappear
traceless, for the energy conservation law must be preserved. In order that
the uninvestigated phenomenon stays consistent with the laws presently
known, a name was introduced for it – Highly Organized Energy Medium.
The denomination was proposed in the process of discussion by Russian
physicist Shikalov V.F., Doctor of Engineering.
It can be supposed that if a spectrometer does not record a nuclear
reaction in a child’s body or, otherwise, the unexplored phenomenon does
not enter a low energy nuclear reaction with a child’s body, then what is
called a phenomenon of life will not occur in a correctly formed body of
the child. It is known from the investigations that a completely formed
fetus located in mother’s body does not express its gamma activity, even 5
– 10 minutes before the delivery. Than the delivery process takes place.
13
There are some individual features pertinent to delivery without pathology,
especially, when a child makes the first intake of breath in his life. In
average (according to the elaborated conditions of the observation) the
processes is as follows: a child comes through the maternal passages, then
the child stays in a new-born tray before the cord is cut, then silence and
awaiting for 20 – 120 seconds come, and the first breath and cry.
In the period of silence, for 20 – 120 seconds, a spectrometer
registers and measures activity of radionuclides. If the spectrometer does
not register activity of radionuclides of the actinoid family, the child health
forecast worsens; if transuranium radionuclides are not registered, there
comes a respiratory standstill after the first breath, and intensive care is
required. If the registration is positive, the child cries and breathes.
As exemplified by investigations in the delivery room, an unknown
and unexplored phenomenon of the following nature is observed: an
unknown energy owner transfers energy to a newly born human with the
help of Highly Organized Energy Medium.
Pursuant to the observations and experiments, we can suggest
primary descriptive features of the uninvestigated phenomenon.
It is friendly to a human, for it gives away a part of its energy which
accompanies the person throughout his life.
If we consider that every living human has a part of energy given
away by the uninvestigated phenomenon, the power of such phenomenon
is enormous.
Due to the great power of the uninvestigated phenomenon and the
possibility, which is not excluded, that the phenomenon can participate in
the germ of life of other forms, families and species, we can suggest that
the uninvestigated phenomenon may rest outside the boundaries of laws
known to the humankind.
The results obtained concerning the low energy nuclear interaction
between a child and an unknown energy owner by means of Highly
Organized Energy Medium are consistent with knowledge and laws
familiar to a human. Maxwell J.C. put a great emphasis on the energy
medium issue as early as in the 19th
century and pinpointed that: “If
something is transferred from one particle to another at a distance, then
what is its condition after it has left one particle and has not yet reached
another one? … Indeed, whatever are the means of energy transmission
from one body to another in time, there must exist a medium or a
14
substance where the energy is located after it has left one body and before
it has reached another one, for energy, as Torricelli noted [11], “is a
quintessence of such a fine nature that it cannot be kept in any vessel other
than the most secret substance of material things”. Therefore, all these
theories lead to the notion of a medium where the distribution takes place.
If we assume the medium as a hypothesis, I think it should take an
outstanding position in our research” [12].
The very fact of non-randomness of radiation was mentioned by
founder of the USSR academic school of physical optics Vavilov S.I. [13]:
“In classic theory radiation occurs “at random”; light is absorbed
anywhere. In the theory of Tetrode [14] radiation in a certain point of the
world and absorption in another one are interdependent processes. For
every radiation it is predetermined when, where and how absorption will
occur. The Sun would not radiate if it existed isolated in the whole
Universe and no other bodies absorbed its radiation” [15].
German physicist, Nobel prizewinner in physics for the discovery of
diffraction of X-rays on crystals, Laue M. was in the same mood in respect
of energy exchange by means of a medium: “A body that emits light or
heat loses energy, this energy is not manifested as energy of any other
body until radiation reaches such body. Therefore, if the total sum of all
energies in a system must stay constant, then emitted energy must exist as
radiation energy in the interim period of time” [16].
The fact that at the moment of delivery a low energy nuclear reaction
occurs in the child’s body, which results in an observable phenomenon of
life, is also consistent with other biological investigations. The
investigations performed by isotope ration of 13
С in relation to 12
С,
distributed in representatives of higher and lower vertebrates, made it
possible to find out the following. “Embryogenesis of mammals (mice) is
not for the most part of its duration accompanied by any considerable
changes in isotope relations. Embryo mice preserve “isotope facsimile”
pertinent to mother’s organism, up to the latest gestational age. However,
immediately before delivery isotope relation of carbon is subject to a
dramatic change: the fetus “gets heavier” (in accordance with isotope
composition of carbon) as compared to the same value in mother’s tissues.
This event does not have a one-to-one correspondence with the aggregate
of morphological changes determined as a stage of development” [17]. On
the other hand, it is known that a change in isotope ratio cannot be
15
spontaneous. The only reliable factor that influences transformation of
substance at the isotope level is radiation or an aggregate of radiations.
After a human enters life, energy emission and redistribution occurs
in his body every day, as recorded by nuclear spectrometry and radiometry
methods. Energy emission occurs five times a day. It looks like as follows.
Figure No. 3.
Interactive event diagram (by gamma), excluding external
background. Daily cycle.
Triple control was used in the experiment: dosimetric, by gamma
pulse per second count rate, and spectrometric; spectrograms were
recorded with the interval of 20 – 40 minutes.
The horizontal axis shows the time.
The vertical axis shows µSv/h.
The calibrated background of the room of 0.043 μSv/h was assumed
a straight line in the figure. In fact, there were oscillations in the range of ±
0.01 μSv/h. Radioactivity indicators set at the indication threshold of 0.05
μSv/h were used for the background level monitoring. The threshold value
was never exceeded in the course of observations.
0,000,010,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,090,100,110,120,130,140,150,160,170,180,190,200,210,220,230,240,25
0:0
0:0
0
0:4
5:0
0
1:3
0
2:1
5
3:0
0
3:4
5
4:3
0
5:1
5
6:0
0
6:4
5
7:3
0
8:1
5
9:0
0
9:4
5
10
:30
11
:15
12
:00
12
:45
13
:30
14
:15
15
:00
15
:45
16
:30
17
:15
18
:00
18
:45
19
:30
20
:15
21
:00
21
:45
22
:30
23
:15
The red color means the calibrated background of the room.
The green color shows values of human radiation monitoring.
16
More detailed information on the obtained experiment data can be
found in early publications [18], while in this paper previous publications
are considered in an abridged procedure.
Comparative analysis of radionuclide activity in the active period of
a day in relation to the passive period of a day.
Active periods of human gamma radiation in a daily cycle.
Night:
0030
– 00
50 increase in the activity of radionuclide
232Th, as compared
to passive period of the day.
0055
– 01
15 increase in the activity of radionuclides
235U, Ra + dau, as
compared to passive period of the day.
0130
– 01
50 increase in the activity of radionuclides Ra + dau,
40K, as
compared to passive period of the day.
Day:
1115
– 11
50 increase in the activity of radionuclides
40K,
235U, Ra +
dau, 238
U, as compared to passive period of the day.
Evening:
1940
–2000
increase in the activity of radionuclides Ra + dau, 235
U, Th
+ dau, as compared to passive period of the day.
2030
– 20
50 increase in the activity of radionuclide Th + dau, as
compared to passive period of the day.
2115
– 21
35 increase in the activity of radionuclide
235U, as compared
to passive period of the day.
2200
– 22
30 increase in the activity of radionuclide
232Th, as compared
to passive period of the day.
2230
– 23
00 increase in the activity of radionuclide Th + dau, as
compared to active period of the day.
Table No. 2.
Average activity of radionuclides by gamma radiation, as of the
passive and active periods of daily cycle.
17
Nuclide
Passive
period
(μCu)
Active
period
(μCu)
Ra + dau 2.637 × 10-2
6.303 × 10-2
40
K 5.988 × 10-1
1.048 235
U 3.582 × 10-3
1.207 × 10-2
238
U 5.241 × 10-1
7.103 × 10-1
212
Bi 1.745 × 10-2
1.921 × 10-2
214
Bi 7.917 × 10-3
1.611 × 10-2
212
Pb 1.395 × 10-2
2.136 × 10-2
Pu no 6.501 × 10-3
231
Ра no 3.212 × 10-2
22
Na no 3.348 × 10-3
Th + dau no 1.136 × 10-2
231
Th
no 4.500 × 10-1
232
Th
no 14.000
As compared to passive period, in active period of the day human
activity increases by several radionuclides: more than twice by Ra + dau,
1.7 times by 40
K, 3.4 times by 235
U, twofold increase in activity by 214
Bi,
and 14 times by 232
Th.
In active periods of a daily cycle radiation peaks were recorded
additionally by several radionuclides. In the process of discussions it was
recommended not to publish the data in scientific papers for several
reasons. There were two fundamental reasons: the first one was that at the
same period of time radiation by 40
K of some other radionuclide was
recorded. This measurement is considered to be doubtful, because
potassium has powerful radiation, and it is difficult to observe any
radiation of lower power at the background of potassium. The second
reason was as follows: in the reports the spectrometer delivered data on a
certain peak of radiation, but this peak was not observed by direct viewing.
Within this paper the obtained statistics of radiation peaks will be
presented, the possibility of existence of human radiation peaks will be
substantiated and proved.
The following human radiation peaks are observed during the active
periods of a daily cycle:
0030
– 00
50 peak identified by
227Th.
18
0055
– 01
15 peaks identified by
227Th,
211Bi.
0130
– 01
50 peak identified by
234Ра.
1115
– 11
50 peak identified by
211Bi.
1900
– 19
20 peaks identified by
212Pb,
40K.
1920
– 19
40 peaks identified by
211Bi,
40K.
1940
–2000
peaks identified by 212
Pb, 40
K.
2030
– 20
50 peak identified by
40K.
2115
– 21
35 peak identified by
212Pb.
2200
– 22
30 peaks identified by
212Pb,
40K.
2230
– 23
00 peaks identified by
227Th,
212Pb.
What reasonable evidences can be produced that there are human
radiation peaks? Using state-of-the-art equipment, such as a solid-state
gamma-emission detector of Canberra Industries, Inc (USA) GC10021 No
b08108, fitted with pulse analyzer DSA-1000 No 00000699 and software
Genie-2000 (V3.2.1), and measurement conditions, such as a shielded
room for human radiation spectrometry (HRS), the following results were
obtained. Concurrently with radiation by 40
K, radiation peaks were
recorded by other less powerful energies.
By 40
К (1460 keV), there is an increase from 1.727 × 103 Bq to 6.031
× 103
Bq and from 1.840 × 103
Bq to 5.067 × 103
Bq. Net peak area
increased concurrently.
Changes in the net peak area by 1460 keV
Before After Error margin
31 51.3 ± 6.91
35 96.3 ± 6.97
19
Error margins are equal to 1.000 mean square deviation.
By energy 157.49 keV, from 0.00 keV to 157.49 keV. The peak was
not identified. At the same time net peak area is increased.
Changes in the net peak area by 157.49 keV[19].
Before After Error margin
0 10 ± 6.09
Error margins are equal to 1.000 mean square deviation.
Results of the aforesaid experiment make it possible to say that with
the help of modern equipment energy emission by powerful 40
K and low
power radiation of other radionuclide can be concurrently recorded and
measured.
During preclinical observations over average temperature of human
body the following result was obtained: upon administration of the
substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H) average body temperature range of the
human reduced by 0.1 – 0.2º С [20]. The same result was obtained for 12
months during observations over mammals (mice). “Rectal temperature
measurement showed that the temperature was reliably reduced in the
group that received the preparation, as compared to the same in a control
group (37.4±0.08 and 37.6±0.06ºC, respectively, p<0.01), which can
certify decrease in standard metabolism influenced by the preparation.
[21].
It is available from the existing knowledge that the only way to
reduce temperature range without damage to physiology is using own
electromagnetic radiation. This fact has been known in geochemistry and
astrophysics for a long time. We will return to this issue on further pages
of this paper.
Investigations of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H) demonstrated
that by taking the substance a human, first of all, maintains his ability to be
a source of an electromagnetic wave, which is in turn the reason for
temperature reduction. The fact of temperature reduction is important in
any manifestation of life, especially in biological objects. To create order
in the world of chaos a phenomenon of life must have an anti-entropy
process. A lively description of the anti-entropy process as applied to
20
biology was given by biophysicist Blyumenfeld L.A.: “Almost in every
book devoted to theoretical biology and biophysics words can be found
about amazing orderliness of biological structures at all levels, from
macromolecules to a human. …. Physics has only one value at its disposal,
which characterizes the level of orderliness, entropy,… according to
physical criteria any biological system is as much ordered as a piece of
rock of the same weight”. The sensation of a special orderliness pertinent
to biological structures is underlain by the fact that the information
contained in a living matter has “meaning”, i.e. a special so called
“meaningful” orderliness is peculiar to these structures” [22].
The above experiment data demonstrate how biological objects are
cooled by their own electromagnetic radiation. However, experiments are
only a fragment of life. In ordinary life a human switches on his own
cooling system, in the form of his own electromagnetic radiation, five
times a day. Human energy emission in the form of electromagnetic
radiation mostly belongs to the energy range of 10 keV to 1.5 MeV. Some
part of human radiation ranges within 10 keV – 500 keV. If a formula is
applied where relation between mass and energy exists, as expressed by
Einstein’s formula E = mc2, then only this energy range is needed so that
the mass of particles radiated by a human was less than mass of the
electron.
This theoretical study was proved by experiments.
The following dynamics was observed when measuring human
radiations in shielded Human Radiation Spectrometry (HRS) chambers by
nuclear spectrometry methods for practically healthy people upon
administration of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H).
Table No. 3.
No. nuclide reliability activity model dynamics ∆
1 134
Cz 9,9 M,
70 kg.
increase of
activity
19,9
(Bq) 29,8
2 137
Cz 89,6 M,
70 kg.
reduction
of activity
16,2
(Bq) 73,4
3 40
К 3001 M,
70 kg.
increase
473
( Bq ) 3474
21
(8´, 12´ - there is a reliable peak in the spectrogram, but it is not included
into the report).
By reference to the data obtained, the calculation was based on
energy 157.49 keV, mathematical calculation was performed in
accordance with the formula where a relation exists between mass and
energy, E = mc2.
The following data were obtained.
As a result of observations in controllable conditions of the
experiment, particles were recorded which characterize the fact of human
electromagnetic radiation.
Wave length of the particles – 7.87008 × 10-3
(nm);
Wave frequency – 3.808×1019
(Hz);
Mass of the particle – 2.809247 × 10-31
(kg)
Mass of the particles is 3.25 times less than mass of the electron.
Even with the assumed error margin of ± 45.78 (mean-square error) for the
measurement, mass of the recorded particles will be mparticle ≤ me [23].
4 40
К 0,95 2168 M,
70 kg.
increase
775
(Bq) 0,89 2943
5 Ra 1,00 157,2 M,
70 kg.
reduction
157,2
(Bq) 0
6 40
К 0,92 1727 F,
58 kg.
increase
4304
(Bq) 0,92 6031
7 not identified
0 F,
70 kg.
increase
157,49
(keV) 157,49
8 not identified
0 F,
58 kg.
increase
157,49
(keV) 157,49
9 40
К 1,00 1630 F,
52 kg.
increase
1072
(Bq) 2702
10 not identified
0 F,
52 kg.
increase
114,38
(keV) 114,38
11 40
К 1,00 1840 F,
58 kg.
increase
3227
(Bq) 5067
12´ not identified
0 F,
58 kg.
increase
157,49
(keV) 157,49
22
These are the particles that cool human organism and, in the first
instance, human brain structure. The obtained experiment data prove again
the well-grounded statement that a living human must radiate, and
radiation peaks must be present in his daily cycle.
The data received make it possible to touch upon another important
subject. By now, the processes of gamma radiation interacting with a
matter have been investigated almost throughout the energy range. As a
matter of practice, a part of human radiation is within the range of 10 keV
– 500 keV. There emerges the need to formulate the working hypothesis,
that the energy range 10 keV – 500 keV serves as the energy range where
gamma radiation interacts with biological life.
The very fact of human radiation by energy 40
К is of great interest.
This is a powerful energy related to human cardiac muscle, it is used,
however, not for cooling a human organism but for other purpose. A heart,
even segregated from a body, continues generating electrical pulses, as a
result of which the heart spontaneously contracts, provided that it is
supplied with sufficient quantities of potassium and oxygen. At the
beginning of investigations in the delivery room and observations over
pregnant women, there existed a working hypothesis that should we record
any events in this period of human life, this would be radiation by
potassium. Because the work of a myocardium of an adult consumes 70%
of the total potassium contained in the organism. However, nothing of that
kind was observed as a result of the work. Radiation by 40
К was absent,
both with pregnant women in their late gestational age, and at the moment
of delivery, increase in 40
К activity was noticed only in the beginning of
early postnatal supervision, 2 – 10 minutes after the delivery. Another
unique feature of a human heart was manifested there.
A heart of a fetus presents two communicating vessels, there is an
interatrial foramen in the interatrial septum between right and left atriums,
and blood can overflow unrestricted. After a child makes his first breath,
the following happens: the interatrial foramen in the interatrial septum
stops functioning and obliterates (overgrows). It should be noted thereby
that the diameter of interatrial foramen is 4.5 – 19 mm.
Should umbilical cord not be cut immediately upon delivery, in 5 –
10 minutes the glossing pulsing cord stops pulsing, which certifies that the
interatrial foramen in the interatrial septum has overgrown, and the heart
23
has turned into a pump system from the communicating vessels system.
This is an unexplainable phenomenon of such human organ as a heart. A
hole made by a needle, 1 mm in diameter, is painful and needs some time
to overgrow. While in the process of delivery we deal with the fact of
overgrowing of a large hole in a heart for a short period of time. After his
first breath a child enters the life. His heart is a powerful four-chamber
pump, which needs potassium, and exactly 2 – 10 minutes after delivery,
when the heart has been formed, activity by potassium is recorded.
The fact that a heart is a unique organ that generates “ether vital gas”
[24] was predicted by Newton I. At the rise of discovery of radioactivity, a
synonym for radioactive disintegration was effusion of an unknown gas
from material bodies. Intuition and wisdom of Newton I. can be admired
for many centuries. In the 21st century we record the phenomenon in the
process of experiments by methods of nuclear spectrometry.
The fact that a human radiate particles with mass less than mass of
the electron was predicted by Kobozev N.I., professor of Moscow
University named after M.V. Lomonosov, head of the catalysis laboratory.
Kobozev N.I. not only predicted such particles but also performed a
theoretical calculation of the physical parameters of “x – gas”, which must
be present in a human organism for the purpose of entropy reduction and,
in the first instance, for the reduction of brain entropy [25]. The particles
predicted by Kobozev N.I. are the consequence of human energy emission
in the gamma radiation spectrum in the energy range of 10 keV – 500 keV.
The information given above allows proving sustainably the
possibility of existence of human radiation peaks by a number of
radionuclides in a daily cycle and in the process of life.
The fact that a human radiates in gamma quantum spectrum, and this
is the means for him to switch on his own cooling system, adequately
correlates with the known laws of physics. Astrophysical objects, such as
stars, use exactly the same method for cooling. Astrophysical objects cool
their surface by means of photon radiation.
The obtained experimental data give rise to conservative optimism
among professional nuclear physicists. The experiment conditions are
really difficult, it is impossible to conduct investigations by method of
decomposition. A human is never in a state of rest: when generating a
spectrogram a potassium pump is continuously working in the cardiac
contraction act, there is a gas formation process in the gastrointestinal tract
24
with vermicular movements, lungs perform breathing in and out, thus
changing gas composition of a human, his weight and internal pressure.
Measurement geometry changes. All people have their own individual
features, not only on the external level, but on the internal level, where
there are even more of them.
In the process of the research, some specific features of the
equipment were noticed that affect reliability of measurements. Among the
variety of spectrometers and sensors offered by manufactures, only a few
are suitable for human radiation spectrometry, and only upon certain
settings.
In spite of healthy scepticism in respect of the measurements, it
should be noted that such investigations have been conducted for the first
time in observable history.
Part Four
Having considered, from the point of view of nuclear interactions
and transformations, such stages of human life as fetus formation,
delivery, first breath, postnatal supervision and daily cycle, it is reasonable
to consider subsequent stages of human life, as age qualification in
correlation with energy emissions in the gamma radiation spectrum.
Picture No. 4.
Human gamma radiation in correlation with the age qualification.
The vertical axis is μSv/h.
The horizontal axis is the age.
The blue column symbolizes the human radiation.
The red column symbolized the calibrated background level in the
room.
25
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
4 - 14 лет 18 - 26 лет 34 - 40 лет 45 - 50 лет 65 - 78 лет
излучение человека
контроль
It is clearly demonstrated that the older a person the lower his own
gamma radiation power is. Reduction of human energy emission in the
gamma radiation spectrum is concurrent with the process of human bone
tissue decomposition. In spite of its relative stability, bone tissue of a
human changes in time by losing its density and mass. In women and men
this process starts after the age of 30. In men the rate of bone mass loss is
0.3 – 0.5% per year. In women is it 0.7 – 1.3% per year before a
menopause, up to 2 – 3% per year during a menopause, and then the
average rate of bone mass loss in women is 1% per year.
Figure No. 5. General ratio (in %) between the bone formation
marker and bone tissue disintegration marker depending on the age.
The horizontal axis shows the man’s age in years.
The vertical axis shows the percentage.
The green color shows the bone formation marker.
The red color shows the bone tissue disintegration marker. [26].
26
Human bone tissue reduces its density with the age, then it loses such
properties as elasticity and plasticity, and in the worst cases we can see
deformation. In life of a human, bone tissue is not only a place where the
bulk of inorganic compounds are concentrated, but also the principal
deposition of natural radionuclides. It is known from literary sources that
radionuclides form transportable (soluble) compounds and non-
transportable (insoluble) compounds in the inner medium of a human
organism. The organs of primary deposition of the transportable
compounds, which are removed from an organism with the urine, belong
to human skeletal system in 90% of the cases. The remaining non-
transportable compounds are deposited in the upper respiratory tract in
99% of the cases [27].
It is known from the conducted experiments and observations that
human natural radioactivity is manifested five times a day, and that it is
characterized by gamma radiation increase by several natural
radionuclides. Therefore, in the skeleton system, where 90% of the natural
radionuclides contained in a human body are distributed, a low energy
nuclear reaction occurs. The skeleton system not only acts as a deposition
of natural radioisotopes, but it is also a low energy nuclear reactor. In
addition, the skeleton system functions as a shell of a human nuclear
reactor. This is the main reason for losing elasticity, plasticity, and for
deformation of human skeleton system in time.
27
This fact has been known for a long time, many studies have been
performed. Experts in nuclear physics who deal with the development and
operation of nuclear reactors are aware of the radiation-related
embrittlement of a reactor shell caused by radiation exposure. “Under
radiation, millimicro deposits, 1-2 nm in size, are formed in reactor shell
materials: with Cu content over 0.1% Cu-enriched precipitates are formed,
with Cu content less than 0.1% Mn-Ni-Si precipitates are formed, which
may contain Cu and Р atoms” [28]. “An increment in yield point has linear
dependence on density of the precipitates. Manganese, nickel, silicium,
phosphorus and copper are the chemical elements that can have a
considerable effect on the processes that take place in reactor shell
materials under radiation” [29]. “A fundamental difference between the
principles of Cu-enriched and Mn-Ni-Si precipitates formation and
evolution is that Cu-enriched precipitates are distinguished by high density
precipitate formation at very low doses, whereas for Mn-Ni-Si precipitates
gradual increase in density with the dose accumulation is typical” [30].
Similar phenomenon is observed in a human. With the course of time
the accumulated radiation dose increases in a human, his own radiation is
supplemented by the dose load received from space rays and Earth crust
radioactivity. A human depletes concentration of inorganic elements
steadily and continuously. A time-proved method to determine age of a
human is a follows: with the increase of years, apart from misbalance of
hormones, reduction of vitamins B6, B12, С (except for vitamin А), there is
a reduction of inorganic compounds, namely, serum calcium, serum
ferrum, serum phosphorus, serum zinc, serum selenium [31]. There is a
difference between the lists of chemical elements that are removed by a
human and a nuclear reactor with the course of time, but the confirmed
fact itself is caused by the same event, radiation exposure. This
observation proves once again that low energy nuclear reactions take place
in human bone tissue. Human bone tissue itself serves as a deposition for
natural radionuclides, functions as a human reactor shell, and performs one
more important function: it is at the same time a deposition of many
inorganic compounds which are transformed into necessary radionuclides
for a human body, influenced by human radiation. With the course of time
human bone tissue loses its plasticity and becomes brittle, the same effect
is observed in the material of a nuclear reactor shell, and it received the
name embrittlement.
28
Reduction of bone tissue mass as a result of low energy nuclear
reaction is consistent with known laws. “Energy emission in nuclear
processes requires that nuclei turned into new nuclei with the total mass of
the substance reduced” [32]. The fact of human electromagnetic radiation
recorded at the moment of the first breath is transformed with the course of
time. With advancing age there is a relative reduction in energy bursts, this
process is simultaneous with transformation of bone tissue and reduction
of its mass and density. This observation is conforming with a common
physical law. Any astrophysical object, which has the possibility to be a
source of an electromagnetic, wave behaves the same way. “The
disappearing energy (and mass) is carried away in a form of star radiation”
[33].
As at the end of the 20th
century, according to literary sources, bone
tissue looked like as follows: “Bones perform several important functions
in the organism: protection from injuries, movement and creation of a
calcium depository [34]. Inorganic substances of bone tissue, which make
up 21.85%, correlate as follows: calcium salts (87%), magnesium
phosphate (2%), calcium carbonate (10%), calcium fluoride, sodium
carbonate, carbon dioxide and sodium chloride (1%).
Today the information has changed dramatically. Bone tissue
composition is declared as follows: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen,
fluorine, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, selenium, phosphorus, sulphur,
chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, strontium, lead.
Also, as at the end of the 20th
century composition of a human tooth
was as follows: H, C, O, N, F, Mg, P, Ca.
However, contemporary analysis conducted by high resolution mass
spectrometry with sample ionization in inductively coupled plasma
provided the following result. Tooth samples were determined to contain
such elements as Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,
Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs,
Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W,
Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U, 62 elements in total [35].
There is nothing extraordinary that by now the well-known functions
of bone tissue have been supplemented by one more function, namely,
being a low energy nuclear reactor with a fuel reserve.
Part Five
29
Having touched upon the issue that human bone tissue is not only the
principal deposition of natural radionuclides and inorganic compounds, but
also functions as a shell of a human low energy nuclear reactor, we should
pay attention of a radionuclide transformation in a human body. Under the
experiment conditions transformation of radionuclides was to be recorded
in the form of emerging of new isotopes and nuclear isomerism. Emerging
of isotopes and isomers is a consequence of a nuclear reaction. It is
important to understand thereby that consequences of the nuclear isomeric
transitions are not similar to the processes of classic chemistry, but they
still influence the chemical processes that occur at the molecular level.
The experiment was conducted on the basis of the substance “Star
Dust” (SSH&H), which main effect is, as shown by research scientific
work, maintaining human radioactivity at an adequate level and
replenishment of inorganic elements in the form of special composition of
stable isotopes.
Two groups of volunteers took part in the experiment: the first group
were people who did not take the substance before the experiment or those
who had taken the substance up to 24 months; the second group were
people who had been taking the substance for 24 months by the moment of
experiment. The events that have been earlier described in this paper,
increase in activity by 40
K (Table No. 3), were recorded in the first group.
Peculiarities were observed in the second group of people who had
replenished their energy potential and balance of inorganic elements in the
group of stable isotopes for the 24 months. The results that were obtained
initially could not be considered validly significant. The recorded activity
was below the error margin. Thereby, the increase in activity by 40
K that
had been observed before was absent.
In the process of discussion the decision was taken to perform the
experiment in a multifactor pattern, i.e. with the same measurement
conditions and different radiation sources: air in the human radiation
spectrometry chamber, the substance, a human in control group, a human
in experiment group, a break in measurements, second measurement of the
human, and the entire experiment is conducted without changing the
measurement conditions. A human rests between the measurements not
leaving the chamber (HRS), doors of the chamber are closed.
The multiplex nature of the experiment was preserved thus making it
possible to evaluate activity of radionuclides at a high reliability level. It is
30
statictically valid that throughout the experiment there were only a human
and a detector in the chamber (HRS), no external effects and exposures.
Detectors of Canberra Industries, Inc (USA) GC10021 No b08108
were used, fitted with pulse analyzer DSA-1000 No 00000699 and
software Genie-2000 (V3.2.1), certified in accordance with ISO-9001.
Table No. 4.
The results obtained.
Nuclide Activity in
HRS
chamber air
Activity in
the
substance
Activity in
a human
(control)
Activity in a
human
(experiment)
Activity in a human
(experiment)
in 15 min. 40
K 0.2961 Bq 1941.0 Bq 1978.0 Bq 2016.0 Bq 125
Хе 0.0161 Bq 1.32 Bq 139
Се 0.0388 Bq 7.993 Bq 141
Се 0.061 Bq 251
Es 11.06 Bq 75
Se 1.898 Bq 123
Sn 9.057 Bq 139
Ba
37.78 Bq 232
Th
6358.0 Bq 4752.0 Bq 95
Nb-m
1.883 Bq 99
Tc-m
4.858 Bq 57
Со
6.016 Bq 153
Gd
14.73 Bq 12.46 Bq 18
F
4.204 Bq 153
Sm
25.76 Bq 235
U
9.019 Bq 131
Хе-m
180.6 Bq 51
Сr
46.64 Bq 156
Er
347.0 Bq 135
Хе
7.379 Bq 125
Те-m
2325.0 Bq 226
Th
152.7 Bq 118
Хе
7.508 Bq 111
In
2.876 Bq 47
Sc
8.243 Bq 90
Mo
4.05 Bq 226
Ra
174.7 Bq 97
Tc-m
1330.0 Bq
31
From the above data, emergence of isotopes and isomeric transitions
are observed. There is a substance transformation. The substance is
transformed from one type into another, because radioactive
decomposition finally influences changes in the substance molecular
properties. There can be only one reason for the emergence of isotopes
and isomeric transitions – a nuclear reaction. The experiment that was
carried out proves once again the possibility of implementation of a low
energy reaction in a human body. The obtained data fit well into the
frames of common laws. In astrophysics, the process of formation of
elements is called nucleosynthesis in stars. A star that radiates due to
nuclear energy emission evolves slowly as its chemical composition
changes. The novelty of the carried out experiment is that nucleosynthesis
is observed in a human as well, which process results in changing
percentage of the chemical composition of a human, as confirmed by
biological and medical investigations. Whereas the novelty is that as a
result of nuclear reactions isotope composition of chemical elements in a
human changes. This is a new phenomenon, and it requires further
investigations. If the history of discovery of isomerism is concerned, the
very fact of existence of isomers raised cautious attitude as at the moment
of the discovery.
Speaking of such new phenomenon as isomerism of radioactive
nuclei, it was hard even to imagine in the 30-s of the 20th
century that the
observed phenomenon would become a confirmed scientific fact.
“Nowadays it is hard to believe that “isomeric” atomic nuclei do exist, i.e.
the nuclei that possess different radioactive properties at equal atomic
weight and atomic number” [36]. The first investigations and the first
classification of radioactive isomers were developed by Kurchatov B.V.,
Kurchatov I.V., Mysovskiy L.V. and Rusinov L.I. “Ideas of Kurchatov
I.V. about existence of a new class of nuclei – nuclear isomers – received
convincing evidences in subsequent years”[37].
Part Six
Having considered on pages of this paper fragments of human life in
correlation between physiology and nuclei interaction, we can stop at the
concluding stage of the life journey. In average, before the age of 23 – 25 a
human is confident about his health, bone formation marker prevails over
bone tissue disintegration marker, natural radionuclides are located in a
32
nicely formed bone tissue which in addition to well-known functions
performs the function of a shell of a human low energy nuclear reactor. A
body is well cooled due to its own radiation. After the age of 23 – 25
growth of the bone tissue stops, there is a latent process of human body
ageing, the mass of bone tissue formation is relatively balanced with the
mass of bone tissue disintegration, after the age of 40 the bone tissue
regress increases.
Human energy emission in the gamma quantum spectrum reduces,
the organism is cooled worse than it used to be. Human brain structure
suffers in the first place, because intracranial space is quite an enclosed
area of a human body. In the first instance slight heating of the intracranial
space influences endocrine glands located in the brain, mass of pituitary
gland, hypothalamus and pineal body is within 0.2 – 5 grams. Increase in
the temperature range even by tenths of a degree is critical for these
endocrine glands. There appears a malfunction in the work of the
endocrine glands. The result of malfunctioning of pituitary gland,
hypothalamus and pineal body is changing blood hormonal profile with
hormone misbalance. The process of ageing speeds up. The organism is
heated, physically, for there is no heat removal. Power of human
electromagnetic radiation reduces, because density and elasticity of the
bone tissue has been reduced, walls of a human low energy nuclear reactor
cannot sustain the loads that they used to sustain in the age of 25.
Concurrently, the quantity of inorganic elements contained in the bone
tissue is reduced steadily, and they are the strategic reserve for maintaining
the low energy nuclear reaction. The human reactor dies out, the energy
leaves, and life goes away with the energy.
The more there were knowledge and information on human
physiology and processes of ageing from the point of view of biology and
chemistry, the poorer was understanding of the process of triggering the
ageing mechanism. By the end of the 20th
century a cautious conclusion
was made: “It was supposed that in the course of life something is lost,
changed and results in ageing. Aristotle calls it “natural heat”, and
beginning from the 18th
century it was “vital force”, “vital reserve” (O.
Bütschli), “creative energy” (E. Pflüger) etc. In all the cases what is meant
is a nonmaterial origin which concentrates the main engine of life inside”
[38].
33
It is not surprising that biophysical investigations of the 21st century
confirmed hypotheses and postulations of talented scientists of the
previous generations. Energy is the nonmaterial world. As soon as energy
leaves a human, material biological life stops.
Figure No. 6. Spectrogram of life of an average human at natural air
radioactivity.
Figure No. 7. Spectrogram of the last breathing-in at natural air
radioactivity.
34
If compared, the two above spectrograms are different. The life
spectrogram uses the energy spectrum from 10 keV to 1.5 MeV with
various number of events throughout the scale. The last breath
spectrogram demonstrates flattering the various number of events
throughout the scale. The observation allows for a suggestion that energy
leaves a person [39].
Since gamma radiation and visible light have the same nature – this
is an electromagnetic wave, agitation of an electromagnetic field, – by
applying a wording “to glow” to a human in the gamma quantum spectrum
it is possible to produce a visual sequence of a human daily cycle
depending on the power of his own radiation.
TIME
Initial figure was taken for further processing at http://v-garmonii-s-
soboi.ru
35
The above material concerning human energy, which is a
consequence of radioactive disintegration of natural radionuclides
contained in a human body, and influence of the energy on human life
cycle, is complementary to the known laws of astrophysics.
Below is the visual sequence of the Sun, as the nearest star.
The figure was taken from http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Звезднаяэволюция
Evolution of a star is changing physical parameters of the star with
the course of time, as a result of nuclear reactions that result in radiation
and mass loss. The same events occur in a human body. All the results
obtained during the scientific research on nuclear interactions that take
place in a human and on their effect on physical, chemical and biological
criteria of human life, always remained within the frames of common
knowledge and laws.
Part Seven
The conducted research made it possible to divide biological,
chemical, physiological, medical knowledge about a human into two eras.
Era of prenuclear human physiology, which did not take into account
interactions among the nuclei that compose molecules that make up a
human body, and era of nuclear human physiology, where the nuclear
interactions that occur in a human are considered. When the line of the
research was shifted from what is visible but transient, like molecular
36
transformations of a substance, to what if invisible but almost perpetual,
like an electromagnetic wave and energy, a question was opened in the
discussions. Is there a fact of scientific discovery?
It was found out upon analysis of literary sources that the was no
scientific discovery. The fact of radioactivity influence on human
radiology has been known for a long time. Radioactivity was referred to
the human life phenomenon and essential condition for life. The source
dated 610 – 632 AD provides a description of what a human is “made of”:
“created you of dust, then of a drop, then made you with vapors” [40].
Correctness of the translation (Arabic-Russian) raises no doubts, because
the translation is made by Russian arabist RAS academician Krachkovskiy
I.Y. This very translation is considered to be academical due to its high
scientific value.
Dust in direct and figurative senses means a set of inorganic
elements, a drop means water which makes up over 60% of a human
weight, vapors mean radioactivity. There is such an obsolete term in
physics as emanation, meaning emission of rays by radioactive substances,
a result of the emission, a gaseous product of radioactive substance
disintegration. Emanation is material something that is emitted from active
preparations of thorium and radium [41]. On the other hand, gaseous state
of a substance in conditions where the gaseous phase can be in balance
with liquid and solid phases of the same substance, is known to be called
vapor. These are the grounds for referring saturation of a human with
vapor to saturation with radioactivity.
An important issue is explanation of the interaction of living
organism energetics and biochemistry by a logical and consistent
observation, namely, by the phenomenon of human organism natural
inherent radioactivity.
With advancing age changes occur not only in accumulation and
distribution of chemical elements in an organism, but also in isotopic
composition of chemical elements. If a human received an initial pulse
from the Highly Organized Energy Medium in the first seconds of his life,
mechanisms of biochemical reactions are then triggered to maintain the
pulse in force. The main participant of the process is the entire reserve of
inorganic compounds distributed in a human body. Due to his own
radioactivity a human exposes to radiation and activates his own inorganic
compounds, in the result of this reaction new isotopes and isomeric
37
transitions appear. That is why a low energy reaction occurs in a human
five times a day, with energy emission and redistribution. With the
increase of years isotope composition of a human changes, and his own
radioactive component reduces concurrently. Radioactive component of a
human reduces due to removal of natural radionuclides, which are
removed from a human as his bone tissue is disintegrated. Concurrently
with reduction of human radioactivity his isotope composition changes,
isomeric transitions do not appear. As a result energy emission decreases,
there is an actual reduction of his own radioactive component. Human
radioactivity in a form of radioactive disintegration chain has not been
considered for a long time. In fact, there have been no means for
measuring this effect for a long time. Radioactivity cannot be seen, heard
or weighed on scales. Instrumental methods appeared in the 20th
century,
along with the development of nuclear industry, and were improved for a
long time to make it possible to prove the postulates of the 7th
century in
the beginning of the 21st century.
Research on changes in human isotopic composition with advancing
age have not been conducted for a long period of time, nowadays such
research is not a public issue, therefore literary sources are limited in
number.
Part Eight
The obtained results of investigations in human nuclear physiology
have neither ever exceeded the limits of common laws nor introduced any
inconsistency into the fields of science touched upon by the researchers.
Similarity of the phenomena which occur in a human and in astrophysical
objects makes it possible to apply estimated characteristics assumed in
astrophysics to a human, in the theoretical aspect of the issue.
Presently, several formulas are used to calculate the life-span of a
star located in the main sequence.
Star radiation energy for a time interval is known to be expressed by
the formula.
Е = L × t, where
Е is star radiation energy for time t;
Therefore, t = E / L.
L is luminance (total electromagnetic radiation of a star per a time
unit);
38
On the other hand, it is known that Е = m × c2;
L = δ × T4 × 4πR
2, where
δ is Stefan-Boltzmann constant;
R is radius;
Т is effective temperature (in other sources – surface temperature).
Therefore:
t = mc2 / δ × T
4 × 4πR
2.
It is seen from the formula that life-span of a star in the main
sequence depends on two factors: mass of the star and effective
temperature. Ideally, the higher mass and the lower effective temperature,
the longer is the star’s life. Otherwise, increase in mass or reduction in
temperature results in extension of a star’s life.
The observations that are derived from the formula adequately
correlate with the results that were obtained in investigations of the
substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H). Taking the substance by a human
reduces average body temperature, replenishes the mass of human
inorganic compounds by stable isotope series group within the first year,
and increases the said mass within the second year of administration. This
is an ideal variant for extending a life-span, both for a human and for a
star.
When a human is considered from the point of view of such a
physical value as a mass, only mass of inorganic substances is considered
in all cases. Water makes up 60% of a human, but for known physical
reasons water does not participate directly in the low energy nuclear
reactions that occur in a human. When considering the stable isotope
series, one should be aware that it is not a set of chemical elements but a
series of isotopes of chemical elements.
According to the opinion of experts of the Chandra X-Ray
Observatory space telescope (Massachusetts, US): “the laws governing
universes and galaxies are valid on the Earth as well” [42].
Observations over a human, based on experimental data, make it
possible to suppose that the low energy nuclear reactions which occur in a
human are attributed to weak interactions. “Weak interactions are most
poorly explored. They have such a short action radius, and they are so
weak, that, obviously, they do not play any part in formation of any bound
states of the particles. They are rather expressed in certain types of
collisions, or in the disintegration processes which for some reasons
39
cannot go on through strong electromagnetic or gravitational interactions.
Still, weak interactions are relevant for the humankind life. Due to them
the first step is made in a cycle of thermonuclear reactions on the Sun, the
step where two protons are fused together to form a deuteron, antielectron
and neutron, positron and neutron” [43].
On the other hand, it is known that “interactions may have a
calibration nature, however in this case they must certainly stay within a
single group that unites them. It seems likely that such an assumption
implies existence of a new, very weak interaction that results in
disintegration of protons, and thus the entire matter happens to be
internally instable, for we can observe its disintegration” [44].
Weak interactions are directly related to the baryon number, the
baryon number is preserved with all the interactions within a standard
model. Only a recorded disintegration of proton can violate the baryon
number conservation law, which would be a proof for the hypothesis of the
grand unification theory. The hypothesis will take the place of a scientific
fact. “What will we learn if disintegration of a proton is found? Naturally,
a conclusion will be made forthwith that the baryon number is not
conserved, and this will be a support for the growing confidence that all
the conserved values, like an electric charge, have a dynamical meaning.
Further, if disintegration of a proton is found in the nearest future, its life-
span will range within 1030
to 1033
years, and this will provide another
evidence for the general assumptions concerning the unity of strong and
electroweak interactions” [45].
It can be supposed in the working hypothesis that by investigating
weak interactions in human the theory of theory grand unification can be
proved. For the 114 years since the moment of discovery of gamma
radiation almost the whole energy range has been investigated wherein
gamma radiation interacts with substance. The research conducted
provided the data that partly within the range of 10 keV – 500 keV gamma
radiation interacts with biological life and, in particular, with a human. In
investigations the scientific thought pushes far and high, however we
should probably look at nearby.
“…The idea of the grand unification is certainly very attractive and
promising. There are several indications to the fact that the grand
unification is really implemented in nature” [46]. The law must be simple
and comprehensive.
40
Integration of forces within the grand unification theory and
influence of the law on the surrounding world was clearly and vividly
noticed by American astrophysician, Nobel prizewinner in physics for the
discovery of space cosmic microwave radiation professor Penzias A.A.:
“If the Creator created the Universe, He would do that gracefully. If the
Creator is truly omnificent, than quite naturally we will not see any signs
of His interference into creation. He does not need to fuss all the time like
Frank Morgan in “The Wizard of Oz” in order to maintain the Universe in
working condition. … in some sense, the power of creation is simplicity”
[47].
Part Nine
The conducted investigations and obtained results raised the topical
question about whether radioactivity is a random phenomenon in life or
not. It follows from the common knowledge and facts that radioactivity
cannot be influenced on. It is independent from Earth conditions. If cyclic
recurrence could be registered in the phenomenon of radioactivity, and if
conditions could be determined for repeatability of the cyclic recurrence,
then we would be able to forecast that the phenomenon of radioactivity is
of non-random nature. Theoretically, there cannot be any cyclic
recurrence, a life period is an internal feature of an isotope that cannot be
influenced in natural conditions.
What data can be brought for the discussion? There is information in
literary sources that in 1998 results of a fifteen-year experiment were
published, which was performed in the facilities of German National
Metrological Laboratory. In the course of experiment periodic oscillations
in the disintegration rate of isotope 226
Ra were noticed (with a period of
one year). Unfortunately, the research team was unable to get familiar with
the publication.
In 1986 experts from Brookhaven National Laboratory of the USA
performed precise measurements of the half-period of isotope 32
Si.
The obtained data were coordinated with each other: the measured
value of the half-period proved to be equal to 172 years and coincided with
previous estimations. The experiment that lasted for four years provided
additional information: atoms were most frequently disintegrated in
February and less frequently in August. Unfortunately, the research team
was again unable to get familiarized with the publication. An assumption
41
should made that inability to get familiarized with the publication means
only impossibility to give a reference thereto.
In 2005 – 2011 in the course of weekly calibrations of the tools used
for radiation safety control in the operation of a research reactor of Ohio
University, additional data were received. Isotope 36
Cl was used for the
calibration.
The observations made by experts of Nuclear Engineering School
and Department of Physics of Purdue University in cooperation with
colleagues from Ohio University research reactor staff and Space Science
and Astrophysics Center of Stanford University were as follows: in an
annual cycle, maximum relative count rate is observed in January,
February, and minimum relative count rate is observed in July, August, for
seven years in a row, in the period from July 2005 to June 2011 [48]. From
the moment of discovery of radioactivity in 1896, 118 years and only three
experiments have passed.
But it turned out that similar experiments were extensively conducted
in the Russian physical school, in the biophysical investigations sector.
Most part of such investigations was initiated and managed by head
of physical biochemistry laboratory of the RAS Institute of Theoretical and
Experimental Biophysics (Pushchino), Doctor of Biology, Shnol S.E.
Interesting results were obtained. Relevant statistics was collected in the
period from 1978 to 2007, experiments were conducted on a series of
isotopes.
“Measurement of 137
Cz beta gamma radioactivity in Dubna and
Troitsk (Baurov Y.A. and colleagues).
Measurement of 3Н and
14С beta gamma radioactivity using
independent automatic instruments. (Bruskov V.I., Sungurov A.Y., Razhin
V.D., Ivanchenko Y.G. 1979 – 1983)
Measurements of 239
Pu alpha activity performed at MEPhI.
(Khokhlov N.B., Sharapov M.P. 1982 – 1983)
Radioactivity of different isotopes of 239
Pu, 238
Pu, 226
Ra, 218
Po, 214
Po, 14
C, 60
Co, 55
Fe, 3H etc. (Zvereva I.M., Kolombet V.A., Zenchenko K.I.
1995 – 2000)” [49].
The conducted experiments demonstrated cyclicity and simultaneity
of radioactive emission, because part of experiments was conducted
concurrently in different geographical coordinates.
42
“226
Ra, 222
Rn, 218
Po, 214
Po, 210
Po is a radioactive family of 226
Ra. In
principle, every member of the family disintegrates independently of and
non-concordantly with the others. Nevertheless, the shape of the
histograms built according to the results of the measurements of 218
Po and 214
Po alpha activity made by I.M. Zvereva (Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear
Physics, Moscow State University) using a counter with amplitude
analyzer, changes simultaneously. One measurement per 1.8 seconds. Each
of the histograms is build according to the results of fifty measurements”
[50].
“Similar result was received when comparing single-hour histograms
build according to the results of measurements of 137
Cz gamma (beta)
activity in Dubna and 239
Pu alpha activity in Pushchino. In this case local
time in the two geographical points is almost the same” [51]. “Thus, the
conclusion can be considered proved, that was made during the research in
the 70-80-s: fluctuation amplitude spectrum, shape of corresponding
histograms are similar for measurements made in different geographical
points at the same local time, and change simultaneously by local time in
the processes of different nature. This simultaneity was proved when
comparing the rate of alpha and beta disintegrations, dark noises of
photoelectron multipliers, alpha disintegration and intensiveness of the
neutron current” [52].
One more additional property of radioactive disintegration was
observed: “Thus, the regularities of changing of the histogram shape
depend, in fact, only on the direction in which alpha particles fly out of the
nucleus during radioactive disintegration. Measurements in two variants of
experiment differ only with the collimator direction in space” [53].
A conclusion was made based on the statistics that “changing of the
histogram shape was related not just to the Earth rotation round its own
axis, but to changing the orientation of our objects in relation to the Sun
and immovable stars” [54].
The observed cyclicity of radioisotope disintegration was manifested
by repeatability of the histogram shape with the interval of 24 hours, about
27 days and about 365 days, whereby measurements were made in
different geographical coordinates. This allowed for a suggestion that a
common cosmophysical reason exists.
43
American researchers also observed such phenomenon as reduction
of the total radioactive component in July, August and increment in total
radioactivity in January, February.
The results, which are independent of each other, obtained by
different groups of scientists, and the investigations, which were
performed in different geographical coordinates (Germany, USA, Russia),
are consistent with the astrophysical observations.
“The Earth moves around the Sun on the elliptic orbit at a distance of
about 150 mln km with the average speed of 29.765 km/sec. The speed of
earth movement on the orbit is not constant: in July (when passing the
aphelion point) it is minimum and equal to 60 angular minutes per day,
whereas when passing the perihelion point in January it is maximum,
about 62 minutes per day. The Sun and the entire Solar system rotate
around the center of the Milky Way galaxy on almost a round orbit at the
speed of about 220 km/sec. In its turn, the Solar system, as a part of the
Milky Way galaxy, moves at a speed of about 20 km/sec towards the point
(apex) located on the border of the Lyra and Hercules constellations,
speeding up as the Universe extends” [55].
It is vividly seen that radioactivity depends on the Earth movement
speed. In July radioactive component is less active, speed of Earth
movement on the orbit reduces concurrently. Then, in January, when the
speed of movement on the orbit increases, an increment of radioactive
component is observed.
The suggestion made by Shnol S.E. concerning existence of a
common cosmophysical reason and its influence on radioactive
disintegration was confirmed. Therefore, in the depth of the space there is
a phenomenon, unknown to a human, that influences radioactive
component on the Earth. Therefore, the phenomenon of radioactivity, both
on the Earth and in the life of every person, cannot be considered an
accidental occurrence.
Part Ten
In order to substantiate priority of energy over matter, non-
randomness of the phenomenon of radioactivity and electromagnetic wave,
a certain personality of a scientist should be considered. Reality of
existence and life of a scientist should be considered with reference to his
works and writings. Let’s consider the example of scientist Hermes
Trismegistus.
44
It is known from historical data that the same person was called by
different names in different cultures. In European culture this was Hermes
Trismegistus, in Egyptian culture this was god Thoth, in Russian culture
this was Ermiy Trivelikiy (thrice-greatest Hermes).
What is known at present moment: Hermes Trismegistus is the name
of a syncretic god who comprises the features of classical Greek god of
wisdom and writing Thoth and classical Greek god Hermes. In Christian
tradition there was a fictitious author of the theosophic teaching
Hermeticism [56], which comprised Greek philosophy, Chaldean
astrology, Persian magic and Egyptian alchemistry [57].
Let’s consider the issue concerning reality of life of this scientist by
his works and references thereto. Those, which are validly known.
“Inventor of writing and patron of literature and science was Thoth,
god of wisdom…. Clement of Alexandria, who knew Egypt as early as in
the times when ancient traditions were preserved (in the 2nd
century),
speaks of 4 “Hermes’s” books…. According to Clement, 36 of the 42
books contain philosophy.., the other six concern pastophros: they have
medical contents and tell about structure of a body, diseases, organs,
medicines, eyes and, finally, touch upon gynecology” [58].
“Mentioned as god of proportions and measurements” [59], …
“Ramesses II boasts that he has erected Amun-Re temple according to
Thoth’s descriptions …. For instance, it is said that in a secret corridor for
statutes in Dendera temple proportions of the statues have been verified on
the basis of Thoth’s sentences” [60], … “from later times the book
survived called “Book of Breathing” [61].
“Thoth was represented as “god of literacy, writing, count..., origin
of names of towns and provinces. Thus, an important role of Thoth as a
complementor of the creation, establisher of the world becomes clear,….
Determiner of borders of all countries,… establisher, enlarger of both
lands, … who puts things to their proper places”. Thus, as represented by
the best people of the time, Thoth was good and all-wise god of public and
world order... Everything beautiful and useful came from him; the best
abilities of mind and the best deeds were challenged by comparison with
him, and comparison of someone’s activities with Thoth’s properties was
most honorable and desirable both for kings and for common people” [62].
45
In Russian culture Hermes Trismegistus is mentioned as Ermiy
Trivelikiy (thrice-greatest Hermes) in Russian Chronograph, edition 1512
[63].
At the initiative of Patriarch Nikon in 1653 Arseniy Sukhanov,
hieromonch, builder of the Trinity Epiphany Monastery of St. Sergius and
cellarer of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, was sent to abbeys on Mount
Athos to take Greek manuscripts. He brought 498 manuscripts. “Among
about five hundred manuscripts and printed books brought by Arseniy
Sukhanov there were many works by Greek classics. Besides the above
mentioned authors there was a collection of Aesop’s fables, letters of
Pythagoras, Lives of the Sophists, Philostratus, Speeches by Aristides,
Pausanias, Dionysius of Kalicarnassus, Dio Chrysostom, Hermes
Trimegistus” [64].
Pictures of Ermiy Trivelikiy (thrice-greatest Hermes) first appeared
in the paintings of the gallery in Cathedral of the Annunciation in the
Moscow Kremlin in 1564. A picture of the ancient scientist becomes
customary. From the 17th
century special instructions appear in exemplum
on how he should be featured [65]. In Russian cultural tradition Ermiy
Trivelikiy (thrice-greatest Hermes) was a messenger and an elucidator,
and by the end of the 19th
century there were five holidays in a year
devoted to him [66]. Descriptions of the manuscripts of Moscow Synodal
(Patriarchal) Library dated the end of the 19th
century have four references
to works by Hermes Trismegistus [67].
Coat of arms of Rutherford E., founder of nuclear physics, Nobel
prizewinner, includes a picture of his advocate Hermes Trismegistus.
The arms was taken from http://www.numericana.com/arms/rutherford.htm
46
The above statistically valid information provides the grounds for
reclassifying Hermes Trismegitus, or god Thoth, or thrice-greatest
Hermes, from a mythological alchemist into a significant scientist of the
protoscience times.
Up to the 18th
century there were no facts of denying Hermes
Trismegitus as a scientist. From the end of the 18th
century there was a
metamorphosis, and the scientist turned into a mythological magician. The
reasons were as follows. The 18-19th
centuries were distinguished by a
tremendous growth of science. This was the time of practice, physics,
chemistry, astronomy, biology were developed with a burst. Practical
experiments provided data on the molecular level of composition of
matter. The results were integrated into technologies, the latter were
reproduced on industrial scale. Scientific and engineering progress went
on. All the received data proved priority of a matter. However, by hard
adventure, in parallel with the data on priority of a matter Hermes
Trismegitus reminded, that energy is primary. There emerged a
contradiction. However, prestige of the scientist was so high in the middle
ages, that no one dared to expressly object to his postulates. That was the
time when the currently observed metamorphosis appeared: within two
centuries and a half the significant scientist of the protoscience times
turned into a mythological character.
The most ancient of the surviving collections of Hermes’s
manuscripts Vindobonensis Graeca 29456 is dated the end of the 2nd
century AD [68].
Let’s consider what they wrote in the years 150 – 200.
How did they describe non-randomness of radioactivity in life of the
Earth, human and surrounding world, as well as its intention?
“The nature of the divine Spirit enveloping the world is closed for the
vision. The Creator will see with His all-pervading eye and direct all
things with the help of a secret tool – the adamant and inviolable law to
which all things on the earth will obey from birth to final decomposition,
which will maintain interrelations of all the things created”… Further,
there is a description of how the Creator moves away from the Earth for
His business and leaves instead of himself: “I am sending you the other
one – emanation of my nature – that will carefully supervise all the human
deeds. No one will be able to deceive it, it will be an honest judge for the
living …. And every person will be given his due in all his family line”
47
[69]. The word emanation is an obsolete physical term that means
emission of rays of radioactive substances.
Research of the middle of the 20th
century and beginning of the 21st
century proved that radioactivity is not an accidental occurrence in life.
The fact that photons appear, among others, as a result of radioactive
disintegration, is also known, and in the 21st century the information was
also received that photons are information media. Any physical object
wherein radioactive disintegration takes place transmits information about
itself. A human is not an exclusion. Earlier in the process of work the
research team formulated the hypothesis that physical objects which are
sources of an electromagnetic wave are in correlational relationship [70].
The fact that a human transmits information about himself allows for
the exclusion, at a high likelihood ratio, of a matrix tide of a human life or
the possibility of living on a programmed algorithm. The reason is as
follows: a human is known to have a great influence on the surrounding
world, sometimes a human can mistakenly endanger the surrounding
world. For this purpose there exists the “communication channel” in order
to bring to reason those mistaken. Therefore the abilities put into a human
and granted to him are tremendous. A human is vested with the right,
within a considerable corridor, to transform his life provided that he will
not do harm to the surrounding world with his acts.
There was a description of an electromagnetic wave in 150 – 200:
“Something which has no borders, no color, no shape, which is
indestructible, nude to the eye, radiant… Something which runs high as a
flame, goes down as the ground, blows throughout the Universe as air,
flows as water; which cannot be grasped with feelings, which is neither
solid, nor liquid, nor rigid, nor soft, which is perceived through its
mightiness and its energy only” [71]. The quotation does not need any
comments.
The following was written about priority of energy over a matter:
“Thus, a matter, although not born, has the origin of every birth in itself,
for it provides all the things with its boson for their fertilization” [72].
Then the Creator acts as follows: “From all the matter that was at His
disposal the Father made a body of the Universe, provided it with a
volume, gave it a sphericity, determined its properties and made it eternal
and material forever… He surrounded the body of the Universe with
eternity, in a fear that the matter, striving for dissemination, would not
48
return into the state of chaos which is natural for it. Indeed, when the
matter was bodiless it was random” [73].
It is known that in order that a matter receives shape and life cycle it
should be saturated with energy. The examples of research on human birth
demonstrate that as a result of a low energy nuclear reaction a
phenomenon of life emerges. In the process of human life low energy
nuclear transformations enable a human to independently arrange his own
molecular structure and to reduce his body entropy due to his own gamma
radiation. Entropy is the chaos, the measure of disorder in any system.
While a low energy nuclear reaction can be observed on the example of a
human, an astrophysical object allows for observations on a greater scale.
By now, formation of planets has been studied with the help of
modeling. Observations over the stellar system HD 100546 made it
possible to find a planet which is being formed in the Draco constellation.
With the help of an infrared camera, which is a part of the Very large
Telescope, high quality images of the protoplanet disk “illuminated” by
heat radiation were obtained. Upon analysis the nature of movement of
the object and density of the dust and gas disk, a conclusion was made that
the planet that is being formed “pulls” the matter from the dust and gas
disk onto itself. Below is the visual image of the process [74].
Photo©: ESO/L. Calcada
49
It is vividly seen that the energy is involving the matter of the
protoplanet disk into the process of a new planet formation.
The text of the years 150 – 200 further reads: “What is in fact the life
energy? Isn’t is a motion? And what is immovable in the world? Nothing.
… The Creator overwhelms and penetrates everything, for He is the
energy and mightiness... A matter is separated from the Creator; however,
isn’t a matter which is not involved into the process of creation a formless
mass? And if it is involved into the creation, then this is by means of
energy. While energy is a part of the Creator. Where do the living receive
their life and where do the eternal receive their eternity? … Whether a
matter, a body or a substance, be sure energy of the Creator is inside them”
[75]. On the other hand, manifestation of the creator is known from the
text: “The Creator as energy in action” [76].
Max Planck, major contributor to quantum physics, Nobel
prizewinner, had the following opinion on the energy priority over the
matter and possibility that there is something more concealed behind an
electromagnetic wave: “As a physicist, generally as a person who has
served the strictly sober-minded science, namely, investigation of a matter,
for all my life, I cannot be perceived with confidence as an exalted person.
So, after investigation of an atom I can say that a matter as such does not
exist! All the kinds of matter emerge and exist only due to the single force
that makes particles of an atom oscillate and holds them together as a tiny
solar system. By now, there has been no power in the Universe that would
be intelligent or eternal, and we have to admit that there is the existence of
a conscious, intelligent mind and spirit behind the power. The is the
element of all the matter … However, there may be no spirit as it is, and
every mind or spirit may belong to a living creature, and we have to
inevitably admit existence of spiritual creatures” [77].
Ginzburd V.L., Nobel prizewinner in physics, RAS Academician,
theoretical physicist, founder of the Commission to Combat
Pseudoscience, wrote in his article in the beginning of the 21st century:
“Just in the last century physics found out what the matter consists of:
molecules, atoms, photons, electrons, atomic nuclei, quarks. Thus,
everything seems to be reduced to the particles and their interaction,
including life and consciousness. This is reductionism, which is believed
in by many. I do not understand either how the things can be arranged any
other way. However, when you don’t know the answer for sure, the
50
incomprehension is not an argument for any unproven hypothesis. There
may be “something” else in nature that we do not know yet” [78]. As to
the evolution of a human life, when considering the fundamental work by
Berg L. “Nomogenesis, or evolution on the basis of regularities”,
biophysicist Blyumenfeld L.A. noted: “It follows from the work that there
must be an initial plan of creation of the life. A monkey randomly striking
the keys of a typewriter will never write Hamlet” [79].
As we study the ancient sources, the questions comes up, how did
they know that in those distant times? Were there at least any adequate
scientific works besides the given references? Availability of such sourced
would be the confirmation of a collective scientific thought. Having
studied the issued in details, the researchers found out that there existed
adequate scientific sources in the times of protoscience.
For instance, a description was published of the scientific
manuscripts kept by the Patriarchal Library: “Physics with interpretation
and other articles by Aristotle”, 16th
century. “Tractates by physical
Galen”, 15th
century. “Natural history on the animal and vegetable worlds,
and a book of cures by physician Dioscorides”, 17th
century. “Logisc and
physics”, “Physics” by Nicephorus Blemmyda, 15th
century, reissued,
original dated no later than 1272. “Four medical books by physician
Oribasius”, 16th
century. Plutarch “On physics and moral”, 11th
century
[80].
There is an opinion that there were regular astrologists, alchemists
and magicians in the European Royal Households and Russian Tsar
Household in the Middle Ages. By reference to the manning tables where
the wages given within royal and tsar households is often recorded, the
following information can be obtained. In the manning tables of the
European Royal Households and Russian Tsar Household of mid and late
Middle Ages we will find astronomers in ordinary to the King, not
astrologists, chemists in ordinary to the King, not alchemists, surgeons in
Ordinary to the King, not magicians. This information allows saying that
the science has been developed in a logical, consistent and convincing
manner, from the protoscience times to nowadays.
It is unreasonable to neglect old literary sources in modern research.
In those times a book was not only an information medium, but a high
material value. A book had considerable value as of the moment of its
writing. Let’s give an example. “For the purchase of 43 books Deacon
51
Meletius was given 300 gold coins, four rubles, a horse at the price of
twenty five rubles, and a hat at the price of nine rubles and a half [81]. The
text is about the year 1657.
In the period from 1462 to 1725 Chervonets gold coins were used in
Russia mostly for settlements with foreigners. Chervonets was in average
equal to the value of a Dutch ducat. Since market quotations for the period
of time are unavailable, let’s make an assumption. The calculation will be
made using market quotations of the mid 19th
century, and Dutch ducat
will be deemed equal to Austrian gold krone, which is approximately the
exact correspondence. One gold krone was equivalent to 8 rubles 59
kopecks in Russian money. Therefore, 300 Chervonets gold coins is
equivalent to 2,577 ruble. The money was spent to buy 43 books, which
means that an average price per a book was 59 rubles 90 kopecks. It can be
seen from the text that a price for a horse was 25 rubles. A price for one
book was equal to a price of two horses. In the Middle Ages a horse was a
means of transport, like a car nowadays. One book costs two cars.
In the Middle Ages a library was not only an indicator of education,
but also a measure of wealth of its owner. A statistically average count
could afford a library of 40 – 60 books, a statistically average merchant
was an owner of a library of 8 – 15 books. Books were recorded and
subject to inventory. Only first persons of the state could issue an order for
inventory in respect of large libraries. It is hard to suppose that a publisher
in those times could admit entering any invalid information into literary
sources.
Ignoring work with archives would be an ill-advised solution for a
contemporary research. That was work with the archive sources that made
it possible to correlate hypothesis, postulates of the protoscience time with
data received by an experimental approach in the 21st century.
Part Eleven
The received experimental data on human nuclear physiology in
correlation with the knowledge of astrophysics and literary sources allow
for an additional philosophic concept. There is an unknown owner of
energy located outside the Earth. Primary observed characteristics of the
energy owner are as follows: this is the energy realizing its own existence,
self-determined, the energy that influences radioactive disintegration in
Earth conditions, the energy that possesses the ability to process
52
information, because each object the has the possibility to be a source of
an electromagnetic wave transmits information about itself. The energy
owner is friendly, for by giving away a part of its energy it contributes to
the emergence of a life phenomenon, in some form or another. With the
help of Highly Organized Energy Medium as a result of strong interaction
astrophysical objects are formed, while weak interactions result in the
biological life phenomenon. The interaction is a low energy interaction so
that molecular biological structure was not damaged, and for the purpose
of the initial momentum transfer.
The philosophic concept is not as philosophic as it may seem at the
first sight. Natural radioactivity is not an accidental occurrence in the life
of the Earth and human. American physicist Steven Weinberg, Nobel
prizewinner for the contribution to the unified theory of weak and
electromagnetic interactions between elementary particles, wrote: “The
discovery of radioactivity by Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896 driven
away the hope for steadiness and invariability of atoms. It was shown
further that the particles found by Becquerel are emitted in the process of
spontaneous transition of radioactive substance atomic nuclei into other
atomic nuclei… Currently there is a strong theoretical case for the fact that
all the atomic nuclei finally disintegrate, therefore, the entire matter is
radioactive to a certain extent... There are many evidences, beginning with
the considerable age of the Earth, that a substance does not disappear very
quickly. If a common substance finally disintegrates, this happens slowly,
so slowly that experiments on a giant sale are required to reveal such
disintegration [82]. Such radioactive isotopes as 238
U, 235
U, 232
Th, 40
K have
a long half-life: 238
U – 4.5 billion years, 235
U – 713 million years, 40
K – 1.2
billion years. The result of the disintegration is electromagnetic radiation
of the planet that makes it identifiable for the surrounding world. The
result of such disintegration is expressed as a significant contribution to
the total electromagnetic radiation of the planet. On the other hand, it is
known on the example of human and solar life cycles, that as soon as self
electromagnetic radiation disappears, collapse occurs. Therefore,
extraction and processing of the uranium and thorium rocks reduces the
life span of our planet.
It is also known that with the help of electromagnetic radiation by a
series of radioisotopes the Earth cools down and prevents heating of the
53
surface inhabited by humans. Similar cooling mechanism is observed with
a human.
Basic heat generating isotopes [83].
Isotope Heat generation
(W/kg)
Half-life
(years)
Average
concentration
in the mantle
(kg of isotope/
kg of mantle)
Heat generation
(W/kg of the
mantle)
238U 9.46 × 10
-5 4.47 × 10
9 30.8 × 10
-9 2.91 × 10
-12
235U 5.69 × 10
-4 7.04 × 10
8 0.22 × 10
-9 1.25 × 10
-13
232Th 2.64 × 10
-5 1.40 × 10
10 124 × 10
-9 3.27 × 10
-12
40K 2.92 × 10
-5 1.25 × 10
9 36.9 × 10
-9 1.08 × 10
-12
Such observed phenomenon as climate warming is intimately
connected with reduction of the possibility to cool down the planet surface.
Environment monitoring provides the following forecast on
temperature increase.
Trajectories of the global average temperature in near surface layer
[84].
54
At present the balance of radioactive substances in nature is not taken
into account, as well as their extraction and processing. The result of that
is demonstrated by the above information. One can stay unaware of the
law of physics or ignore them, but this will not cancel their inevitable
implementation in reality.
“Still, we can determine that we are living (according to Voltaire) not
only in the best of all possible worlds, but in the only possible world” [85].
On the other hand, biological evolutions and human life are inseparably
associated with the geological evolution of the Earth. When observing
evolution of the planet from the position of geochemistry, geology,
zoology, botanic, we can hope that a human will not pass the point of no
return in his progress. Passing the point of no return will mean the only
thing: evolutional processes of the planet will affect living conditions of a
human so badly, that it will be late to change anything. Here exist proper
indications from the above listed sciences that the threshold of violence in
respect of the planet has been almost reached.
There is a variant of a negative scenario development. However, the
humankind has a unique possibility to correct the mistakes it has made.
Hydrocarbon energy industry makes negative changes in the
surrounding world, but it is impossible to satisfy human needs without the
industry. Alternative energy industry is not able to cope with the set tasks
for satisfying the human needs. Advocates of hydrocarbon energy industry
are in the opposition to advocates of alternative energy. However, this is
not a proper time for arguing. New opportunities for the energy industry
should be proposed. Those that do not imply designing perpetual motion
machines and cold continuous operating machine and cold thermonuclear
fusion.
There are proper indications that power plants of a new type must use
natural radioactivity of the near-surface air and natural water. The
replenishable power source is billions years old already, and it is going to
stay relevant for at least the same period of time. Experiment data point at
this very direction of research. The following data were obtained on the
example of research on a human. A non-radioactive substance consisting
of a group of stable isotopes enters a short-term low energy interaction
with the natural radionuclides contained in a human body. In the process
of work on the influence of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H) on human
physiology the research team has always been surprised at the results
55
obtained proceeding from chemical composition of the substance. Almost
everything is known about the elements in the composition, and standard
biogenic chemical elements can not give such diversified promising
statistics. The following was found out in the process of work: according
to the regulations, only norms of adequate daily consumption by a human
are taken into account when registering a dietary supplement. If weight
content of a chemical element is on the order of 10-3
per gram, milligram
or less, such weight content is considered to be irrelevant for a human diet.
Indeed, such mass of an element will not be considerable for a chemical
reaction. Therefore legitimacy of the regulations raises no doubts. On the
other hand, such concentrations play a considerable part when we deal
with a low energy nuclear reaction. Further, still more interesting results
were obtained. Comparative analysis of the substance before and after
applying the technology was performed by the method of mass
spectrometry, glow discharge on the basis of a hollow cathode. The result
was 28-29% of the element mass defect. Thereby, emergence of any new
chemical elements was not observed in the comparative analysis,
otherwise this would be the evidence of a chemical reaction that occurred
in the processing chain. On the other hand, the question concerning
nuclear nature of the isotope transition can arise only if the result of 28-
29% of the element mass defect is obtained by mass spectrometry. It was
also found out that the composition was not subject to any accelerating and
generation systems. The fact of such a processing technique is yet
unknown. However, the received results allow for a suggestion that
changes occur in the processing chain, which are represented by changes
in the ratio of concentrations of stable chemical element isotopes. There is,
therefore, a group of stable isotopes that can “see” natural radioactivity.
In spite of the novelty of the above observation and careful
conclusions, it should be born in mind that knowledge on the invisible
world have a short historical period. In 1896 Becquerel A. Discovered
radioactivity, and the discovery changed the human idea of the world as
something static, invariable and constant. In 1906 – 1907 the first
evidences were received that substances with similar chemical behavior
can have different physical properties. On the suggestion of Soddy F. Such
substances were called isotopes in 1910. The same element appeared to
have variants of “subvariety”. Chemical properties of such “subvariety”
are the same, so it cannot be identified from the position of classical
56
chemistry, but nuclear properties are different due to different atomic
weight, which means different physical properties. For instance, oxygen,
which is an ingredient of the atmospheric air that a human uses for
breathing, has here stable isotopes: 16
О with the abundance of 99.762%, 17
О with the abundance of 0.037 %, and 18
О with the abundance of
0.204%.
Further, as a result of the works of Hahn O., the notion of nuclear
isomerism appeared in 1921. Isomerism was first revealed in the sphere of
induced radioactivity due to the work on Br induced radioactivity
completed in the Radium Institute of the USSR Academy of Science in
1935. The first investigations and the first classification of radioactive
isomers were developed by Kurchatov B.V., Kurchatov I.V., Mysovskiy
L.V. and Rusinov L.I. In those times nuclear isomerism, as the existence
of metastable (isomeric) exited conditions of the atomic nuclei, with
different half-lives, raised careful optimism. But subsequent research
proved the fact.
Later on, existence of nuclear isomers with great half-life was
proved. Isomer 180m
Ta has half-life of 1.2 ×1015
years [86], 210m
Bi has
half-life of 3.04 × 106
years [87]. Nuclear isomerism was discovered on the
example of radioactive substances. But there are no contradictions, if
stable elements have isomerism as well. As at the beginning of works of
Kurchatov I.V. in 1938 such hypothesis had been formulated already:
“Experimental methods make it possible to differentiate one isomer of the
same isotope from another only if the isomers are radioactive nuclei. This,
however, does not prove that stable nuclei have no isomers… Modern
nuclear theory admits that such nuclei may have isomers. The fact that
they have not yet been found in the experiment seems to point out that
another, new method is required in order to find them” [88].
“In other words, according to this theory stable nuclei may have
isomers. These isomers are also stable nuclei and differ from the ground
state nuclei only by a small value of internal energy and great value of
spin. … It should also be mentioned that the case is also possible, when a
transition of one isomer into another will not be accompanied by any
corpuscular radiation, but with emission of soft gamma rays only; it is
rather difficult to notice such gamma rays by experiment” [89].
Should this hypothesis find its proof, this will mean that not only
radioactive substances are subject to disintegration which in the end
57
influences changes in molecular properties of the matter. The fact the
stable substances have isomeric states will mean that at first one isotope is
transformed from a stable element, then another one, until finally the
whole matter transformation occurs, which can be observed by a human.
Many physical values acquire dynamical characteristics in this case.
On the other side, this observation points at new types of energy
sources. In a working area of a fluctuation reactor a flow of natural air or
natural water which have their own natural radioactivity must enter into
energy interaction with the core consisting of a group of stable isotopes.
In the field forecast, such reactors will be safer, the probability of any
incident is close to minimum, they are easy to maintain, durable and do not
have negative influence of the outside world.
At first sight this seems to be difficult, but there are indications, that
this way if hard but still can be overcome.
If we assume that the observed low energy reactions in a human can
be translated into the language of physics, what will we have then?
Administration of the substance “Star Dust” (SSH&H) offers an
experimentally evident increase in human electromagnetic radiation. In the
language of physics this means control over the radioactive disintegration.
Recorded human gamma radiation at this moment in terms of physics
means the gamma lens effect. The function of such lens of performed by a
human together with the substance. It is interesting that in 1992 a
hypothesis concerning lens existence in a human was formulated by a
Russian scientist Stolyarov V.S. [90].
Control over radioactive disintegration and creation of lenses for
gamma radiation are fundamental problems of contemporary physics.
From the point of view of applied science, these fundamental issues are
consistent tools, which will be used to create new generation reactors. All
the phenomena are observed in a human, and with favorable forecast
nothing impedes relocating the observed reactions into engineering
laboratory conditions. In a working hypothesis, such fluctuation reactors
can also perform the function of a propeller in the medium where
electromagnetic radiation exists, i.e. in space environment.
A critical aspect of such technologies is the fixed assets value.
Today, such processing technique as separation of isotopes is mostly used
for radioactive substances. Such technology is used in armament and
nuclear industries. As at the beginning of the 21st century such
58
technologies were available in no more than 18 countries. Mass media
provide figures concerning fixed assets value of such facilities.
приводятся цифры по стоимости основных средств подобных
производств. Fixed assets value of a low yield uranium recovery factory,
exclusive of cost of commissioning and operation, is about 3.5 billion US
dollars. We can only suppose the expanding coefficient for the technology
that would allow for changing isotope ratios of stable elements without
outside radiation, i.e. without using particle accelerators and atom
impingement with nuclear particles. Even if cost of separate isotopes is
considered, market structure will form its own prices. For instance, there is
an element called osmium, which exists in nature in the form of seven
isotopes, of which six are stable. Selling price for 99% pure osmium
powder is US$12 per gram. Whereas an isotope of osmium 187
Os is sold at
the official price of US$10,000 per gram. Outside market will offer still
higher price, up to US$200,000 per gram.
Actually, the above difficulties are just illusory obstacles. In a
favorable forecast such power plants will appear within the nearest 20-22
years.
This part of work is intentionally delivered in a complementary style
in order to demonstrate that good physics is inseparable from good
philosophy.
Part Twelve
The work and studies performed in the period of 1999-2012 made it
possible to lay the foundation of such new field of research as nuclear
isophysics.
The obtained result is not standard, but it not inconsistent.
Radioactivity is not an accidental occurrence in the life of a planet and a
certain person. For a human, natural radioactivity is a necessary condition
for living. On a larger scale, the electromagnetic radiation, which is a
consequence of radioactive disintegration of natural radionuclides, takes
part in the energy and information balance between the physical objects,
which are sources of electromagnetic radiation.
In the process of discussion of the obtained results three basic groups
of opinions were formed. The first opinion denied regularities in the
development of the world around, represented a human as a kind of
biological robot living on a programmed algorithm, with the slogan “after
59
me, the deluge”. The second opinion was more loyal, however doubting,
the investigations led to the fine line, where science is on the one side and
knowledge of the protoscience times are on the other side, can ancient
information be trusted? The third opinion belonged to the confessional
trend, a belief confirmed by an experiment.
When drawing an analogy between knowledge of the ancient times
and knowledge of physics of the mid 20th
century, Vavilov V.I. made the
following conclusion: “It would be a gross mistake to consider Epicurus
and Lucretius as predecessors of quantum mechanics, however, some
coincidence of the ancient idea with the contemporary one should not be
considered accidental. … Reading again the Lucretius poem would be
equally useful for the philosophers and physicists who are afraid of
uncertainty as a way to indeterminism, and for those looking at it in a hope
that it will become a support for idealism and mystics. Through the
antiquity of the ancient images and knowledge they would be able to
clearly read the end to their fears and hopes respectively” [91].
It is validly known that the Earth is a home for a human, and the
whole outside world is friendly towards a human. A human has been
inhabited the world for a long time, but unfortunately, he has not yet made
friends with the world, nor he has learnt to say thanks to the world that
surrounds him and makes him comfortable.
A promising factor is that currently there exists a group of people
who are ready to consider and take into account the aggregate of
regularities in development of life. This group of people has an active
cognitive position. Such conclusion follows from the questions which the
group of people asks. Children ask the Creator questions: “Where does
time go? Does it go into gray hair? How old are You? Do You have mind
or are You all made of soul? How do You live in the heavens? Do you
have everything You need? Don’t You need anything? Have You been
created for the whole world? Can I help You? Where do You see us from?
Hello, how are You? How do You live? How’s Your health? What do we
live for? By how many years are You older than the earth? Do I actually
exist? Are You more invisible than air? Why are You watching us? How
can You see everything at the same time? What do you like in our life?
What are we getting older for? What is time? God let’s make friends” [92].
In the middle of the twentieth century, at the moment of rapid
development of physics, American physicist Oppenheimer R. wrote: “We
60
are so much preoccupied with the changes that occur in today’s physics:
their wilderness, impudence, virtuosity and expansion, that we do not
understand them well enough and, as likely as not, we might be unable to
understand them... The future will be still more radical, odd and less
familiar, and it brings along its own new intuition for an inquisitive mind”
[93]. Physics likes sparkling talent and impudence, then physics waits
patiently until the talent and impudence are dressed up with knowledge.
Then physics waits patiently again until the knowledge transforms into
wisdom. There is an opinion that wisdoms comes with years, but like no
other science physics knows that often years come alone.
Physics is a natural science and it is therefore subject to evolution
together with the world it studies. Evolution of physics also determined the
criteria that physics sets for its successors. A portrait of a 21st century
physicist in terms of mathematics is as follows: talent and impudence
squared by moral virtues, and multiplied by high-precision equipment, the
resulting product approaching the knowledge which goes to the wisdom.
This paper is not ended with conclusions because the investigations
are in progress, the obtained results and discussions are presented above.
The authors are grateful to Shikalov V.F., Doctor of Engineering, for
the important notes which were considered in the work, and for the
opportunity to extend their knowledge in the process of discussions and
working meetings.
The authors are thankful to the editorial staff of Physics – Uspekhi
journal (Advances in Physical Sciences) and http://books.google.com/ for
the provided opportunity to work with sources.
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